Leptospira Infection in Dogs_Complete Review

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ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
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امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination, and immunity
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كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
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أمراض وأدوية المجترات
Ruminant Medical and Nutritional Topics
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أمراض وأدوية الحيوانات الأليفة
Pet Animals Medical and Nutritional Topics
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1. Leptospirosis in Dogs

2. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

3. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

4. Leptospirosis is identified as an emerging/re-emerging, worldwide, contagious, bacterial zoonotic disease that affects all mammals, including humans, livestock and wildlife. Leptospirosis in dogs is an infection caused by Leptospira bacteria which target the kidneys and liver. Introduction

5. Leptospira bacteria are typically transmitted through contaminated water sources. It is caused by different pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira which consist a various group of pathogenic and saprophytic spirochetes, currently classified into 17 genomospecies according to DNA–DNA hybridization studies. Leptospirosis can be fatal. Cont. …

6. Leptospirosis is particularly occurred in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where environmental conditions are favorable for the survival and transmission of the organism. Warm and wet climates provide an ideal breeding ground for Leptospira bacteria, which are found in the kidneys of infected mammals and excreted in the urine. “The excreted bacteria can survive in water, mud, and urine for extended periods of time.” Global Occurrence

7. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it can spread to humans. People may contract leptospirosis by; Coming into contact with an infected dog’s urine or other bodily fluids (except saliva) Coming into contact with food, water, or soil contaminated with infected urine. To avoid contracting leptospirosis, wear disposable plastic gloves while handling items that have come into contact with dog urine, and wash your hands thoroughly after. Cont. …

8. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

9. Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic spirochaetes of genus Leptospira. Leptospira occurs in nearly all the mammalian species. Family: Leptospiraceae Order: Spirochaetales Class: Spirochaetes Genus: Leptospira Etiology

10. Genus Leptospira is divided into two species: L. interrogans Includes all pathogenic strains L. interrogans contain over 212 serovars arranged into 23 serogroups. Common serovars of L. interrogans are; Pomona Canicola Bratislava Graphityphosa Hardjo Interohemorrhagie L. biflexa They comprise the saprophytic strains isolated from the environment. Cont. …

11. When environmental temperature is warm, Leptospira can survive in; Ponds Rivers Surface water Moist soil and mud Survival of the organism in the environment depends on variations in soil and water conditions in contaminated area; Suitable pH 6 to 8 Suitable ambient temperatures 7.1 to 34°C Cont. …

12. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

13. Host range Leptospirosis has the capacity to infect all mammalian species; Dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and pigs are more likely affected Cats are rarely affected. Geographical Distributions It has a worldwide distribution but most common in warm climate where there is a common contact between healthy animals and; Infected animals Water contaminated with infected animal’s urine Epidemiology

14. Source of infection Any infected animal can be a source of infection to others including human. Dogs can be infected; If ingesting infected water. If their open wound is exposed to contaminated water. If they are bitten by an infected animal. If they consume tissue from an infected animal’s body. Some strains may actually enter the body through the dog’s skin if they swim in contaminated water. It is also possible that a female dog can transmit leptospirosis via her placenta to her puppies. Cont. …

15. Animals of all age groups and all breeds can be affected by leptospirosis. Some dogs may be more susceptible because of; Age, young animals are more susceptible to the infection than adult animals. Poor vaccination history Poor health status Certain management factors that pose risks of infection are; Introduction of infected animal into herd Common contact with infected animals Access to contaminated water supplies such as streams, rivers, flood or drainage water Purchasing or loan of infected male animals for natural insemination Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Animals

16. In addition, other factors can put dogs at risk of becoming infected, including: Sniffing and licking other dogs’ urine Residing in cities and rural areas with high rainfall and flooding (where dogs might be exposed to stagnant water), especially if there is a high rodent population Living in geographic regions that have high case numbers Spending time outside home especially in the summer and fall, when temperatures are high and provide optimal conditions for bacteria to reproduce Cont. …

17. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

18. Leptospirosis can be transmitted from one carrier animal to another healthy animal through; Direct or indirect contact with urine or other body fluids that contain viable Leptospira. Congenital transmission is also possible depending on the virulence of the organism and host. A viable infected neonate can harbor the infection for several weeks after birth and can act as a source of infection. Sexual transmission of has been reported in dogs, rats, and pigs Transmission by natural breeding or artificial insemination can occur but it is not common. Transmission

19. Human acquire the infection directly through; The handling of infected animal tissues and ingestion of contaminated food and water Sexual intercourse Trans-placental from infected mother to the fetus Breast milk Cont. …

20. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

21. Leptospira enters the body by ingestion Leptospira reaches blood streams through lymphatic vessels where it multiplies. Leptospira spreads to some organs like kidneys, spleen, central nervous system, liver, eyes and reproductive organs. If the animal has a high and adequate antibody titer The body will be cleared from Leptospira and no clinical signs can be seen. Animal with a moderate antibody titer They can present with a mild or short leptospiremia followed by mild clinical signs. The Leptospira are then eliminated through the kidneys and after the elimination the animal will not continue to shed Leptospira. If the animal has a low or absent antibody titer There will be a multiplication of Leptospira in the bloodstream which results in chronic shedding of Leptospira in especially, in the urine for days to months, even years.

22. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

23. Leptospirosis is characterized by a broad range of clinical symptoms in livestock with minor difference between species affected. The Leptospira infection is classifies into; Acute and subacute infection Chronic infection Clinical Signs of Leptospirosis In Animals

24. Clinical signs of acute or sub-acute disease are observed in the leptospiremic phase and it is characterized by; Anorexia Depression Septicemia Fever and shivering Diarrhea and then dehydration Vomiting Petechiation of mucosa Acute haemolytic anaemia with haemoglobinuria Pallor of the mucosa Jaundiced or yellow appearance to the dog’s eyes, skin, and gums 1- Acute or Sub-acute Infection

25. Clinical signs of chronic infection include; Anorexia and poor appetite Lethargy, not wanting to move Reproductive losses through; Abortion: is common during the last trimester of pregnancy Stillbirth Infertility Mastitis 2- Chronic Infection

26. At necropsy, leptospirosis is characterized by; Development of vasculitis Endothelial damage Inflammatory infiltrates composed of monocytic cells, plasma cells, histiocytes and neutrophils. On gross examination, petechial hemorrhages are common and organs are often discolored due to the degree of icterus . PM Lesions

27. The histopathology is most marked in the liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs but other organs may also be affected according to the severity of the individual infection. In liver; Intrahepatic cholestasis Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Kupffer cells is evident. In the kidneys; Interstitial nephritis Intense cellular infiltration composed of neutrophils and monocytes. Histopathology

28. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

29. Case history, especially vaccination records Clinical signs Laboratory tests; Liver and kidney functions Microscopic evaluation Culture Molecular method Serology Animal inoculation Diagnosis

30. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

31. Leptospirosis can lead to serious illness and even death. The earlier treatment, the better response. The early treatment aims to; Enhance dog’s chance for survive Avoid severe damage to the liver and kidneys occurs Control the Leptospira of 'carrier' animals and render them safe to remain in the group Treatment

32. Treatment includes; Broad spectrum antibiotics Initial therapy : Doxycycline (5 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours, for 2 weeks) or penicillin To eliminate carrier : 2-week course of doxycycline Enrofloxacin or clarithromycin treatment to eliminate the renal carrier phase of infection. Prophylactic therapy : Oral administration of doxycycline for 14 days. NSAIDs Supportive measures for acute kidney injury and liver disease might include: Fluid therapy with electrolyte supplementation Correction of acid-base disorders Antiemetics Phosphate binders Hepatic support medications Appetite stimulants Cont. …

33. Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Transmission Pathogenesis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

34. Understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis is necessary to reduce the risk of the transmission. In domestic animals , leptospirosis can be controlled through; Vaccination Avoiding exposing dogs to stagnant water or potentially contaminated natural water sources. Disinfect outdoor spaces where animals tend to urinate. Control rodent and raccoon populations Prophylactic treatment of exposed animals with antibiotics Quarantine newly introduced animals for at least 4 weeks Improved environmental hygiene Separating young animals from adults Safe artificial insemination Prevention

35. In human , leptospirosis can be controlled through; Occupational hygiene Taking care of animal bite Vaccination Drinking clean water Early treatment Prophylactic therapy Awareness creation for people living in high risk areas Cont. …

36. The vaccine is administered in puppies over 12 weeks and once a year in adult dogs. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), the vaccine remains effective for 12 months. Canine Leptospirosis Vaccine