King goal attainment theory (3)

Imogene King

1. IMOGENE KING THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT Yvonne Tejera & Tania Thompson Professor Samantha Thompson

2. Imogene King’s Biography Born on January 30, 1923 in West Point, Iowa. Received her nursing diploma from St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1945. In 1948, she earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing Received her Master’s of Science in Nursing in 1957. Earned her doctoral degree from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1961. She died on December 24, 2007.

3. Between 1966 and 1968, King worked as Assistant Chief of the Research Grants Branch of the Division of Nursing in Washington She was the director of the Ohio State University School of Nursing from 1968 until 1972. She was an Associate Professor from 1961 until 1966 Professor from 1971 until 1980 at Loyola University in Chicago. She was a professor at the University of South Florida’s College of Nursing in Tampa, Florida from 1980 until 1990 King retired with the title Professor Emeritus. Imogene King’s Career King (third from left) was among the first group of Virginia Henderson Fellows. This picture was taken in 1993 at the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International headquarters.

4. Historical Context: 1960s The 1960s was a decade of hope, change, dissatisfaction, and war, that witnessed many important shifts in American culture. Democrat John F. Kennedy wins the U.S. Presidential Election. Kennedy was the youngest person to have been elected into the highest office at the time. U.S. Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr. gives his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize . He's the youngest recipient of this honor.

5. Historical Context: 1960s On July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon. Continuation of the Vietnam War. On 1 May 1960, a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and Robert Kennedy. The African American Civil Rights Movement made significant progress in the 1960s. Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

6. Major Healthcare Changes in the 60’s 1960: “An orally administered polio vaccine, developed by Albert Sabin , is introduced in the United States .” 1960: May” Birth control pills are approved for widespread use in the United States .” 1961: April An epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis and gonorrhea, is reported among American teenagers. 1962: Radiation, chemotherapy , and steroids are used to fight leukemia . 1963: “ A measles vaccine is made available.” (Cengage Encyclopedia, 2019).

7. 1963: June 8 The American Heart Association announces an antismoking campaign. 1964: “A rubella ( German measles ) epidemic sweeps the country.” 1964: June 24 “The Federal Trade Commis sion (FTC) proclaims that, beginning in 1965, cigarette packaging must feature health warnings. ” 1966: July 1 “The Medicare health insurance plan for Americans over sixty-five years old is instituted.” 1968: “A meningitis vaccine is developed and tested on military recruits.” (Cengage Encyclopedia, 2019).

8. Goal Attainment Theory Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment was first introduced in the 1960s. (1968) The basic concept of this theory is that the nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals. It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop. The factors that affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time.

9. Major Tenets of the Goal Attainment Theory According to King, the patient is a social being who has three fundamental needs: The need for health information, The need for care that seeks to prevent illness The need for care when the patient is unable to help him or herself The three interacting systems in King’s Theory of Goal Attainment are: The personal system The interpersonal system The social system The concepts for the personal system are: perception, self, growth and development, body image, space, and time. The concepts for the interpersonal system are: interaction, communication, transaction, role, and stress. The concepts for the social system are: organization, authority, power, status, and decision making.

10. Major Tenets of the Goal Attainment Theory King based her theory on four main elements which are as follows: Health is attained through appropriate nurse-patient relationship Nurse and patient need to have a mutual understanding about each other The goals and functions of nurse and patient need to be in line with each other Nurse needs to use all his/her knowledge to establish relationship and set goals. These four elements facilitate goal attainment.

11. Modern application of King’s Theory Using King’s conceptual system and theory of goal attainment to integrate telehealth in undergraduate curriculum. Nurses need to be prepared to meet technological demands of health care according to Journal of Informatics Nursing. The techniques of telehealth are included in graduate programs but not in undergraduate nursing programs Nursing theories and models are road maps that guide education The telehealth integration is achieved through class lectures, discussion and simulations Students will acquire skills in therapeutic communication and active listening (Hamilton et al., 2018).

12. HIV-Patient and Nurse Relationship The results of a study on a male HIV patient indicated that healthcare providers started to show inappropriate behaviors toward him during the process of care delivery He perceived nurses’ behaviors as wrong because it made him feel uncomfortable The diagnosis of HIV infection negatively affected patient’s perception of self Body image is another dimension of TGA personal system. (Adib & Tahmouresi, 2018).

13. How an HIV Patient Feels Patient already has an altered body image and self‑esteem without the nurse making it worse. According to King, perception is an important dimension of the personal system. According to the study, health care providers’ inaccurate perceptions of the HIV‑positive patient negatively affected their relationships with him Effective communication is part of King’s theory

14. Application of Theory with HIV-Patient

15. The use of Goal Theory Today The long-standing Goal Theory is still very much practical and applicable across a variety of nursing environments today. King’s theory has sustained time because it is based upon the central tenet of communication and interaction. The goal attainment theory is done completely today in the nursing process, assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. All nurses implement the nursing process and at such they are implementing King’s theory. The theory posits that nurses work with patients to achieve a mutually agreed upon health goal. This is still done today by nurses as they establish a patient plan of care, families and patients are included. King herself identified transaction as the main point of the theory because it places the patient as an active participant in goal setting and health attainment.

16. The use of Goal Theory Today Time is another dimension of the Goal Theory personal system . Nurses need to understand that spending lengthy time for patient care may be perceived by some patients as bothering and exhausting. Nurses' failure to accurately understand time can also negatively affect their relationships with their patients. The factor of time is still being applied today as nurses are not intruding and providing privacy for patients by not over spending time in a patient's room. However, a student nurse can be advice that although patient appreciates not being bothered, spending too little time with a patient can affect patient care.

17. The use of Goal Theory Today The social system of the Goal theory is responsible for providing a framework for social interactions and interpersonal communications in workplace, and organizations. Today this system help nurses manage their caring roles, and attain their professional goals in hospital-based caring systems. Nurses today utilizes this system in the form of decision-making, nursing managing or other managerial positions of power and status. Through power, nurses support patient. Power affects functions and decision-making ability. Nurses also utilize this role today as they advocate for patients and their families.

18. Applying King’s Goal Theory Providing the patient with options for their plan of care Keeping the patient “in the loop” during their process of care Making decisions with the patient rather than for the patient Bedside hand off reports from nurse to nurse depicts this theory Reviewing the patient’s plan of care and providing the patient with information as well as education each day The Goal Theory is used advancedly also by ARNPs today, and in many other ways in its entirety.

19. REFERENCES Cengage (2019). The 1960s Medicine And Health: Chronology. Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/ social- sciences/culture-magazines/1960s-medicine-and-health-chronology. 1960s facts: Fun, interesting & historical USA trivia. GenealogyBank Blog. (n.d.). https://blog.genealogybank.com/1960s-facts-fun-interesting-historical-usa-trivia.html. JK;, K. (n.d.). Imogene King's theory: A nursing case study of a psychotic client with human immunodeficiency virus infection . Archives of psychiatric nursing. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2285332/. Imogene King . Nursing Theory. (2020, July 17). Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Imogene-King.php . ----- ( Imogene King 2020 ) PBS (no date). PBS healthcare crisis timeline. https://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/history.htm Petiprine , A. (2020). Imogene King - Nursing Theorist. https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Imogene-King.php