KYMOGRAPH. FOR UNDER GRAT UATE STUDENTS

KYMOGRAPH PPT FOR UG STUDENTS

1. SUDHAKAR LAKAVATH TUTOR DEPT.OF.PHARMACOLOGY KMC/WGL. KYMOGRAPH

2. History It was invented by German Physiologist Carl Ludwig in the 1840s He used to monitor/ record changes of blood pressure Its primary use was to measure phenomena such as changes in muscular contractions or other physiological processes, including speech sounds. Kymographs were also used to measure atmospheric pressure, tuning fork vibrations and the functioning of steam engines. Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig

3. History contd … Ludwig also used it to study speech sounds. As a person read words loudly, the vibrations of the sound waves would be recorded by the kymograph, making it possible to study sound duration, intensity and pitch .

4. Introduction Kymograph – Greek word kyma - wave graphin - write Instrument which records movement on a moving surface. Degree of movement can be analyzed from the height of wave and its relation to time is measured by horizontal distances.

5. Introduction contd ... Kymograph is designed for recording mechanical activities of animal tissues in the Physiological, Pharmacological and Biological experiments conducted by medical and pharmaceutical colleges or research institutes Characteristics: Portable, solid, durable, runs noiselessly, steadily, reliably and reassuring. It can also shift rotational speed in a large range. The instrument is simply assembled and convenient to servicing.

6. Evolution of kymograph Brodie’s starling kymograph It had 3 speeds 1, 5, 25,shown as Slow(S), Medium(M), Fast(F) Drum measuring 9 " x 10 “

7. Evolution of kymograph Horizontal Kymograph Pulley driven Drum measuring 24 " x12 " It has a friction clutch by which drum maybe started / stopped without interfering with source of power.

8. Evolution of kymograph Horizontal Kymograph Extension for long paper

9. Evolution of kymograph Sherrington starling Drum

10. Evolution of kymograph Changes made in sherrington drum kymograph over older ones: Sherrington Drum was largely remodelled by placing all working parts inside the base so, they are clean and not liable to injury. Speed varying from 1-870 revolutions in given time . Electric contact knobs are provided. Leveling screws for alignment of instrument. Drum size 6 " x 6 “ T shaped friction clutch is provided at base.

11. Evolution of kymograph

12. Evolution of kymograph Drum for taking spiral tracing The shaft is having spiral groove,it is used when need to take tracing extending up to 5 times round the cylinder.

13. Evolution of kymograph Drum with complete self contained in built motor to run on voltage 50 to 280 DC/AC Electric kymograph

14. Evolution of kymograph Clock work Kymograph Clock work kymograph is designed to revolve at practically any speed From 1 revolution in about 5secs. Drum revolving once in 5 to 15 secs Drum revolving once in ½ to 30 secs Drum revolving once in 15 to 60 mins

15. Types of Kymograph A kymograph can be either horizontal or vertical depending on the orientation of the drum. Depending on working mechanism: Clock work(spring movement) kymograph Mechanical (pulley driven) kymograph Electrical kymograph (student’s kymograph) Digital kymograph Long paper / Research kymograph

16. Types of kymograph contd … Horizontal kymograph

17. Types of kymograph contd … Vertical kymograph

18. Types of kymograph contd … Clock work kymograph

19. Types of kymograph contd … Pulley driven kymograph

20. Types of kymograph contd … Electrical / student kymograph

21. Types of kymograph contd … Digital kymograph

22. Harvard long paper Kymograph

23. Parts of Student Kymograph Electric motor : runs on single phase 220 volts Alternating Current (AC)

24. Parts of Kymograph contd … Shaft : connected to motor vertically and can be rotated at different speed slowest: 0.12mm/sec fastest : 640mm/sec Shaft connected to motor

25. Parts of Kymograph contd … Shaft has groove on one side and a screw lift at top. A small rectangular plug mounted on screw inside the shaft comes out through the groove. Rectangular plug can be raised or lowered along the groove by rotating the screw lift at top. It supports weight of drum and prevent it from sliding down during rotation. The level of drum can be adjusted by top screw lift. SHAFT

26. Parts of Kymograph contd … Gears : employed for changing the shaft speed . Gear box

27. Parts of Kymograph contd … A lever is employed for changing gears. The lever has two prongs, two prongs have to be pressed together to move it up or down for engaging at particular speed slot. One slot marked (N) Neutral where the gear gets disengaged from the motor. Fastest: 320 / 640 mm/sec Slowest: 0.12 / 0.25 mm/sec Gear box

28. Clutch Clutch : Clutch lever which engages or disengages the gear. This is used to start or stop the drum and must be used every time before changing the gears. This prevents the damage to gear. The cylinder may be rotated easily by hand when the clutch lever is in horizontal (OFF) position.

29. Clutch Engage Disengage

30. Parts of Kymograph contd …. Contact Block : A contact block is fitted on the top of kymograph body at level of striker. Contact Block

31. Parts of Kymograph contd …. It has a spring contact bearing ,a plastic button and two electrical terminal. When these terminal are included in primary circuit, this circuit will be completed only when the striker pushes the spring contact into bring the two platinum points into contact with each other. Thus contact block terminals function as simple key in primary circuit. Their purpose being to mark the point of stimulation on the recording surface.

32. Parts of Kymograph contd …. Contact button: specially designed key mounted on kymograph It gets closed momentarily when rotating projected striker presses upon it. Contact knob

33. Parts of Kymograph contd …. Contact arm / Projecting strikers : A pair of these are fixed to base of vertical shaft. They can be kept closed together or drawn apart to form any desired angle between them. The two arms of striker can be drawn apart when two stimuli one after the other are required. Projecting striker

34. Parts of Kymograph contd …. On each rotation of drum, the contact button will be pressed either once or twice in close association at a precise interval of time. They are fitted stiff enough on the shaft to rotate with it and strike past the contact button. Projecting striker

35. Parts of Kymograph contd … Drum : Sherrington starling Drum It is made up of aluminum alloy 6" × 6 " (15cm x 15cm) cylinder with white glazed paper pasted on it. Drum is mounted on the shaft of kymograph Drum grip latch provided on top of drum fixes the drum to axle and prevents drum from sliding down the shaft. Kymograph with Sherrington starling drum

36. Parts of Kymograph contd … Drum grip latch provided on top of drum fixes the drum to axle and prevents drum from sliding down the shaft

37. Parts of Kymograph contd … Leveling screws : Two leveling screws are provided at base which help in proper leveling of kymograph in horizontal plain. Leveling screws

38. Uses of kymograph Physiology: It is used to study physiological parameters in dog, rat, frog, guinea pig, rabbit…etc like Blood pressure Intestinal movements Heart rate Splenic and kidney volume changes In humans it is used to measure Genesis of fatigue in arm muscles( Mossoergograph ) Reflex time Chest movements during respiration( Stethography )

39. Uses of kymograph Pharmacology: It is used in Bioassay i.e In amphibian experiments it is used to study contractile responses of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle in response to drugs. Recording Blood Pressure in response to drugs in dog, rabbit and other mammalians. Recording intestinal movements in mammalians i.e guinea pig

40. Precautions: Kymograph should be properly leveled by using leveling screws at its base. Drum should be tightly fixed to vertical shaft. Drum should always be rotated clockwise. Writing lever should always be arranged on right side of drum. Writing lever should be tangential with the recording surface.

41. Precautions: Initial and resting position of writing lever should always be horizontal. Tracing should be taken at least one inch above the lower edge of drum. Contact arm should be tightly fixed. Tip of writing lever should touch the smoked surface evenly and lightly.

42. Thank you