Kinds of behavior in animals innate behaviors and learned behaviors

Types of behavior innate behaviors and learned behaviors also quick learner us slow learners

1. Presentation Group Presentation Name: Laiba Nadeem Iman Imran Saman Rasool Laiba Afzal Kiran Abbas Course Title : Physiology of coordination Course code : ZOL- 508 Department of Zoology

2. Topics Behavior and it’s types Detail Innate behavior in Detail Quick learner’s and slow learner’s

3. Behavior and it’s types Definition: “ The activities animal perform during their lifetime are called Behavior. ” Types : Behavior is divided into two types. 1. Innate behavior 2. Learned behavior Innate behavior : “ Innate behavior is behavior that is genetically hardwired in an organism and can be performed in response to a cue without prior experience. ” Types : 1. Reflexes 2. Kinesis 3. Fixed action potential

4. Learning behavior: “ The change of behavior by life experiences is called learning. ” Types : 1. Imprinting 2. Habituation 3. Classical conditioning 4. Instrumental conditioning 5. Latent learning 6. Insight learning

5. Imprinting : “ The attachment of a young animal toward another animal. ” Imprinting is a rapid learning process. It occurs without reinforcement. Konrad Lorenz ( 1903-1989 ) : He conducted experiments on geese . He allowed the geese to imprint on him. The gosling ( offspring of geese) followed him like their mother . Imprinting occurs in many species of birds. They young follow the parent soon after birth. They recognize their parents by imprinting.

6. Classical conditioning : “ Pairing of an irrelevant stimulus with a natural primary stimulus that produces an automatic response. ” Classical conditioning was discovered by Russian physiologist. Ivan Pavlov ( 1849-1936 ) : He performed experiment on the salivary reflex in dogs. Pavlov gave food to dogs after the sound of a bell. The dogs were conditioned after a number of such presentation. They associated the sound of the bell with food. Now dogs can produce saliva with just the sound of the bell. The food was a positive stimulus for salivary behavior.

7. Instrumental conditioning : “ The trail and error learning is called instrumental conditioning. ” B.F. Skinner ( 1904-1990 ) : He placed the rat in the box. The rat started exploring the box. It moves all about the box. He by accident presses a lever. He is rewarded with a food pellet. Food rewards are provided each time the rat presses lever. Therefore, the rat associates the reward with the behavior. The rat learns to press the lever to receive the reward.

8. Fixed action patterns A fixed action pattern is a predictable series of actions triggered by a cue called the key stimulus or sign stimulus. A fixed action pattern is more complex than a reflex. But still it is automatic and involuntary. Egg retrieval in water birds (Greylag geese) Well studied example occurs in ground-nesting water birds like greylag geese.

9. If a female greylag goose’s egg rolls out of her nest. She will instinctively use her bill to push the egg back into the nest.The sight of an egg outside the nest is the stimulus that triggers the retrieval behaviour. The egg that rolls out of the nest may be picked up and taken away. Then the goose will keep moving her head as through pushing an imaginary egg. The goose will try to push any egg shaped object like golf ball ,if it is placed near the nest. This example illustrates the fixed aspect of a fixed action pattern.

10. Male sticklebacks It is a three spined stickleback. It is a small water fish. During the breeding season, Male stickleback develop a red belly. At that time it displays innate aggressive behaviour towards other males. When a sticker stickleback spots another nearby Male,they show aggressive behaviour. It is used to scare off strangers.

11. Methods of determining innate behaviour An innate behaviour is genetically built to an organism rather than learned. Generally, scientists test whether a behaviour is innate by seeing whether it is performed correctly by naive animals. Naive animals are animals that do not have chance to learn the behaviour by experience For this purpose young animals are kept separate from adults.

12. We take example of digging behaviour in deer mouse and beach mouse . These species are closely related but they live in different natural environments. The deer mouse digs a small, short burrow. The beach mouse digs a long burrow. This burrow has an escape tunnel or back door to get away from predators.

13. Quick learning Quick learning refers to the ability of animals to learn new information rapidly and efficiently. Characteristics High cognitive flexibility Ability to generalizing learning to new situations. Strong problem solving skills

14. Examples of quick learning Rats learning to navigate a maze. Honeybees learning to recognize and remember flower patterns. Dolphins learning to perform complex tricks .

15. Slow learning Slow learning refers to the ability of animals to learn new information at a slower pace. Characteristics Difficulty generalizing learning to new situations. Need for repetition and practice to solidify learning. May struggle with problem solving and critical thinking.

16. Examples of slow learning Fish learning to perform a trick. Horses learning to wear a saddle. Dogs learning to obey commands. Octopuses learning to open a jar.

17. Factors influencing learning in animals Genetics Environment Social interactions Brain structure and function.