Learning aids, improvised learning aids, textbook, sourcebook, reference book.pptx

Qualities of a good textbook
Community based resources
Supplementary reading materials

1. What we are going to discuss in this section:- Learning aids and improvised aids important is learning physics Textbook, Handbook, Sourcebook, Workbook, Reference book Supplementary reading materials Community based resources

2. Learning aids What are the learning aids? Learning aids are the materials or tools used by the students to enhance their understanding of the subject matter.They may include but not limited to written materials, visualizations ,charts, diagrams etc.

3. Need and Importance of learning aids Motivation :- Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different learning aids. Retention :- Every individual has the tendency to forget .proper use of learning aids helps to retain more concepts permanently. Clarification:- Through learning aids ,concepts can be clarified more easily. Opportunities to learn:- Learning aids provide opportunities for students to practise and apply their knowledge and skills. Promotes 21 st century skills:- Learning aids help promote students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

4. Improvised aids What are the improvised aids? Improvisation means using whatever is available because one does not have what is needed.It means to use alternative materials and resources to facilitate learning whenever there is lack or shortage of some first hand learning aids. The apparatus devised and made in the laboratory workshop or school by the teacher or the pupils is usually called as improvised aids. Examples: Fig:1 electroscope Fig2:handmade torch

5. Importance The improvised aids are based on the principle of psychology ‘Learning by doing’ which enhances the retention of knowledge in students. It helps to have more knowledge and understanding as improvisation makes science doing instead of talking. It promotes pupils maximum participation in the learning process. Develops scientific attitude and scientific thinking among students. Promotes interaction between teacher and student. Learning experiences appending to the senses are far more effective then abstract learning experiences .

6. Textbook Textbook is a standard book,used as a tool of teaching and learning organized for instructional purpose related with particular subject of curriculum organized for use of students and teachers. According to the kothari education commission,” A good textbook written by a qualified and competent specialist in the subject and produced with due regards of printing, illustrations and general getup stimulates the pupils interest and helps the teacher considerably at his work. Textbook can be called as teacher in print for students.

7. Importance of textbooks It makes teaching of subject systematically . It helps students for self study. It serves as index for academic achievement. It serves as memory aid for a teacher.

8. Qualities of a good textbook There are six suggested criteria for a good textbook: Content: The textbook should be appropriate for the age level and experience of the pupils. The subject matter of the textbook should be consistent with the needs and the interest of the pupils. The content should reflect the unknowns and uncertainties in science as well as the known 2] Organisation: The content should be organised from simple to complex. The organisation should follow the inductive development of the content. Whenever possible the subject matter should be presented as a problem that has no ready solution. The organization should inform the students of the correlation of the different units.

9. Qualities of a good textbook cont. 3 ] Literary style and vocabulary: Length of sentences should be equal and appropriate Directness of sentences should be there. 4 ] Illustration: The quantity and quality of illustrations needs consideration.Photographs should be clearly reproduced .Diagrams should be carefully prepared.Illustrations should be well-selected and should amplify the materials printed on the same page. The following points are worth considering: Illustration should be sufficient in number,size and quality. There must be a good variety of illustrations like charts,maps and diagrams etc. The illustrations must be suitably labelled.

10. Qualities of a good textbook cont. 5] Teaching aids:- Teaching aids that are relevant to each unit should be incorporated along with the text material.This will help the learner cognitively in processing the information.There must be: Sufficient no. of experiments described and suggested. Adequate laboratory exercises should be detailed with directions. Suggestions of project and problems where the knowledge can be applied should be mentioned. 6 ] Mechanical make-up and appearance:- Cover page:

11. Qualities of a good textbook cont. Paper size and quality:- Paper size should be proper as per the age level of the students.Good quality and white paper should be used. Size and spacing of letters:- Size of the letter should be suitable to level of students.Spacing between two letters should be proper. Size and the thickness of the book:- Size of the book should be proper because it needs to last for a year atleast .it should not go loose.

12. Qualities of a good textbook cont. Margins:- The margins of a book refer to the blank spaces that surround the printed content of each page. Each page in the book will have a top margin, a bottom margin, an inner margin and an outer margin. They also help separate and balance the content of facing pages. For bound text books 6”  9” or smaller ,use 0.5” margins on the top.outside and bottom of books , and a 0.75” inside margin. For 8.5” 11” documents, use 1-inch margins. Adjust margins,font size and columns to produce 65-70 characters per line(including spaces). Pictures and diagrams:- Large enough and should not be fade. Paragraphs:- Number and paragraph length varies as per the chapter length.

13. Qualities of a good textbook cont Updatation :- Textbook should be updated time to time . Structure of the tables , graphs, pictures etc.:- Visual elements such as charts,graphs,tables,photographs,diagrams and maps capture your students attention and help them to understand ideas more fully.

14. Handbook It is a ready reference material for a teacher to supplement his classroom teaching. It contains list of teaching aids,summarization of learnings,exercises and assignments of various kinds. Advantages of handbooks:- It equips the teacher with sufficient knowledge about what is to be taught,why is to be taught and how is to be taught. The problem of finding out suitable learning experiences and activities for teaching different lessons is easily solved. It helps the teacher to adopt appropriate methods to teach every topic. It helps the teacher in the planning and execution of different tasks involved in teaching. Helps the teacher to evaluate the learning using relevant and standard tools of evaluation.

15. Sourcebook ‘Sourcebook refers to a huge collection of materials and activities related to a particular content.’It is a resource of materials from which a teacher can select suitable topics,activities,books and audio-video aids for curriculum transaction.It is a broad reservoir of information. The steps involved in preparation of a sourcebook: Title Introduction General Objectives Content Analysis Activities of the unit Teaching material and resources Evaluation procedures

16. WORKBOOK “A workbook is a supplement to the science textbook.there are several functions of a workbook in the learning process” Workbooks are organised in the same order as of the textbook. Workbook provides for different types of activities: Forms for reporting data Diagrams to be labelled Blank space for drawing diagrams Suggestions for supplementary work Self testing devices Workbooks are mainly used by students as a source of knowledge during and for practicing what they have learned at home .

17. Workbook Cont. Advantages of workbook: Promotes self learning and self assessment. Gives practise in what pupils have learnt in the class and thereby reinforces learning. Promotes scientific thinking. Makes learning more structural. Limitations: It is highly organised and not flexible. It demands uniform outcomes from the students. Independent work is discouraged.

18. Reference Book “Reference books are used to supplement knowledge gained in the classroom and to acquire new knowledge” Reference books provide a means for self-improvement. These include dictionaries,yearbooks,government reports,journals etc. Characteristics of Reference book: They are primarily intended for occasional consultation. The information included in them is collected from a vast number of sources. It is a miscellany of information and facts. The arrangement of information in such that it can be conveniently and quickly recalled. Usually concentrate on facts .

19. Reference book Cont. Advantages: It supplement classroom learning. It facilitates pupils’ self study habits and spirit of self effort. It helps the pupils to workout assignments. It stimulates scientific thinking and inculcates elements of scientific attitude .

20. Supplementary reading materials “These are the materials in teaching which are used to extend and support instruction and address the needs of the learners.”These are not designed to be the sole instructional resources for a course but serves to complement and enrich the content of comprehensive resources. Examples: Online quizzes,youtube videos,powerpoint,animated pictures etc. Qualities: These materials should be well organized so that learners find it easy to use. They should be familiar to learners so that they feel motivated to use them. They should be appropriate to the content and to the age level of the learners. They should be attractive in finish so that they can create the curiosity to learn in learners It should increase thinking and discussion among learners It should provide insights into social significance and contributions of science. Must be fair and sincere in its presentation of the content.

21. Supplementary reading materials Cont. Importance : It plays vital role in the totality of development in learners. It encourages meta cognition It inculcate self study habits and promotes independent reading It helps to fill the gaps in the coursebook. It helps the learners when the textbook: Provide insufficient or ineffective examples. Provide too few examples Is too simple or complex for the students

22. Community based resources ‘Community resources are the resources that enhance or facilitate the lives of the community’.These resources are an integral part of every individuals’ development. Examples. Factories,Cinema halls,libraries,hospitals etc. using Community resources in teaching can enrich the learning experience for students. Need of community based resources: community resources can help bridge gaps in access to educational materials and opportunities. Fills the gaps between theory and real world application

23. Community resources Cont. Importance : Helps in understanding the functioning of different institutions in the community Helps the learners to be responsible and take an initiative to bring about positive changes in the society they live in. Civic engagement Expanded learning

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