LEO, MEO and Satellite Navigation system.pptx

LEO, MEO, SATELLITE NAVICATION SYSTEM
Presented by
Ms.R.Chandralekha
Assistant Professor/ECE
M.R.A.P. Satheesh kumar
Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Refers to a type of orbit used by satellites in which the satellite is not stationary relative to the surface of the earth.

A lower altitude than geostationary satellites and completes an orbit in a much shorter period of time.


Applications :
LEO technology is mostly used for mobile communication.
Commercial users or enterprises, defense and military personnel, and people who travel abroad or operate in places that are far from cellular coverage make use of the LEO satellite applications.

Advantages :
NGEO satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Orbit at a lower altitude than GEO satellites.
The signal can travels a shorter distance to and from the satellites.
LEO satellite can provide True Global Coverage.
Faster Communication speed, because of Lower distance from earth surface .
LEO can provide better coverage
LEO satellites’ main advantage is that they can provide much clearer surveillance images and require far less power to transmit their data to earth

MEO
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) :
A Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000 and 35,786 km.
The first communications satellite, Telstar, which was launched in 1962 was a Medium earth orbit satellite designed to facilitate high-speed telephone signals.
Medium Earth Orbit satellites :
MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.’
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.




MEO satellites orbit the earth at higher altitudes and therefore provide a greater coverage area.
MEO satellites in position will have four covering any given spot on the earth at any time during the day.
MEO satellites therefore are a compromise between the advantages of LEO and GEO satellites and their costs and drawbacks.
MEO satellites are longer in time than LEO satellites.
MEO satellites include that, at the lower altitudes, they can capture weaker signals than in GEO






GPS - US's navication system �32 satellites for GPS �7 satellites for Indian reagion
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1. LEO, MEO, SATELLITE NAVICATION SYSTEM Presented by Ms.R.Chandralekha Assistant Professor/ECE M.R.A.P. Satheesh kumar Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam

2. Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) Refers to a type of orbit used by satellites in which the satellite is not stationary relative to the surface of the earth. A lower altitude than geostationary satellites and completes an orbit in a much shorter period of time . T here are several different types of NGSO orbits :  Low Earth Orbit (LEO ) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO ) Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO )

3. LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) : Earth-centered orbits with an altitude of 200 to 2000 kms above the surface of Earth are called as  Low Earth orbits (LEO ) . Most of the artificial objects in outer space are in LEO . Low Earth Orbits are used by the International Space Station. LEO satellites typically orbit the Earth once 90 min or less.

4. Applications : LEO technology is mostly used for mobile communication. Commercial users or enterprises, defense and military personnel, and people who travel abroad or operate in places that are far from cellular coverage make use of the LEO satellite applications. 1. Remote Industrial Business LEO devices are capable of providing  that are far from terrestrial coverage . 2. Broad band internet access. 3. Remote sensing . 4. Earth observation. 5. Online gaming. 6. Video Conference Other real time Applications

5. Advantages : NGEO satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Orbit at a lower altitude than GEO satellites. The signal can travels a shorter distance to and from the satellites. LEO satellite can provide True Global Coverage. Faster Communication speed, because of Lower distance from earth surface . LEO can provide better coverage LEO satellites’ main advantage is that they can provide much clearer surveillance images and require far less power to transmit their data to earth

6. Disadvantages : LEO satellites are much more expensive to launch and maintain than traditional satellites LEO satellites have a much shorter lifespan than traditional satellites To cover entire global large number of satellites are required. Doppler effects are highest. This means that they must be replaced more frequently, which can be costly. 

7. MEO

8. M edium E arth O rbit (MEO) : A Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000 and 35,786 km. The first communications satellite, Telstar, which was launched in 1962 was a Medium earth orbit satellite designed to facilitate high-speed telephone signals.

9. Medium Earth Orbit satellites : MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality .’ MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours . MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.

10. Applications : Positioning information like GPS. Industry applications. MEO satellites are ideally suited to deployment for communications purposes. They are most frequently used in GPS tracking and mobile telephone communications.  Successful deployment is making them more frequently discussed as a potential solution for the expanding needs of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and other broadband communications networks. Navigation systems remain the most common use of Meo satellites.

11. MEO satellites orbit the earth at higher altitudes and therefore provide a greater coverage area. MEO satellites in position will have four covering any given spot on the earth at any time during the day. MEO satellites therefore are a compromise between the advantages of LEO and GEO satellites and their costs and drawbacks . MEO satellites are longer in time than LEO satellites. MEO satellites include that, at the lower altitudes, they can capture weaker signals than in GEO Advantages of MEO satellites :

12. Disadvantages : Limited Coverage Area. MEO satellites provide coverage over a larger area compared to LEO satellites, but they have a more limited coverage area than GEO satellites. This means that a smaller portion of the Earth’s surface can be served by a single MEO satellite . Propagation Delay . The longer distance between MEO satellites and ground stations results in increased signal propagation delay. This delay can affect the quality of voice and video calls, especially during satellite handovers when switching between satellites in a constellation . Higher Launch and Maintenance Costs. Positioning and maintaining satellites in MEO require more energy and resources compared to LEO satellites. Launching payloads into MEO orbits is costlier, and maintaining the satellite constellation requires ongoing fuel and station-keeping efforts.

13. SATELLITE NAVICATION SYSTEM

14. Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals from medium earth orbit .  A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed global navigation satellite system (GNSS).  Users of Satellite Navigation are most familiar with the 31 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites developed and operated by the United States . Satellite navigation allows satellite navigation devices to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites  The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking) The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronization.   Principle :

15. The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing in advertent casualties from mis -directed weapons . Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the fog of war . Applications :

16. Working : The method is based on Time ranging. Here the user calculate his distance from a satellite By a measurement of the time, That the radio signal of the satellite takes to cover the distance to the receiver. To achieve a reasonable accuracy, this method requires the three separate satellites and a very accurate clock.’ These Systems have world wide satellite control networks and GPS receiver units that acquire the satellite’s signal and translate them into position information and also provide navigation and timing information to military and civilians world wide.

17. GPS - US's navication system 32 satellites for GPS 7 satellites for Indian reagion

18. Thank You