Language problems

Need, Meaning, Forms, different facets, Link Language of Minorities, Place of English – Recommendations of Eshwar Bhai Patel Committee and Classical Languages

1. Language Problems B.Ed . 2015-16 M.Vijayalakshmi Assistant Professor

2. Unit – 5: Aspects of Challenges in Education 5.3 Language Problems

3. 5.3 Language Problems Need, Meaning, Forms, different facets, Link Language of Minorities, Place of English – Recommendations of Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee and Classical Languages

4. Language is the power of the human race through which he is able to express himself well and understand the expressions of others. Vehicle of human expression Language development is a sign of social and national development

5. Need Mother-tongue should be the Medium of Instruction up to the Secondary Level Education in English at the Higher Educational Level Importance of English in Science and Technical Education Teaching of National Language to Every Child of the Country Multi-lingual States

6. Meaning India is a multi-lingual nation 16 languages spoken in different states Unifying force Led to separatism and disintegration in our country Main cause – Reorganisation of states on language basis Common language – necessary for emotional integration and national integration Essential for inter state communication

7. Hindi and English – common languages Hindi – spoken by people – 7 north Indian states Claim – majority – national language Our constitution – Hindi – official language of the Indian Union South Indians – against – imposition of Hindi Claim – English – official language Led to understanding

8. Under Muslim Rule Foreign language – First time in India Urdu language – Government Work Sanskrit , other native languages ( Apbhransh ) and Hindi – Continued Favouritism Indian languages developed more and more

9. Under British Rule Established Schools and Colleges Christian Missionaries Christian Religion English – Medium of Instruction Included Indian languages also Preferences given Created anger

10. Wood’s Despatch 1854 Brilliant Student – English Others – Indian Languages Problem was postponed to 20 – 25 years

11. Education Commission 1882 Secondary Schools – English Primary Schools – Indian Languages Public Movement – 20 th century beginning Indian Languages - Secondary Schools also English – all Government work Secondary Schools – English continued

12. Calcutta University Commission 1917 Language Movement - Appointed Indian Languages – Up to higher secondary stage Some English Medium Schools made Regional languages as medium of instruction

13. 1935 - 1947 Regional Languages – Medium of instruction Christian Missionaries – English Public Movement 1942 – British Rulers accepted – Indian languages – first compulsory language English - second compulsory language for Secondary Education English Continued – Higher Education

14. In Independent India i . Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission 1948 Federal Language in the Devanagari Script , English and Regional Language – both at Secondary and University Stage (Three Language Formula)

15. Secondary Education Commission 1953 Recommended – Two language formula State Level facilities provided – study every language spoken in state Complicated the problem Recommendations – Impracticable Before Independence – English, Mother tongue and one additional language After Independence – Hindi, Regional languages and English

16. The Central Advisory Board of Education 1956 Adoption of three-language formula Mother tongue or regional language or a composite course of both English or modern European language Hindi for non Hindi areas or any other modern Indian language for Hindi -speaking areas

17. The Emotional Integration Committee (1961) Situation remained out of control Regions (Before Independence) – Three-language formula - considered now - waste of time and energy Some Regions – support English

18. Language Problem in Other Countries Germany German Language – Compulsory for all students After 10 yrs – one of the languages out of French, Russian or English as a compulsory Language

19. Soviet Russia 3 languages formula State language, Russian and one foreign language compulsorily Efforts were made to improve the languages – script and wanting in literature Similar to India

20. France French - International dealing and rich and complete in itself Secondary level – one foreign language German or English – compulsory Study of neighbouring languages – national interest

21. Switzerland Main language German, French, Italian and Roman Individual freedom No compulsion of national language Speaking – German French and English – taught in the educational institutions Facilities also exit – study of Italian and Roman languages Every person is free to use his own language in public life

22. Japan Japanese Language Today – English – second language for international communication Attached to their language Secondary stage – English is taught

23. Recommendations of Commissions Kothari Commission 1964-66 Three languages should be taught to students and teaching of four languages should not be compulsory at any stage Lower primary stage – only mother tongue Higher primary classes – union language along with mother tongue Junior High School stage – mother tongue, union language and one other modern Indian language Higher secondary stage – two languages – compulsory Higher stage – no compulsion of languages

24. Study of English – useful but it should not begin before Class V Hindi – second important State-language – Hindi or English - taught 3 to 6 yrs – every students State and Union Government at the national level – try for the expansion of Hindi Classical Languages – Sanskrit, Persian or Arabic – not be compulsory at any stage. Facilities provided – study as an optional subject – last year of Junior High School stage (Class VIII) Arrangements – to train teachers – depends on ability of the teachers

25. Operations of Three-Language Formula Classes I to IV: One language – Mother tongue Classes V to VII: Two languages – Mother tongue and official language of the Union – Hindi or associate official language of the Union – English Classes VIII to X: Three languages – compulsory – one of these three languages – official language of the Union or the associate official language – which was not taken up in the class V to VII

26. Classes XI to XII: Two languages – Compulsory – student – given option – any two of the three languages studied earlier or any two languages from Modern Indian Languages Modern Foreign languages Classical Languages – Foreign and Indian

27. Recommendations of Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee The recommendations of the Kothari Commission should be given due consideration Used as guidelines in formulating or reformulating any policies on the teaching of the languages

28. Remedies to Language Problem Teaching of Foreign Language English Medium at Higher Stage English Starting at Class VI No Burden of English Teaching of Indian Languages

29. Classical Languages Sanskrit Compulsory language – symbol of ancient glory of India Origin of almost all the Indian Languages Maintain our contact with our ancient culture

30. All ancient classical subjects should be taught independently at the higher level. Only interested students may study them As optional or compulsory subjects Does not appear feasible at the primary or secondary level – curriculum burden Cannot be included in the three-language formula

31. In present, teaching of Sanskrit has been included in the syllabus of Hindi Similarly included in the syllabus of other languages At the higher education level some difficulty of previous knowledge may arise while selecting the classical subjects Courses may simplified to make them suitable for the existing situation

32. Study of these subjects at primary and secondary level – enable them to select these subjects as independent (optional) subjects at higher education stage When the present difficulties regarding the language problem are overcome the teaching of these subjects may be possible as optional at the secondary stage

33. The Problem of Teachers People speaking other languages – Union and State Governments can train them for teaching Teachers of other languages – have sufficient knowledge of the language of the region Solution – teachers of other languages should be trained in the regional languages for a fixed period

34. Union Government – select teachers for different languages – after training – appointed as a language directors – inturn they will train local language teachers and give necessary guidance Union or State Governments – select language teachers from different regions – giving them training - regional languages - Giving additional salary