peoples,” a letter of inquiry he sent to the imperial interpreter.
10
It be-
gins: “As nothing throws greater light indicating the ancient origins of
peoples than the collation of languages, I often wonder that geographers
and travelers neglect to write of languages, and but rarely exhibit spec-
imens of them.” His request for information amounts to instruction to
travelers about how such linguistic specimens should be collected (Leib-
niz 1718:49). He asks for collections of Pater Nosters in foreign lan-
guages, a well-established practice—he tells us that we have examples
of the Pater Noster for the languages of the Poles, Serbs, Dalmatians,
Croats, and Russians, all of the Slavonic (i.e., Slavic) family, and of the
Wallachians, Cettos and Livonians, Turks, Persians, and Chinese. He asks
for texts with interlinear translations into languages known to Europeans.
But he also asks—and this seems to be new—for “a few examples of their
words, expressing common things,” which he spells out in detail:
Names of numbers: one, two, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
100, 1000.
Relatives and ages: father, mother, grandfather, son, daughter,
brother, sister, father’s brother, husband, wife, father-in-law, son-
in-law, man, woman, child, youth, old man.
Parts of the body: body, flesh, skin, blood, bone, head, brow, nose,
eye, pupil, ear, beard, mouth, tongue, tooth, chest, heart, throat,
jaw, foot, finger, hair, belly, breasts.
Necessities: food, drink, bread, water, milk, wine, herbs, fruit, salt,
fish, ox, sheep, horse, clothing, hide, house, wagon, sword, bow,
arrow, lance, slingshot.
Naturalia: god, man, heaven, sun, moon, star, air, rain, thunder,
lightning, cloud, frost, hail, snow, ice, fire, heat, light, smoke,
earth, field, mountain, valley, sea, river, stone, sand, dog, wolf,
deer, bear, fox, bird, snake, mouse.
Actions:to eat, to drink, to speak, to see, to be, to stand, to go, to
strike, to laugh, to sleep, to know, to pluck,and so forth.
It is striking that Marsden (who does not mention Leibniz or indeed any
prior authority for his list) uses much the same, though not identical,
32 Explosion in the Grammar Factory
10. I am grateful to Hans Aarsleff for drawing my attention to this work, which is dis-
cussed in his book, From Locke to Saussure(1982), a work of profound scholarship. On
this text of Leibniz, see also Gulya 1974.