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1. General examination of healthy and sick child. The physical development of the child. Technique anthropometric measurement. Variability of physical development NAME : KESAVAN KALAIVANI GROUP : 31UBJECT : PROPEDEUTICS OF CHILDHOOD DISEASES GUIDED BY: DZHUMAEVA L.M

2. Introduction to Pediatric General Examination Purpose : To evaluate the health and development status of children. Key Aspects of General Examination : Observation (general appearance, behavior, and interaction) Vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, blood pressure) Head-to-toe examination (systems review including cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal)

3. Differences Between Healthy and Sick Children Healthy Child : Normal behavior , responsiveness Age-appropriate milestones Adequate growth and weight gain Sick Child Lethargy, irritability, or abnormal behavior Failure to meet growth milestones Visible signs of illness (fever, pallor, dehydration, cough, etc.) Signs of distress (increased heart or respiratory rate, poor perfusion)

4. Physical Development of the Child Importance of Monitoring Growth : Early detection of growth problems, undernutrition, or overnutrition. Factors Influencing Physical Development : Genetics Nutrition Environment Physical activity Developmental Milestones : Age-related expectations in motor, language, cognitive, and social skills.

5. Anthropometric Measurements Key Measurements : Weight : Use a calibrated digital scale. For infants, use a baby scale. Height/Length : Measure standing height in children >2 years, and recumbent length in infants and toddlers. Head Circumference : Measured from birth up to age 2–3 to assess brain growth. Body Mass Index (BMI) : Calculated as weight (kg) / height (m²) to assess weight status. Equipment :Stadiometer (for height) Digital or mechanical scales Non-stretchable tape measure (for head circumference) Calipers for skinfold thickness (optional, for nutritional status assessment)

6. Technique of Anthropometric Measurements Weight Measurement : Remove heavy clothing and shoes. Ensure the child stands or lies still. Record to the nearest 100 grams (or 0.1 lb ). Height/Length Measurement : Stand with feet together, back straight against the stadiometer for height. For length, use a length board and make sure the child is straight, with the head in the Frankfort horizontal plane.

7. Variability in Physical Development Normal Variability : Growth patterns can vary but should fall within specific percentile ranges (e.g., using WHO growth charts) Factors Causing Variability :Nutritional status Hormonal levels (e.g., growth hormone, thyroid function) Genetic factors Health conditions (e.g., chronic illnesses, infections) Abnormal Growth Patterns : Failure to thrive (below 3rd percentile in weight/height) Growth above the 97th percentile (risk for obesity)

8. Assessment Tools and Charts Growth Charts : WHO growth standards for height, weight, and BMI by age and sex. Developmental Screening Tools : Denver Developmental Screening Test, Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ).