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1. Scope, Prospects and Export potential of Flower crops The world production of floriculture is growing at a rate of 10 percent per year. There are currently, over 50 countries that are active in floriculture production on a large scale. The total area under floriculture in the world, both under protected area and open, is presently estimated to be around 628,972 hectares. In terms of production value, the Netherlands (Euro 3901million), the United States (Euro 2992 million), Japan (Euro 2987 million), Italy (Euro 1627 million), Germany (Euro 1289 million) and Canada (Euro 1067 million) are the largest producers of cut flowers and plants.

2. Some of the major developing country producers and exporters of cut flowers and plants are Colombia, South Korea, Kenya, Israel, Ecuador, Poland, Ethiopia, Costa Rica, Thailand, India, China, Zimbabwe,and Mexico. The economies of some of these countries are even dependent on floriculture industry, such as Colombia and Kenya. With China (286,068 ha) and India (161,000 ha) having the majority of the world acreage under cut flowers and plants production. The Asia-Pacific region has the major share (75 percent) of the total world area under floriculture production. Europe has a 10 percent share in the world area under floriculture. The acreage under flower cultivation in Africa is very small (1.5 percent).

3. Country 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Qty Value Qty Value Qty. Value Qty. Value United States 7429.85 5799.35 7559.21 7129.1 6696.6 8381 5158.7 8459.38 Germany 4474.12 4332.26 5256.69 5752.49 3715.28 5675.43 2841.16 5928.94 United Kingdom 4298.72 3529.6 3456.23 3856.02 3191.89 4568.17 2583.87 5512.57 Netherland 3149.47 4527.06 3923.99 5412.74 3099.15 5970 1983.51 6615.28 United Arab Emirates 822.69 995.59 816.85 1125.5 1029.36 1544.53 1026.05 1701.07 Canada 524.07 811.13 867.81 1202.83 985.89 1618.65 567.78 1365.31 Italy 1255.42 892.59 1267.02 1118.84 820.8 1350.13 682.75 1332.93 Japan 639.75 1233.67 736.65 1472.24 801.35 1567.19 727.07 1621.35 China Peoples’ Republic 80.62 100.58 523.22 656.71 596.15 1059.75 515.43 951.67 Singapore 226.72 225.18 343.38 378.14 552.44 613.34 817.98 910.51 Others 6005.400 7157 6174.96 8427.47 5632.97 9996.43 5580.9 11191.62 Total 28906.830 29604.01 30926.01 36532.08 27121.88 42344.62 22485.2 45590.63 Table 1: Export of Flowers from India Qty in MT ; Value in Rs. Lacs Source: APEDA Website, June 2014

4. Floriculture becomes the Booming sector of India... Scope & FuturePotential ......! Floriculture is increasingly regarded as a viable diversification from the traditional field crops due to increased per unit returns and the increasing habit of “saying it with flower” during all the occasions. Though the art of growing flowers is not new to India, protected cultivation in polyhouses is relatively new in India. Enormous genetic diversity, varied agro climatic conditions and versatile human resources offer India a unique scope for diversification into new avenues which have not been explored to a greater extent.

5. With the opening up of world market in the WTO regime, there is a free movement of floricultural products worldwide. In this context, each and every country has equal opportunity for trade in each other’s territory. Globally, more than 140 countries are involved in cultivation of floricultural crops. The USA continues to be the highest consumer with more than $ 15 billion per annum, followed by Japan with more than $ 10 billion. India has better scope in the future as there is a shift in trend towards tropical flowers and this can be gainfully exploited by India with enormous amount of diversity in indigenous flora, says Dr H. P. Singh, DDG ( Horti .),ICAR.

6. Indian Floriculture Industry is Growing With the declaration of floriculture as an “extreme focus area” by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, floriculture sector has acquired a special status in the flower basket of India. India produces a wide variety of floricultural products, which inter alia include flowers and foliage, both fresh flowers and dried, like roses, carnations, chrysanthemums and orchids. The International Flora and Landscape Expo-2006 reviewed the growth of floriculture industry and showcased India’s floriculture wealth and exposed the stakeholders to new technologies and scientific advancements, a platform for Indian exporters to interact with international buyers of cut flowers.

7. Currently, flower trade has attracted the largest demand from an estimated 300 million middle-class flower-loving people with consumption in the cities and major towns at 40% per annum. Flower retail shops have mushroomed all over the place from major metros to market shops and flower boutiques. Further, super-market/hypermarket retail chains have fueled the growth in the consumption. Cashing is on this trend, the Minister of the State for Commerce also feels that floriculture is all about creating new employment opportunities in far flung areas rather than talking about Dollars, the focus should be on million jobs. Six Agri Export Zones on floriculture have been set up in Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand , Karnataka and Maharashtra.

8. Himachal is coming up fast with a huge potential in specialized Cut Flowers like Carnations & Lillies  and can become a main hub for these flowers due to most suitable claimatic zone. The APEDA has also taken a number of measures to facilitate floriculture exports. Some key Indian airports like New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Cochin now have cold storage and cargo handling facilities. More airports will have these facilities in the future. Among other things, flower auction centres are also coming up in Bangalore, Mumbai, Noida and Kolkata. These are readymade market facilities for trading and price discovery for a variety of flowers, both for export and domestic markets.

9. The APEDA has been addressing these issues through various forums on a concerted basis given its mandate to promote floricultural exports from India. Correlation with DFC (Dubai Flower Centre), the trans-shipment facility for perishable goods in the region is gearing up to tap the Indian flower export market, which is expected to exceed $ 1 billion by 2016. The DFC can act as a hub for Indian growers and traders so that they can reach out to regional, European and American markets. A DFC delegation had recently visited India to create awareness about the centre and its unique facilities. The delegation met officials in major cities and held discussion with flower growers and exporters.

10. There were more than 300 export-oriented units in India. More than 50% of floricultural units are based in South zone mainly in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. West Bengal, Maharashtra and Rajasthan also have large areas under floriculture. The domestic flower production goes on increasing annually. Technical collaborations with foreign companies have been approved for India, in order to increase total share in floricultural trade.

11. Anthurium is one of the top 10 cut flowers sold in the Netherlands Auctions and the market potential for it is excellent both in India and abroad," Mr T.V. Gopinath , a Madikeri -based planter, who is a member of the National Horticulture Board (NHB) and a consultant to the Kerala State Agriculture Department, told Business Line . The demand for anthurium cut flowers in the domestic and world market is so high that there is a tremendous potential for India, but to tap this market the country must step up production.

12. Status of floriculture in Tamil Nadu Tamilnadu is a leading state in area and production of flowers in the country. The area under flower crops was 20,801 ha and the production was 1.24 lakhs million tones of loose flowers during 1999-2000. A large number of flowers like jasmine, tuberose, rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, crossandra , barleria , lily, limonium , alsteoemeria , liatris , freesia,iris , lisianthus , calla, carnation, gerbera and anthurium are commercially cultivated in the state. Many hi-tech units with export tie-ups are there in the state.

13. The daily average trade of cut flower is over Rs. 2 lakh and loose flower over Rs. 5 lakh in Tamil Nadu itself. Rose is a major commercial cut flower, widely cultivated in different parts of the world. It belongs to the family rosaceae and a member of the genus Rosa. For production of cut flowers, Rose is extensively cultivated in native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa . Netherlands was ranked the number one supplier of Rose (739 million stems) to European Union, followed by Colombia (591 million stems), Spain (308 million stems), Kenya (303 million stems), Israel (125 million stems ) and turkey (107 million stems).

14. Maximum area under carnation cultivation is in Colombia (1,868 ha) and other countries in order are Japan (602 ha), Israel (350 ha), Poland (278 ha), The Netherlands (217 ha), the USA (214 ha), France (210 ha), Italy (150 ha), Spain (150 ha) and Kenya (115 ha). Production of Rose cut flowers in India is negligible. These flowers are mostly grown under cover in Nasik, Pune , Hosur,Kodaikanal , Kalimpong , Ooty , Darjeeling, Bangalore,Solan . Palampur , Shimla , Srinagar, Delhi, Ludhiana and Calcutta. Area under Rose cultivation in TamilNadu state is estimated at 15 ha with production of 22 lakh cut flowers at an estimated value of Rs. 70 lakhs

15. The genus Gerbera family Asteraceae ( Compositae ), this group at present comprises 45 species, native to tropical Asia and Africa About 7 species were recorded in India, distributed in the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal at altitudes of 1,300 to 3,200 meters Gerbera is a very attractive, commercial cut flower crop and marketed in the International florists trade in huge quantities. These plants are grown through out the world in a wide range of climatic conditions. The Netherlands produces 420 million stems of gerbera per year which is valued at 145 million Netherlands guilders.

16. Area under gerbera cultivation in Tamil Nadu is estimated at 25 ha with production of 53 lakhs cut flowers at an estimated value of Rs. 15 lakh . In recent years the area under gerbera and Rose is fast increasing around Hosur and Bangalore because of high profits . As far as the productivity is concerned there is a lot of scope for increasing the productivity and profit through adoption of the latest improved production and marketing technologies. There is a need to generate information regarding production and marketing aspects, the profile of cut flower growers and the constraints in production and marketing of cut flowers.

17. Flower Seed Production........ Seed production of seasonal flower crops is a lucrative business and practiced in considerable area in Punjab and Haryana. This offers higher returns from unit area. Of late, demand is increasing in domestic market also. Research work is required to develop high-yielding varieties including F1 hybrids, agro-techniques for producing uniform seed with higher certification standards. Nursery Industry..... Lack of quality planting material is the major hindrance for not realizing the full potential of floriculture in India. Plant material of various kinds (seedlings, budded plants, rooted cuttings, bulbs, tubers, corms, annual seed, etc.) is required for commercial flower production, pot plant production for adding to home garden and for landscaping (corporate landscaping, bioaesthetic planting etc.).

18. PotPourri ...... Pot pourri is mixture of dried, sweet-scented plant parts including flowers, leaves, seeds, stems and roots. The basis of a pot pourri is the aromatic oils found within the plant. A significant component of dry flower export comprises pot pourries . In the recent past, floriculture has been considered as a viable option of diversification in agriculture. But now within floriculture itself, there are in a number of options a flower or a floriculturist can take up.

19. Essential Oils..... Essential oils and perfumery from natural sources are in great demand. In India, flower crops grown for essential oil production are limited and include mainly rose, jasmine, tuberose etc. Rosa damascene is exclusively cultivated for extraction of essential oils, rose water, attar, gulkhand , etc. in certain pockets of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Research should be focused on development of varieties with higher oil content and standardizing distillation methods for higher oil recovery. Further, identification of more crops and standardization of production technology needs to be included in the research agenda. Promotion of this sector encourages ancillary industries like steam distillation and use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) for making value-added products.

20. NaturalDyes ..... Marigold pigments are widely used in the poultry industry to enhance the colour of the meat and yolk of the eggs and also used in food and textile industry. So far, isolation of xanthophylls from marigold has been standardized. More crops can be identified and procedures can be standardized for full exploitation. Technology development in all the areas mentioned above not only improves the situation of respective sub-sector of floriculture, but these become important avenues for diversification of floriculture, sources of income generation and means of employment to the youth.