Lecture 01 M PPT geometry for primary class.pptx

Geometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the properties and relationships of shapes, sizes, and spaces. It deals with the understanding and measurement of objects, their dimensions, and how they interact with one another in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spaces. Here's a breakdown of key concepts in geometry:

1. Types of Geometry
Euclidean Geometry: The study of flat spaces and shapes like points, lines, angles, triangles, and circles. It’s based on Euclid’s postulates, and it’s the most familiar type of geometry.
Non-Euclidean Geometry: Involves the study of curved spaces, like spherical geometry (used to study the surface of a sphere) and hyperbolic geometry (dealing with saddle-shaped surfaces).
Analytic Geometry: Combines algebra and geometry by using a coordinate system to represent geometric shapes with equations.
2. Basic Elements of Geometry
Point: Represents a location in space. It has no size, width, or depth.
Line: A straight one-dimensional figure extending infinitely in both directions with no thickness.
Plane: A flat two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely.
Line Segment: A part of a line bounded by two distinct end points.
Ray: A line that starts at a point and extends infinitely in one direction.
3. Shapes and Figures
2D Shapes:

Triangles: Three-sided polygons. Types include equilateral (all sides equal), isosceles (two sides equal), and scalene (no sides equal).
Quadrilaterals: Four-sided polygons like squares, rectangles, and parallelograms.
Circles: A round shape with all points equidistant from a central point.
3D Shapes:

Cubes: Six equal square faces.
Spheres: A perfectly round 3D object.
Cylinders: A shape with two parallel circular bases and straight sides.
Cones: A shape with a circular base and a single vertex (point).
4. Angles
Acute Angle: Less than 90 degrees.
Right Angle: Exactly 90 degrees.
Obtuse Angle: Greater than 90 but less than 180 degrees.
Straight Angle: Exactly 180 degrees.
5. Perimeter and Area
Perimeter: The total length of the boundary of a 2D shape. For example, the perimeter of a square is the sum of all its sides.
Area: The amount of space enclosed within a 2D shape. For example, the area of a rectangle is its length multiplied by its width.
6. Volume and Surface Area
Volume: The amount of space a 3D object occupies. For example, the volume of a cube is the length of one side cubed.
Surface Area: The total area of all the faces or surfaces of a 3D shape.
7. Geometric Theorems and Postulates
Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Congruence: Two figures are congruent if they have the same shape and size.
Similarity: Two figures are similar if they have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
In summary, geometry is the study of shapes and spaces, essential in many fields from construction to computing. Understanding its principles allows us to solve.

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5. Diary Time C.W: pg-48,Q/A, Number line. P.W: W/S