6 n Introduction
Wisconsin (37,875), Michigan (32,884), and Indiana (26,768). Th e majority (58.7%)
of the 226,198 Spaniards and Spaniard Americans are in Illinois (71,238), Michigan
(37,029), and Ohio (24,447). Th e majority (59.5%) of the 197,679 Central Americans
are in Illinois (66,466), Ohio (17,131), and Indiana (17,089), with a relatively sizable
group in Michigan (16,867). Th e majority (57.3%) of the 150,500 South Americans
in the Midwest are in Illinois (72,329) and Minnesota (15,888), with a sizable group
in Ohio (14,938). Th e majority (58.0%) of the 51,948 Cuban Americans are in Illinois
(21,031) and Michigan (9,143), with a sizable group in Ohio (5,823). Finally, of the
16,156 Dominicans, the majority (55.0%) are in Illinois (4,747) and Ohio (4,146), with
a relatively sizable group in Michigan (2,610).
Why have the numbers of Latinos increased in the Midwest? One would think
that with the deindustrialization that has gripped the Midwest, there would be little
to attract them to the region. However, despite deindustrialization in the region over
the past several decades, increases in service occupations have contributed to both
the geographic dispersion of Latinos and the relative distribution of ethnic groups
in the occupational structure (Liaw and Frey 2007; Zuñiga and Hernández-León
2005). In the Midwest, Latinos and Mexican immigrants, especially those with low
levels of education, are concentrated at the lower end of the service occupation
ladder, in manual labor positions in construction and in the service sector, such as
the food retail industry. In other words, deindustrialization and the restructuring
of the economy have created pull forces in the labor market that continue to attract
manual workers from across the nation and from across the nation’s southern border.
In 1990, 24.1% of Mexican-origin workers (both native born and immigrants) were in
service occupations, 15.0% were in precision production, craft, and repairs, and 41.6%
were in fabricator, operator, and laborer positions (Saenz 1996). Similar distributions
are provided for Latinos by Chapa and coauthors (2004) using 2000 census data.
Why This Book?
Th is volume was envisioned as part of the celebration of the Julian Samora Research
Institute’s 20th anniversary celebration conference on Latino/as in the Midwest,
which was held in November 2009. After a call for papers, a blind peer review process
of the manuscripts that were submitted, and the selection of the manuscripts for the
volume, some of the authors were able to attend the conference and present their
papers. Th e volume provides an overview of Latinos in the Midwest, focusing on
their demographic characteristics, political attitudes, and experiences in the region,
especially in relation to dominant group institutions such as law enforcement, U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, health care, and other agencies. Th e volume
Latinos in the Midwest, Michigan State University Press, 2011. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2011. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.