LECTURE 1 Plasma and Blood cells- Biology Lecture

Presentation about the cardiovascular system.

1. THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
PLASMA, ERYTHROCYTES & LEUKOCYTES

2. Cardiovascular System
Heart, Blood Vessels and Blood

3. BLOOD
A fluid connective tissue with
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
suspended in plasma

4. General Functions of Blood
Transportation of dissolved
gases, nutrients, hormones,
and metabolic wastes.
Regulation of the pH and ion
composition of interstitial
fluids.

5. General Functions of Blood
(cont’d)
The restriction of fluid losses at
injury sites.
Defense against toxins and
pathogens.
The stabilization of body
temperature.

8. Plasma Proteins:
Albumins (55-60%)
maintain osmotic pressure of
plasma
All plasma proteins contribute
toward maintaining osmotic
pressure of plasma but
Albumins contribute the most
as they are the most abundant
plasma proteins.
Transport fatty acids, thyroid &
some steroid hormones &
other substances

9. Plasma Proteins:
Globulins (35-38%)
Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM,
IgA)
Transport globulins bind small ions, hormones and
compounds that may be lost at the kidneys or that
have very low solubility in water
(Eg. thyroid-binding globulin, transferrin,
apolipoproteins and steroid-binding protein)

10. Plasma Proteins:
Fibrinogen (4-7%)
Forms fibrin during the
clotting of blood

11. ERYTHROCYTES
(Red Blood Cells)

14. ERYTHROCYTES
(Red Blood Cells)
Functions
1. Transport of Oxygen
Contains haemoglobinto which O
2
binds reversibly
O
2binds to the haemcomponent of Hb
(Avg. Lifespan 90-120 days)
2. Transport of carbon dioxide on a small
scale (23%)
CO
2binds to protein portion of Hb

15. Haemoglobin Molecule
& Haem group
http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/images/stories/article_images/Hemoglobin-
based%20products.jpg
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2007/Roynes
dal/Assets/229px-Hemepng.png

16. Red Blood Cell Numbers
The red blood cell count of
an adult male is 4.5-6.3 million in 1 µl or
1mm
3
of whole blood
an adult female is 4.2-5.5 million in 1µl or
1mm
3
of whole blood

17. Red Blood Cell Numbers
A single drop of whole blood contains approximately
260 million RBCs
The blood of an average adult has 25 trillion RBCs

18. The Hematocrit
The percentage of whole blood volume
contributed by formed elements (erythrocytes,
leukocytes and platelets)
99.9% of the hematocrit value is RBCs
Adult males –46% (range: 40-54)
Adult females –42% (range: 37-47)

20. Erythrocyte Structure
Biconcave, thin, contain
Hb, devoid of nucleus
and other organelles
Diameter of 7.2 –8.4 µm
Edge thickness 2.31 –
2.85µm
Central region thickness
0.45 –1.16µm

22. Erythrocyte Structure & Function
Large surface area to
volume ratio than
spherical cell
Allows for efficient
diffusion of oxygen
across the cell
http://corescience.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html

23. Erythrocyte Structure & Function
RBCs able to form
stacks (Rouleaux) in
small capillaries
Prevents individual
cells from bumping the
walls and banging
together, and forming
logjams that could
restrict or prevent
blood flow
http://www.normanallan.com/Med/blood%20flow.htm

24. Erythrocyte Structure & Function
RBCs are flexible and
can squeeze through
capillaries of 4µm
diameter

25. Erythrocyte Structure & Function
Lacks most
organelles
Allows more Hb to fit
into cells
250 million Hb
molecules in each
RBC

26. Blood Type
Blood type is determined by the presence of
antigens(agglutinogens) on the plasma
membranes of RBCs
Antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood
serum against foreign agglutinogens
Agglutinogensand Agglutinins are genetically
determined and present throughout life

27. Agglutinogens:
Specific surface antigens on RBC plasma membranes
They are integral membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids


28. Blood Group Systems
Each of these systems have several antigens
ABO
MNS
P
RHESUS
LUTHERAN
KELL
LEWIS
DUFFY
KIDD

29. This Module will focus on the
ABO and RHESUS
SYSTEMS

30. ABO Blood Typing System
There are two antigens classified in the ABO
Blood Typing System:

1. A antigen
2. B antigen

31. ABO Blood Types based on
antigens (agglutinogens)
Type A Blood–A
antigens only
Type B Blood–B
antigens only
Type AB Blood–A
and B antigens
Type O Blood–
neither A nor B
antigens

32. ABO Blood Types
Antibodies (agglutinins)
The Blood Plasma contains antibodies
Two types of antibodies in the ABO
system
1. anti-A antibodies
2. anti-B antibodies

33. Antibodies attach to the
antigens on foreign RBCs
causing Agglutination and
lysis of RBCs
Agglutination of RBCs by
Antibodies Hemolysed RBCs

34. When an antibody meets its specific surface antigen
RBCs agglutinate and may even hemolyze
The clumps and fragments formed can plug or rupture
blood vessels in the kidneys, lungs, heart or brain

35. Agglutination
vs
No Agglutination of RBCs

36. http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f21-7a_abo_blood_types_c.jpg

37. Rhesus Blood Typing System
Antigens:
The Rhesus antigen/Rhesus factor/D
antigen is the only antigen in this system.
It was first discovered in the
Rhesus monkey

38. Rhesus Blood Typing System
There are 2 blood types in this
system:
1. Rhesus Positive (Rh
+
)
Indicates the presence of the Rh surface
antigen or Rh factor
2. Rhesus Negative (Rh
-
)
Indicates the absence of the Rh antigen

39. Rhesus Blood Typing System
When blood type is recorded, the
term Rhesus (Rh) is omitted and
the data reported as for eg. O
negative (O
-
) or
A positive (A
+
)

40. Rhesus System
Antibodies
Only the Anti-Rhesus
Antibody exists in the
Rhesus System

41. Rhesus System
Antibodies
The Rhesus positive blood type has no
anti-Rhesus antibodies
The Rhesus negative blood type
Only develops Anti-Rhesus
Antibodies after sensitisation
Sensitisation occurs when Rh(-) blood is exposed
to Rhesus antigens during blood transfusions and
during pregnancy involving a Rh(-) mother and
Rh(+) foetus

42. Rhesus Incompatibility
occurs when:
A Rh negative person is transfused
with Rh positive blood
A Rh negative woman becomes
pregnant with a Rh positive fetus

43. Rhesus Incompatibility
During Pregnancy

45. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
Anti-Rh antibodies destroy fetal red blood
cells causing a severe anaemia and
jaundice
Increased demand for blood cells forces
immature RBCs to enter circulation from
bone marrow
Infant will probably die without a blood
transfusion

46. RhoGam Prevents HDN

47. RhoGam Prevents HDN
Maternal production of anti-Rh antibodies can be
prevented by administering RhoGam(anti-Rh
antibodies) in the last three months of pregnancy
and during and after delivery
RhoGamalso given after miscarriage and
abortion
These antibodies will destroy any fetal RBCs that
cross the placenta before they can stimulate an
immune response (prevents sensitization of the
mother)

48. Transfusion Compatibility
Before a recipient receives a transfusion, compatibility
testing between donor and recipient blood must be done
to prevent transfusion reactions
Compatibility testing may involve:
Determining blood type
Mixing drops of blood separately with solutions of Anti-A, Anti-B
and Anti-Rh antibodies
A Cross-match Test
Mixing a sample of donor blood with recipient blood

49. Blood Typing Test

50. Blood Type Test Results

51. Cross Match Test -
Samples of donor and recipient blood mixed
No agglutination/Compatible
Agglutination/ Not Compatible

52. Blood Compatibility

53. http://www.nbts.gov.jm/pages.php?id=6

54. LEUKOCYTES
(White Blood Cells)
Migrating Cancer Cell (yellow) attacked by immune cells
Immune cell lower right delivers “kiss of death.”

55. LEUKOCYTES
(White Blood Cells)
Lack haemoglobin
Mobile units of immune system
Remove toxins, wastes and abnormal or
damaged cells
1 µl of blood contains 5000 –10,000 WBCs
(4.2 –6.3 million RBCs)
Most WBCs are located in connective tissue
proper or lymphoid organs

56. Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells

58. Types of White Blood Cells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

59. Neutrophils
Account for 50-70% of circulating
WBCs
12µm diameter
2 –5 lobed nucleus
Granules not stained well by either
acidic or basic dyes
Granules contain lysosomal enzymes
and bactericidal agents

60. Neutrophils
First on the site of injury
Attack, engulf and digest bacteria marked
with antibodies or complement proteins
Produce H
2O
2and O
2
-
which can kill bacteria
While attacking bacteria they release:
Prostaglandins: capillary permeability
Leukotrienes: attract phagocytes &
coordinate immune response

61. Neutrophils
Life span of approx. 10 hrs. but may be
30 min or less when actively engulfing
debris or pathogens

62. Eosinophils
Granules stained with eosin (red dye) or
acidic dyes
2 –4% of circulating WBCs
Similar in size to neutrophils
Bi-lobed nucleus

63. Neutrophil and Eosinophil

64. Eosinophils
Engulf antibody-coated bacteria, protozoa or
cellular debris
Mainly releases cytotoxic substances
destroying parasites (flukes, parasitic
roundworms)
Increase during allergic reactions
Attracted to injury sites; release enzymes to
reduce inflammation

65. Basophils
Numerous granules stained by basic dyes
Granules purple or blue
Bi-lobed nucleus (often obscure)
8 –10 µm diameter
Account for less than 1% of circulating WBCs

66. Basophils
Migrate to injury sites and intensify inflammation
Discharge granules of
Histamine: dilates blood vessels, increase
capillary permeability resulting in
oedema/swelling
Heparin: prevents clotting
Chemicalsthat attract eosinophils and other
basophils

67. Monocytes
Spherical
May exceed 15µm diameter
Large oval or kidney-bean shaped nucleus
2-8% of circulating WBCs

68. Monocytes
Remain in circulation for about 24 hours
Enters peripheral tissues and becomes Macrophages
Macrophages are aggressive phagocytes engulfing
items as large or larger than themselves
Release chemicals that attract and stimulate neutrophils,
monocytes and fibroblasts

70. http://www.itb.cnr.it/flex/images/D.0ce220a1911164afd50b/boraschi_1.jpg

71. Lymphocytes
Spherical
7 -8µm diameter
Large, round nucleus
Thin cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
20 –30% of circulating WBCs
Continuously move between bloodstream
and peripheral tissues

72. Types of Lymphocytes
T cells: cell-mediated immunity
Specific defense against foreign cells and
tissues
B cells: humoral immunity
Attack foreign antigens
Differentiate into Plasma Cells which
produce antibodies

73. Types of Lymphocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells: immune surveillance
Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells
Helps prevent cancer

74. What types of WBCs do you
see?