L1a.Introduction to AnatomyAnatomy forms the basis for the clinical practice ! .pdf

The Present knowledge of Anatomy is due to accumulation of information over centuries due to hard work and enthusiasm of Anatomists, who by their hard struggle made extensive contributions .

Starting from simple dissection of a Human Cadaver, now the Anatomy employs sophisticated imaging techniques(x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance), endoscopic techniques and various microscopic techniques .

Another important aspect of Human Anatomy is that it introduces you to the language of medicine, so it is called the Lingua franca of medicine.
Anatomy leads the physician towards an understanding of a patient's
disease correctly when he or she carries out a physical examination
or during the interpretation of the clinical signs.


Sound anatomical knowledge is essential for surgeons, dentists,
radiologists( especially the knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy
when using the advanced imaging techniques) , chiropractors,
physiotherapists, nurses and all others involved in any aspect of
patient management.

1. Introduction to Anatomy
PPT Presentation by:
DR G RAVINDRANADH MBBS; MS
E-mail: [email protected]



1
All the information, including the images and pics collected from different sources is strictly for teaching
purposes only.

3. Why should we learn anatomy as
a subject in the medical school?

4. You need
knowledge of
anatomy to
understand
and treat
these
conditions

5. You need
knowledge of
anatomy to
understand
and treat
these
conditions

6. ANATOMY
Term anatomy is derived from Greek word ‘ANATOME’

• Ana ---- up/ separate
• Tomia / Temnein ---- meaning “ cutting ”

•In a restricted sense it deals merely with the study of the
structure of the body which can be rendered evident to the
naked eye by dissection (L : the act of cutting something,
into separate parts or pieces).

7. It is the stem
on which all
other subjects
or specialities
of the
medicine
depend for
their
functioning!
Importance and its place in the
Medicine

8. Herophilus, the father of Anatomy doing the first dissection.
Stone relief (sculpture) at the front of the main entrance of the
Nouvelle Faculté de Medicine Paris
8
GRN

9. •Born in the Greek town of
Chalcedon.

• Learned Medicine under
Praxagoras, a famous physician and
anatomist who taught at the
Hippocratean medical school on
the island of Cos (Kos).

• Later he moved to Alexandria,
Egypt, as a young man and lived
there for the rest of his life.

GRN
9
Herophilus of Alexandria (325-255 B. C.)- The
father of anatomy

10. Andreas Vesalius
(31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564)
16th century Brabantian
(now Belgium) anatomist &
physician.

Established Anatomy as an
exact science which was
earlier to be a mixture of fact
and fiction.

Author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De
humani corporis fabrica libri septem (Latin for "On the fabric of the
human body in seven books")- 1542AD

Considered as the "Father of modern human anatomy”.

10
GRN

11. Title page. The full title is Andreae
Vesalii Bruxellensis, scholae
medicorum Patauinae professoris, de
Humani corporis fabrica Libri
septem
11
GRN
Anatomical Illustration by Andreas Vesalius
(aged 23) 1543
“De Humani Corporis Fabrica”

12. Andreas Vesalius
(31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564)

•He worked as a professor at
the University of Padua and
later became Imperial
physician at the court of
Emperor Charles V.

•He was considered as the
"Father of modern human
anatomy”.

Main building of the University of
Padua
12
GRN

13. Anatomy as a science

•The Present knowledge of Anatomy is due to accumulation of
information over centuries due to hard work and enthusiasm of
Anatomists, who by their hard struggle made extensive
contributions .

•Starting from simple dissection of a Human Cadaver, now the
Anatomy employs sophisticated imaging techniques(x-rays,
ultrasound, magnetic resonance), endoscopic techniques and
various microscopic techniques .

•Another important aspect of Human Anatomy is that it
introduces you to the language of medicine, so it is called the
Lingua franca of medicine.




13
GRN

14. Medicine speaks in the
language of Anatomy !
Anatomical language is fundamental language of medicine
(Anatomy is called the LINGUA FRANCA of Medicine.)

15. Anatomical language
Terminologia Anatomica - drawn up by the Federative Committee
on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) in 1998.

Eponyms(a word or name derived from the name of a person) in
anatomy - often used in the language of the clinician and certain
eponyms are so firmly entrenched that to avoid them could lead to
confusion.

In some cases the eponymous term is often the only way to describe a
particular structure, because there is no alternative anatomical term.

16. Anatomy is not just memorization of
lists of names!

•Knowing the names of the various branches of the external carotid
artery is not the same as being able to visualize the course
of the lingual artery from its origin to its termination in the tongue.

•Similarly, understanding the organization of the soft palate, how it is
related to the oral and nasal cavities, and how it moves during
swallowing is very different from being able to
recite the names of its individual muscles and
nerves.

17. Anatomy forms the basis for the clinical
practice !

Anatomy leads the physician towards an understanding of a patient's
disease correctly when he or she carries out a physical examination
or during the interpretation of the clinical signs.


Sound anatomical knowledge is essential for surgeons, dentists,
radiologists( especially the knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy
when using the advanced imaging techniques) , chiropractors,
physiotherapists, nurses and all others involved in any aspect of
patient management.

18. Subdivisions /Branches of Anatomy
1.Gross (Topographical or
Macroscopic ) anatomy

2.Developmental anatomy
(Embryology)

3.Microscopic anatomy
(Cytology & Histology)

4.Radiological(imaging) &
Endoscopic anatomy

5.Surgical (variation) anatomy

6.Surface anatomy

7.Forensic anatomy

8.Comparative anatomy

9.Anthropological anatomy
(physical anthropology)

10.Pathological (morbid)
anatomy

11.Neonatal anatomy

12.Applied (clinical)
anatomy

GRN 18

19. Gross anatomy may be studied either regionally or
systematically!
Regional anatomy:
Study of the entire
structures
( bones, joints, muscles,
blood vessels, nerves,
organs and
Relationships to each
other)
belonging to a particular
region of the body


Regions of the body
1.Head & Neck
2.Trunk (torso)
3.Upper limbs
4.Lower limbs

The trunk(torso) is subdivided:
–Thorax
–Abdomen
•Abdomen proper
•Pelvis
•Perineum

19
GRN

20. Viscera(sg: viscus) – internal organs
Viscera form three groups,
•Thoracic viscera
•Abdominal viscera
•pelvic viscera

It is convenient to study the viscera by grouping best
according to their functions:

(a) the respiratory apparatus;
(b) the digestive apparatus; and
(c) the urogenital apparatus.

21. Systemic Anatomy-The study of group of organs or structures
concerned with same function or performing similar functions .

1.Skeletal system
(including joints)
2.Muscular system
3.Cardio-vascular system
4.Lymphatic system
5.Respiratory system

6.Digestive(alimentary) system
7.Urinary(renal) system
8.Reproductive(Genital) system
9.Endocrine system
10.Nervous system(including sensory
organs)
11.Integumentary system(skin)

21
GRN

22. •Standing erect,

•Face looking forward, with eyes kept
open and the mouth closed
•Arms are at the sides with palms facing
forward and the fingers straight

•Lower limbs kept straight with feet
together Toes are forward.

All anatomical descriptions are made
relative to the anatomical position and do
not change with movement.

Thus, no matter how the body is moved or
postured, the observer must transpose the
body into the anatomical position in order
to make accurate, uniform descriptions.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
22 GRN

23. Some other positions of the body
1.Supine position- the person lies on the back
with face directed upwards.



2.Prone position- the person lies on his
abdomen with face directed down wards.

23
GRN

24. 3. Lithotomy position- the person lies supine with buttocks at
the edge of the table with hip knee are semi flexed
24
GRN

25. GRN 25
ANATOMICAL PLANES or SECTIONS

26. Planes(sections) of reference- used in cutting the body or
body parts or the organs and also in imaging techniques
1.Median or Mid-sagittal plane: A median plane is a vertical anteroposterior
plane that runs through the central (median) plane of the body, dividing it into
equal-sized right and left parts.

2.Sagittal plane: A sagittal plane runs parallel to the median sagittal plane. It
divides the body into right and left portions

2.Coronal or frontal plane- it runs perpendicular to the median/sagittal plane
and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

3.Horizontal plane- it passes perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal
(frontal) planes. It divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions.

4.Transverse plane- passes perpendicular to the long axis of a structure. While
often the same as a horizontal section, it is not always equivalent. For example, a
transverse section through the foot is equivalent to a coronal (frontal) section,
dividing the foot into anterior and posterior parts. However, a horizontal section
of the foot divides it into superior and inferior parts.
26 GRN

27. 27
GRN

28. Body planes- identify !!!!!
28
GRN

29. GRN 29
Identify the planes in which head was sectioned!!!

30. 30
GRN

31. GRN 31
1. If the body were sectioned along a ___ plane, it would be divided
into ___ portions.
(A)sagittal…anterior and posterior
(B) sagittal…superior and inferior
(C) coronal…superior and inferior
(D) coronal…right and left
(E) horizontal…superior and inferior
2. A radiologist wishes to image the body in a plane parallel to both
scapulae. Which of the following choices best describes the desired
sectioning?
(A) Horizontal section
(B) Transverse section
(C) Frontal section
(D) Sagittal section
(E) Oblique section

32. GRN 32
Which of the following is true of a median plane of the hand?
(A)It becomes a horizontal plane when the hand is medially rotated
90 degrees.
(B)It becomes a coronal plane when the brachium (upper arm) is
laterally rotated 90 degrees and abducted 90 degrees.
(C)It is the same as a frontal plane.
(D)It remains a median plane regardless of limb or body position.
(E)It is oriented mediolaterally

33. RESPECTING THE FIRST TEACHER !

34. 1.Skin
2.Superficial fascia
3.Deep fascia
4.Muscle
5.Blood vessels
6.Lymphatics
7.Bones
8.Joints

STRUCTURES ENCOUNTERED DURING
DISSECTION

35. 1.The Skin (Derma, Cutis or Integument)

36. GRN 36

37. 2.Hypodermis(subcutaneous tissue or superficial
fascia)
Hypodermis” (Gk) or “Subcutaneous”
(Latin) = below the skin.

Also called as “superficial fascia”
(fascia : (L) band )

Sheet loose /areolar of connective
tissue

Anchors skin to underlying structures
contains adipose tissue and blood vessels


Site for subcutaneous/hypodermal
injections

38. GRN 38

39. GRN 39

41. GRN 41
A physician delivers an intramuscular injection into the lateral aspect
of the shoulder. Which of the following sequences describes the
correct order of tissue layers pierced by the needle, passing from
superficial to deep?
(A)Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, epimysium, deep fascia
(B)Dermis, epidermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia, epimysium
(C)Dermis, epidermis, superficial fascia, epimysium, deep fascia
(D)Epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, deep fascia, epimysium
(E)Epidermis, superficial fascia, dermis, deep fascia, epimysium

42. F A Q

1.WHAT BOOKS TO STUDY?


2.WHEN ARE THE EXAMINATIONS?


3.HOW WILL BE THE QUESTION PAPER?


4.WHAT IS THE SYLLABUS( Any study guide)?

43. GROSS ANATOMY
1.Snell’s clinical anatomy
2.Snell’s neuroanatomy
EMBRYOLOGY:
Longman's Medical embryology by T.W. Sadler
HISTOLOGY:
1.Textbook of Histology by Leslie P. Gartner
2.Difiore’s atlas of histology
Dissection:
Thieme Dissector or Cunningham’s manual of Practical Anatomy- Vol
1,2,3
GENETICS:
Emery’s elements of Medical Genetics

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Books no longer are designed
to fit to a particular course /
module

44. Final Reference
Henry Gray (1827 – 13 June 1861)

45. Thank you