Landslide report ,darjeeling district

Recently occur landslide data given this pdf,
And cause of landslide in Darjeeling and also geographical background you can find here, also Location map, Landslide Vulnerability etc.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
ON
LANDSLIDE REPORT OF DARIEELING DISTRICT, WESTBENGAL

By
Debasish Biswas

2. "take these opportunities to Express my gratitude to the person but or whose assistance
ndguidance, I would not have been posible for moto complete the skill enhancement course

First have convey, my deep ft gratitude to SUDARSHAN DAS, Department of GEOGRAPHY,
FALAKATA COLLEGE had lays help me out in my fit ding my work.

In ths present epor have tido gue an in depth anayas of courses a case study of Darleling,

3. CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER -

1) INTRODUCTION

2) osıecrıve

3) DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY
2. CHAPTER — Il

1) INTRODUCTION OF STUDY AREA

2) LLANDSLID OF DARJEELING

3) GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

4) CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE

3. CHAPTER - Il
1) HISTORY OF DARJEELING LANDSLIDE
2) AFFECTED AREA OF DARJEELING DISTRICT
3) LANDSLIDE VELOCITY SCALE AND PROBABLE DESTRACTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
4. CHAPTER - IV
1) LANDSLIDES HAZARD ASSESSMENT
2) LANDSLIDE RISK TREATMENT
3) AWARENESS ABOUT LANDSLIDE
4) ROAL OF GOVERNMENT IN HAZARD
5. CHAPTER -V
1) CONCLUSION
2) REFERENCE

4. CHAPTER -1

5. 1. INTRODUCTION : The tern lands refers to several forms of mass wasting that may include
wide ange of ground movement. Such 25 rock als, deep seated slope fares, muslos, and
‘debris Nous. Landslide ocur ina variety of environments, charatered by ether step gentle
“ope gradients, rom mountain range
‘landslide defined a the movement of Mass of rock debris or earth downslope, landslide
area typeof mas wasting. Which denotes any down slope movement of sll and rock under the
‘eet infuene of gravy.

The term landslide encompasses sx modes of lope movement
1. FALL (Bock alce fl, Boulder, debris, sit fl)
I TOPPL Rock block tope, gravel, debris, sit tople sand topple)
I. SLIDE Rock rotational side, rock planar side, rock wedge sie, Clay, sit planar, gravel,
sand
Iv. SPREAD (Rock slope Spread, San, st Hgueaction spread sensitive ly spread),
V._FLOW(Rockjce avalanche, sand, it debris dy Now Sensitive clay Now ido, mud How,
ant flow)
Vi SLOPE DEFORMATION Mountain slope deformation rock slope deformation, sone
deformation sol erep, soliton),

Fie Difference types of landslide

6. {under his clsifation, si types of movement ae recognized. Each type can be seen both
in rock and sol. These re further subidos by he type of geologic material, Deis low
and oc alls are example of common landslide type

2. Fond out the affected area of Darjeeling District,
1. Tofind out how much he administrative block are exposed
11. To find out how many people ae ci and inured by the andi,
IV. _ Tofind out how many buligs, property are destroyed bythe ands.
V. Tocrente arejora high aslty,relable and consistent landslide eater database

I. To identify the causes of landslide inthe Darjeeling Himalayas
The methodologies const of three parallel processes including pre ld method, ed method
and posted method. The pe eld method was carre out or allein primary and
Secondary data. Several maps such as location map, land use map, lope and Soll map are also
Carefully Used. Various publication ofthe centra), state and loca governments, books,
Magazines, news paper, publatlonsrepared by research scholars, university te in ferent
fel, statics and toria document are lz careful study, In ld process
(Observation method, Interview method (personal interview) and collection of data through
‘questionnaires etc has been taken for colecting primary data Final in the post field method
‘ithe datos compiled, maps are prepared to some the problem,

8. cures

9. The name Dajeling comes rom the Tibetan words, Dove (Thunder bolt) and Ling (Pace or
Hand] meaning the land of Thunder bot Darjeeling dst the northern most Dstt othe
state of west egal in ester Inia inthe octilsoftne Himalayas, The Ditto famous for
‘shi station Darjeeling tea, Darjeeling se Districts of headquarters Darjeeling 1a cy and
‘municipality inthe Inca of state of west Bengal located in the lesser Himalayas at an
tevaton of2000metres. ts noted for ts ea industry, Ks views ofthe word third highest
‘mountain Kanchanjunga, and the Dajeling Himalayas away, 3 UNESCO wore Hertage ste.
Darjeeing ithe headquarter ofthe Darjeeling Diet which has partly autenomeus stats
87-50" Cast longitude an elevation varying tom 1981, 20 metres to 2286 metes above sea
level. isa rie shaped ike English letter the base resting of Katapaher and lahat while
two ams verge rom the mall one dipping suddery tothe orth west passes tough the
‘tiosep's college aná finaly ends he valley near Tuer Tea Estate. n th beginning Darjeeling
muicalty vasto cover the entire area that was ceded by Rajah o Sikkim fr Sanitation. Now
‘Rovers an are of 1060 square km

{Landslides a common natural phenomenon seen in mountainous terior of Darjeeling
Himalaya. the mt unavoidable of natural dangers that undermine the economic and social
advancement of Darjeling Himalaya. Landes are the most Bros ne board natural ter
in Darjeeling Himalaya which busts spatial degree for quite 9 while Fore few natura coses

and solid human elect on profoundly delicate and touchy lope ecological scene in type of
“etorestaton developments the natural security are quienes out. Natural elements tke
‘alestorms, quake can tiger lonas, beings an exraorcnary death toll and substantial
armo land and property. The Fundamental goal fe present examination ito distingish
the reasons for landslides, her effect and o propose vial measures o alleviate the rik nthe
Darjeeling Himalaya The discoveries ofthe presen examination uncovers that ts neither
(onconableto stop the landslides nr to totaly wipa ut ther harms however ts concevable
Lo imite sriousnes ofthe effect and the ham potential through a few basi measures aná

10. Fe Training Landes
*

— Drainage Elevation (m)

pn Bligh: 3602
BB iow:15

wor w

11. {LANDSLIDES oF DaRUEELIN
{Landslides are the most repeating natural sk which serious influence wellbeing and security
of occupants and allow the maintainable improvement ofthe sloping regions. Because of
Some geographical element, extraordinary development of populace ami the most recent
couple of decades inthe Dajetin pe ones of West Bengali ini the sue of and has
been intense The investigation fishes up with certain recommendations that are ital for

and ives, parco in the mountainous zones. The mountainous errs ae portrayed by
ah aly with security and ehangeabity ofthe majority. Lande contrast om the
diferent mass development procedures and ts the development ofthe mass happens
principal along a discrete disappointment surface, The inside unreformed plane sips the
‘materials and breaks down the mas and farther development corporate the steam
Component. nna the greater pars o the bumpy distri are portrayed th elodie
¿later Inthe Himalayan Locale, a few torent side ones ae conspicuous for example,
Jama Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Kumayun, Darjeing and Sikkim and North-eastern uneven
stats. in he Hmalıyan lower regions where precipitation Isnotceable, the event of andes
ls noteworty. The Darjeeling and kim Himalaya are among the most helplestermtories of
landes. The principle activating elements (baring topographical and geomerphoogical)
fen quicken bythe few anthropogenic eres In this eae, Be hat a may, o
slongsde designing geomorphologyare a portion ofthe post landsid activities Asaf late, in
September 2011. Overwhelming precipitation has activated landsides at Mir, Daeetng,
Kalmporg and Kurseong ami une Ju, 2015, causes the loss o fe ves aná properties, A
few components might be In charge ofthe lndsp. Consequently the principe causing
variables ofthe landslide have been talked about dependent on some historical analysis wth no
‘actual or physcally based model, This iin the organization of an educational report hence, no
eraminations or evaluation was directed to gauge the Impact and spatial atributos ofthe
landslides inthe investigation territory The Dancing Himalayas piece of Lesa Himalaya
The is feld ae substantial precioitatio and seismicity, General, landslide
dsasters have district ranges (rom 500m 10 2500 m above MSL as Figure 1. Because a died
‘eomorpbolony and neotectone exercises, the sale zone ofthe exceedingly simi temor
Indined ones. The fundamental shake kinds of the Darjeeling Himalayas ate Pre-Cambran high
trade gots and quate, high-grade schist phytic and cale sicate and quate.

13. 7. Geosraohical backround:
the sland of God” or heaven on earth" eleve to have given Dajelng, the northermmost
tic of West Bengalis name. is azo Believed thatthe name sa comupted form of Dare
lng oftheLamas religion derive rom Dorjee" the celestial scepter of double-headed
thunderbolt and ng” or he land that ray means „ih lad ofthe thunderbolt” after the
famous Sudéhist monastery that stands atop he Observatory Hil There are diferent type of
Geographical characterises. Such.

Geo

Physographie

Drainage

Sol conditions

Vegetation ete

1 geolone

The Himalaya gelogicaly, a complex mountain system. Geographical the Darjeeling
Himalaya s wedged between the Central Himalaya to th west andthe Bhutan Himalaya tothe
(east. Geologia investigations in ikim and the airing Benga region began inthe mide of
‘the 19th Century Dr, Hooker, in his famous “Himalayan Journals” (1854) reports the geological
resus of his extensive surveys in the region, He raced the regions domal pictures of gntses
and observed the overhing, Bede sccimentary rocks. Te frs comprehensive and systematic
Ecological examination of ths region was made by FR. Maletin 1874, À geoogical map ofthe
ration of rocks;

1. Phvsomophie

Phyograpbical the Darjeeling Himalaya ighly complex with innumerable variety of miro
and macro elt frm. The ils se abrupt fom the plans, thats, approximately fom about
150 mand the elevation increases north-westwarde upto Sandakphu (2635 m) Two transverse
‘anges running north south ences the Siga in the west and the Dongha inthe east.
aves, dep valles numerabl springs and horas dissect these landscapes, interspersed
witha mori of microtopographc units This complex physical envionment i duet diferent
Beomorphi processes, each of which ha developed Rs own charactor assemblage of
Tanatorms.the region i chorctenzed by a my of ges and

‘alleys because ofthe spurs arin into atera spurs which ave off lesser ones ad these in
tuum cut the terri int ridges and valley, eating mosac of miro-tepographical units
{ower hil This region bounded by contour heights af approximately 200 800 mand covers
mostofthe central section othe study area. The nus are most south owing and cut deep
Borges and V-shaped valeys. The landscapes characterized by narow rides, deep incisions
“and numerous mass movement scar. The average ope in hs zone varie between 10 3
‘ith slope eng ometimesexceecng 809m. These ower hil ae the most dissected and
«rodea tact inthe Dancing mas

Middle is Tis isa rather narrow zone, sandwiche between the upper aná lowe ils and
‘bounded by 800m and 1400 m contours Most of the western and north eastern part ofthe
‘sty are fl under tis eategory These il slopes ae most uses by ea plantations

Upper hil The upper ils le above the 1400 m contour ne and ave been denied song the

14. cexeme northwestern boundary the region along the Small ges with peaks ke
Sandhakphu and hal towering over the region,

1 Amate
The imate oa tocas the synthesis ay-to-day value ofthe meteorological parameters
Vie prechtation, temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind velocity. The rest Himalayan
‘ange forms à complex system that separates the northern paro Al from the southern part,
{he attr commonly known asthe Indian subcontinent. The physical features ofthe Indian
subcontinent are of reat importance as they have profoun influence on te win systems,
ie ulimatel fect the distribution ef temperature, humidity and anal ovr the
‘Caused by geographical locaton reel aná a wie range of lucia! variation amg rom
300 m - 3700 m above sea level Four mai seasons can e recognies within the eon)
pre monsoon season i) monsoon season i ost monsoon Sean, and winter season
Spring and summer cannot be much ilreniate,
Rainfall: The whole region consis ola angle series o interlacing ges, sng range above
range tothe foto the wall al high peaks and pases which mars the añade of snow” and its
‘offshoot. Ths configuration coupled with the aude brings about har changes inthe rainfall
‘ofthe region I general the south facing ridges receive the highest anta wth the north fang
res receiving ese anal. Te Darjeeling Himalaya i viewed 53 stupendous airway
Teasing om the western border of Tibetan plates down t plan o West Berg Nah
humid because ts proximiy to the Bay of Bengal and diet exposure 1 theeflets of moistre
laden southwest monsoon configuration ofthe mountincus region bring sharp changes inthe
aia The rafal and temperature recorded from ferent locations ae provided below in
the folowing Table

AVERAGE RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURES CHARACTERISTICS OF DARJEELING HIMALAYAS

Torassun TALIMPONG [rurseons

Mein ain O O
ine mm we Im

Tay EA E EZ
ON EIN EL IN E
CO EE CN E
E je E EE EE
wor jamer fee EI je EE
Tone jonas [2085 m EE
CO E 2382 CE
September | 556241599 7m Jen jar
‘Saber [an [1837 E [ns
November [3696 E 3e jew [936
December [1088 [iss wa EC [iss

15. “Temperatures Temperature of the Dreeling district shows great degree of varition where aude
‘ays o be the most important factor. nthe upper ily restons the temperature (day and night)
remains higher durin the rainy season than in the summer and sping season. The range of fucuation
"temperature between day and nights higher in the plains of ii andthe tea region remains hot
‘orwarm il the withdrawal of southwest monsoon (.e rom the month of November. Thereafter, the
temperatur falls api throughout the region, Such variation widely affect he vegetation ofthe
region Table No. 3 shows the average monthly temperature record o Darjeeling (2150 mas) Kurseong
(4880 m as) and Kalimpong (972 mss,

IV. Solcondtios:
The so of upland usally red and rity while that ofthe plans are dark and more ers
long tnebanks ofthe Testa sity or sity loom predominates Red and yellow oia
developed on the greses and seit formations in the higher pes ofthe Darjeeling
imala, The greater portion of he hilar les on the Darjeeling aris, which most
‘commenly decompeses into 3 sf recaen am but may also produce almost pure sand ost
‘ed ly. The colour ofthe ed sis derived from weathering of gneisses and schists due towide
(fusion rather than t high proportion of rn content in the rocks, This type o sls mainly
‘Siceaus and alumnus wth free quarts a and

Y. Vegetaton:

Phytogsoaraphcly, te Darjein Himalaya ia part o the Eastern Himalayan Province tatin
tum one ofthe thiteen provinces ofthe Easter Adatic regional centre of endemis (Hooker
esten to southeastern Tibet includes al the mountainous entry est ofthe Kal Ber Sn
north oftheBramhmaputra - Ganges fod plans

VL Drainage rivers of the tract dain ultimately othe south bt asthe west to east igs cross
‘the tract at certain regions it causes a seres of ers and streams to low northwards ot
‘eastwards direction before joining the main eer system. The two most important vers of
Darjesing ar te vr Tata an the river Great Ranges. Both these alr fd vers
‘ignate from Sim. Wie the Teesta originates rom the Zemu acer located in orth Skim
{the Rangeet ae rom the Rathong glacier in West Sim. The Teesta e broad mountainous
river with numerous shallows ad apie

8. CAUSES OFLANDSLIDE Landes result rom condition hat cause an increase of shearing
Stress ating on the slope ora degree ofthe cohesion nthe slope mater, or both. These
Condon include steering of sopa or removal of slope suppor by river erosion or manmade
increase in pore water pressure Rapid drawdoun,subsufae ereien and spontaneous
Fuefoction may act a conditions responsible in creating slope fares, Terzaghi (1950) divided
landslide causes mo exter causes which rest in an increase of sewing tres (e
(Geotechical changes, nleadng the sope toe loading the slope ces, shocks and bration,
drawdown, changes in water rege et) and internal causes which result in a decrease of the
‘hearing resistance eg. progressive falur, weathering, Seepage erosion etc). arthquakes can
so result inthe lateral spreacing due to iqueactionn gentle slopes.

16. ‘cuden and Varnes (1996) both asi the causal actors of slope fae, including the
‘recondition and triggering ones, nto geological morphological physical and human causes, as
even

i, Collapsible materials
w Weathered materi
Y Sheareemters

vi. Jointed or fissures material
vi. Aver ented mass dscontinits
Va Adverse rented tuciral scontinites (eluding flexors shears]

x Conratin pormesblty ane ts effected on ground wa
cover slates)
5 GEOMORPHOTOGICAT PROCESS

Teton uoife
à. Voanieupit

Wi. Glacial rebound

Wave erosion of the ope toe

vi. Gil erosion ofthe slope toe

Wil. Subterranean erosion (soon, piping)
3% Depositionloscing ofthe slope or ent
x._ Vegetation emowl (bye

© PHYSICAL PROCESS

contrast In siting (st. dense material

Vi intense short periods rafa

Vit Rapid meet of dep snow

IX. Prolonged high precipitan

X Earthquakes

i Breschimg of rater kes

il, Freeze ans thaw weathering

XV, Shrinkand swell weathering of expansive so

XV. Rap drandonn following food, high iss or breaching ot
5. MAN-MADE PROCESS

17. 1. Excavation of the dope oii tor
N. Leading ot the slope or ts crest
venation
V. _ Delecive maintenance of drainage systems
VI Waterleakage rom sens.
VI. Vegetation removal
Vi. Mining and quamving
IX. Creation of dumps of very loose waste
X _ Artificial vbration including tate pl. dvi heavy machines

18. CHAPTER - Ill

19. ‘The major towns ofthis region are Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Kurseon and Mik This region's
composed of soft phylite schists, and gls and thsreg on are high susceptible to ance. he
Gccurenes of andsides ae prominent rom along time o history. Aspe he and des records
valable the disastrous ande was occurred in September 1899, i which 72 ves were lost in
Darling town. Kalimpong,Kurseong.Ghum, Indhari ofthe Darjeeling Himalaya were aso
afected by this ist. January of 1934, te occurrence ofthe lanes signer in
anesing,Gnum ane Kurscon town. Marie landslides wore occurred in June 1950, in which 127
lives were los along withthe oss of several properties including roads and Sigur Kalimpong.
"incharia, Takdah, In another occurence oflanélides, 67 ives were lost along with the

estruc of tea garcen and it oreurred on October 1968. The affected areas of he
landsdewere Darjeeling town, Manpuri Lebog,Kalmpong, Tita Baar, etc Te Hill Car Road and
NH 31 of Darjeeling were severly destroyed. Again, im, Lodhama, Darjeeling Town, atar,
Lebong. Ghum, Happy Valley were affected by Ihe landsdes that ccured on September 1980.0
the sis about 215 people wee lst along with he severa properties. However, several ande
<sasters happened in the year of 1981, 1993, 2003, 204, 2005 and 2006. Al ofthe sides eccurred
Inthe Darjeeling Town, Kalimpong, Kurseong PlbaarRongtong Tindharla, et. 15 people were
killed at Mongpoo and several properties were lost in the ide of uy 1993. In August 2009, tree
people were lst in land hat wos occured on Nimbong, Kalimpong, Krscong, and Mir after
heavy rita of 190 mm. The surrounding of the Kalmporg town suffered more damage than
‘hat wore at Darjeeling during the Cylone Ala. Te lands of fone 2031 was he subsequent
elects of high aia of about 152 mm at Darjeeling and 60 mm ritalin about hours at
Kalimpong, Krseong. In this lade, no such significant casualties had occurred. In the same yar,
in September, the Landes occur ue the subsequent efe o Skim earthquake bu the
Darjeeling Himalayas has been les affected thon the Ski Himalayas

> Landslides during une 2015

‘The landslides in the Darjeeling Himalayas are common. Heavy rainfall triggered the landsides at
numereus places of Dieli Himalayas in June July 1 2015. The landes occurred mainyin
Darjeeling Kurseong and Kalimpong sub-dhision of Darjeeling district during June Jl, 2015. The
‘main affected areas are Tingling and Soureni of Mk, Rimki Dar, Shia Potharl of Darjeeling Lava,
1 miles name of pace of Darjeeling Ost), 29 miles (name oa place of Darjeeling Distt),
Pedong of Kalimpon Te total death toll reached up to 38 and several people were misplaced
Several properties were lot and reads were dicomnecte, The NH 5 hat connect Sigur and
Darling were dsconnected abridge washed away at Nimbujhra. The NH 10 were also
<daconnecte the communication betwen Kalimpong and Lava. Mary domestic and
Interatonatourts were affected for ne dsconnectn ofthe communications

10. AFECTED AREA OF DARJEEUN BY LANDSLIDE

Major landslide of Dares y during 1998-2000
Year [Bask ES [osmoge dade

20. F5 Russo Te BOhouse,NH-SS Damage, 10
Tana 3 people dled
2000 Sula poihor Posombina people died
Kurseong Sotanica garden | 1 copie died
° Sapoydhura 2people ded
at 1 people ded
Hart 1 people ied
2002 Kurzeong Gisdapahar people died
2003 Mi Gayabarı 24 people ded
207

21. Chart Title

11, LANDSLIDE VELOCITY SCALE AND PROBABLE DESTRACTIVE SIGNIFICANCE

TVeiociy [Tpit Prebaby Desvucive Significance
sale mm) _| valocty
7° | Bavemely/5+10" | Sm/see | Catstrophi of maar vlene;Buldng destoyed by
© [ventana [Sar Fran | Some ives ast vel to great To permit aT persons to
A [rem xaped eaciavon pol re poten,

and equipment destroyed.

3 ee 0 E Some temporary and ins Sutures can Be
mimo _ | temporary maintaines.
3 | Siow [50109 Paem/vear Remedi construction can be undone during

| pp

1 [Re |_| Bam RAR
[meme | Some permanent structures undamaged by movement.

soe more tev nments conan posible
| in means

22. CHAPTER - IV

23. 1. LANDSLIDES HAZARD AND ASSESSMENT

Landslide harrd i function of suscepti (spa propensty to landslide activity) and temporal
frequency of landslide triggers, and its assessment may be done on local nda slope), regional,
the extent of the study are and on the avaiable data, Examples of various methodologies for
landstde hazard asesument on diferent scales can be fund nthe erature 45 7 In any type of
landslide hazard assessment there a need to consider topography and othe factors tha influence
the properly to landslide activity (susceptblty factors, as well as ndshde rggein factors
(precipitation earthquakes, human activity) Table st the input dat ypcaly require for
ange hararé serment at reginalto national cales

2. Landslide

Landslide risk treatments the utimate procedure of sk management. Landside rk may be
miigate through fie approaches used individual or combined to overcome or reduce los
‘These ara) Rsticing Developmen in Landslide Prone reas in nda, there ae o rls and
regulation inthis rege, ( Codes for Excavation, Contraction ans Grading in India there ls no
nr code to ensure standarésation abou he construction in and prone ren.)

‘cil naling are commonly wed to contro mass movement inthe hil areas) Monitoring and
Warning System St speatie monitoring techniques including Neid observation and remote sensing
cbsenation oflandside prone area are suitable fr ral ime warning.

24. ‘Theres an immediate need to aware local people about the andi o reduce loses. The State
‘Government, Utarbarga Unnjan Pad, Gorkh Hi Counc, Organisation tke NOMA, I
Kharagpur, Local School, Local Hspitl Soldiers, Electron and print meda each and everybody
shoul lunch comprehensive awareness programme and campaign forthe inhabited of ndside
‘tone study areas. They do and highlight the folowing points (a) They dstibute habil, poster in
{heir regional language about the site specie deta of landside and what isthe lesson they should
learned fom the past few landslide phenomena () They prepared and display shor video fl,
ower point documentary forthe local publ about the importance of preparedness aná mitigation
‘ethos adopted by them before, during, and ate the landslide aster e) The National Disaster
and Hospital organisation, Soldiers, NGOS, Local nodal agencies, Local lub, and local peope- What
[the role ana responsibilty before, during and afer the lande sate a) Te and use planner,
urban planner should make understand the local people bout the importance of and use planing.
‘The scientist and engincor shold aranged awareness camp to inereasegeolgia,go-hyatlegcl
investigation practice for contractor. They also make understand local people about the importance
and ve of eco rendy building materials in land prone area) The North Bengal University
And colleges under ts university shoud aware and encourage the student and research scholars tO
‘esearch about the new method to mitigate andl nthe ily terrain o Darjeeling district The
North Bengal Medica College associated wit acl Moise should aware and train the Doctors,
Ars, a hosptal tats od locals how to response n emergency peri, what ithe primary duty
‘of them tea) Develop awareness among the inhabited about Ihe Asadvantage ofr

4. ROLE OF GOVERNMENTIN HAZARD MANAGEMENT

hazardin the resent study area

Structural messures
Prope land use measure
torestation

Pub awareness
Setlement poly

25. CHAPTER -V

26. ‘The Oarjeing Himalaya region she most vulnerable toa lands as wl 35 avalanche, al,
slump disaster. the primary effects the June Jl landslide disaster are the dsconnection of
the roads, loss of ves, the breaking o bridges, ee The people have lost their home and
Suffred homeless} and took shelters that are provided by state government. Tus, he
landslide ano of 2015 trigger severely the natura environment o the Darjeeling Himalayas.
ts caused y the natural phenomena vi heavy torrential anal but the intensity aná
magnitude are enhanced by the anthropogenic activites. recent geological survey conducted
forthe Darjeeling Lands by the Survey of India ad the report say thatthe Nepal
‘earthquake has significant oe in the occurrence o the Darjeeling landside. However, on the
asis of torial recor ca be si nat nenas rainfall he key factor forthe June ly,
2015 lan. As the developmental city! increases inthe mountainous region, thereby,
‘Acharya, 51972: Geology ofthe Darling cos with reference o ts intrusves,
Records Geological Survey of inl, GS, 9 (2): 775.
a. 1Atkinson, ET, 1973: The Himalayan Gazetteer, Dal, VOL L Part 1, Cosmo Pub,
1. Ganeroe, AK, ed 1964: West Bengal District Gazette, Dajlng, Govt of Wert
Bengal, na
€. Baneree, U, 1964: short nate on the forests of Drjetng Distr
A. ehattcharya, . 1986: Development of tours im India: Acase sty of Darjccin,
Worl Leisure and Recreation, Ottawa, Canad: 285)

West Bonga Forest