lesson 1.pptx general chemistry grade 11 and 12

gen chem

1. GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

2. 2 General Chemistry 1 Subject Description Composition, structure , and properties of matter; quantitative principles, kinetics, and energetics of transformations of matter; and fundamental concepts of organic chemistry S CIENCE T ECHNOLOGY E NGINEERING & M ATHEMATICS SPECIALIZED SUBJECT Grade Level : 11 Semester : 1 st /2 nd Hours/Semester : 80 Hrs.

3. 3 Contents UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 CHEMICAL CALCULATION & REACTION UNIT 3 THE GASEOUS STATE OF MATTER UNIT 4 ATOMIC AND MOLECULARSTRUCTURES S CIENCE T ECHNOLOGY E NGINEERING & M ATHEMATICS SPECIALIZED SUBJECT STEM-ACADEMIC Grade Level : 11 Semester : 1 st /2 nd Hours/Semester : 80 Hrs.

4. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY Lesson 1: Matter and Its Properties Lesson 2: Measurements Lesson 3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Lesson 4: Mole Concept 4

5. LESSON 1: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES OBJECTIVES OF THE DAY I will be able to describe the particulate nature of the different forms of matter; I will be able to classify the properties of matter; I will be able to differentiate pure substance and mixtures; elements and compounds; homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures; 1 2 3 4 5 6 5

6. LESSON 1: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES OBJECTIVES OF THE DAY I will be able to recognize the formulas of some common substances; I will be able to discuss methods to separate the components of a mixtures; and I will be able to recognize chemical substances present in some consumer products 1 2 3 4 5 6 6

7. 7 MATTER Activity 1: What is Matter?

8. 8 Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Everything on earth has mass and takes up space .

9. 9 PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER These are the smallest unit of matter that can’t be broken down chemically. These are groups of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded. These are particles that have gained or lost one or more of their valence electrons. ATOMS MOLECULES IONS

10. 10 STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS Activity 2: Table Completion

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12. PLASMA THE 4 TH STATE OF MATTER It is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. The characteristics of  plasmas  are significantly different from those of ordinary neutral gases so that  plasmas  are considered a distinct "fourth state of matter." 12

13. BOSE-EISTEIN CONDENSATE THE 5 TH STATE OF MATTER It is a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero. When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to each other; they have almost no free energy to do so. At that point, the atoms begin to clump together, and enter the same energy states. 13

14. 14 PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES These can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the substance. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES These are the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air, water, and base. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES It does not depend on the size or amount of the sample. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES These can be affected by the size and amount of samples. According to changed involved during measurements of the property. According to dependence on amount of matter

15. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXTENSIVE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Color Melting Point Density Solubility Conductivity Malleability Luster Viscosity Boiling Point Temperature Odor Mass Volume Length 15

16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 16 \ CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION Combustibility Whether the substance undergoes combustion or not 2. Stability Whether the substance can be easily decomposed or not 3. Reactivity Whethe r it reacts with acids, bases, and oxygen, gas or not 4. Relative Activity Whether the material is more active or less active than other members of its chemical family 5. Ionization Whether it will break into charged particles when in solution with water or not. 6. Toxicity Whether substance can damage an organism or not.

17. Activity 3 Group the characteristics of the give substance according to their physical (extensive or intensive) or chemical properties. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SUBSTANCES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE 1. The water in the container has a volume of 100 mL and a mass of 99.8 g. It is colorless , and tasteless. It has a density of 0.998g/mL, boils at 100 degrees Celsius, and freezes at 0 degree Celsius. It does not burn. It causes Iron to rust. 17

18. Activity 3 Group the characteristics of the give substance according to their physical (extensive or intensive) or chemical properties. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SUBSTANCES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE 2. NaCl with a mass of 37.9 g is colorless , odorless , and salty solid crystals. It has melting point of 801 degree Celsius. When dissolved in 100 mL water, it conducts electricity. It reacts with silver nitrate to form a white precipitates. It also react with water to form chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. 18

19. 19 MATTER It is a matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties These are composed of two or more substances combined physically in various composition It is the simplest form of matter since it composed of only one kind of atom. It contains two or more kinds of atom chemically combined in definite proportion by mass   It is a solid, liquid, or gaseous  mixture  that has the same proportions of its components throughout any given sample. It is a mixture whose composition varies from one position to another within the sample. PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURES ELEMENT COMPOUND HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE

20. Activity 4: Pure Substance or Mixture? 1. TABLE SUGAR 2. TABLE SALT 20

21. PURE SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE? 3 . IODIZED SALT 4 . DISTILLED WATER 21

22. PURE SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE? 4. SOFTDRINKS 5. OXYGEN GAS (TANK) 22

23. PURE SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE? 6 . BROWN SUGAR 7. HUMAN BREATH 23

24. Activity 5: HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS? 1. RUBBING ALCOHOL 2. WATER &OIL 24

25. HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS? 3. SALT & PEPPER 4. CARBONATED SOFTDRINKS 25

26. HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS? 5 . HUMAN BREATH 26

27. SEPERATING MIXTURES Chemist separate mixtures by using different methods. 27

28. SEPERATING MIXTURES Chemist separate mixtures by using different methods. Filtration is a process of separating the components of a suspension In Decantation the solid particles are allowed to settled first at the bottom and later, the liquid which is called supernatant is poured into another container leaving behind solid particle. Evaporation is the process of converting liquid to gas, is useful in sorting mixtures such as salt solution . Distillation is a process of separating a homogeneous mixture composed of two substances with different boiling points. 28

29. SEPERATING MIXTURES Chemist separate mixtures by using different methods. 5. Magnetic Separation is the process of separating elemental metals from other particles in a mixture. 6. Melting is a process that can be used in extricating mixture that contain two substances with different melting points. 7. Sublimation is a process of changing solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. 8. In Centrifugation, the mixture is poured into a special tube in the centrifuge apparatus, and is allowed to spin using centrifugal force. The spinning motion forces the sediments to settle at the bottom. The liquid can be poured off from the solid particles. 29

30. 9. Chromatography is another method of separating complex mixtures. It has various methods that can be used in separating mixture such as paper chromatography, which makes used of an adsorbent (filter paper or chromatogram paper), then separation depends upon the solubility of each component in the solvent. 30

31. PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS CONSUMER PRODUCT It is any item often bought for consumption. Convenience Product – those that appeal to a large segment of the market or those that are routinely bought. Household Cleaning Personal Care Product 31

32. PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS HOUSEHOLD CLEANING MATERIAL T he most commonly used cleaning products are bleach, soaps, and detergents. These products have different compositions, specific uses, precautions for use, and costs. 32

33. PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS HOUSEHOLD CLEANING MATERIAL Bleach helps clean and whiten surfaces by generally lowering the stability of the chemical bonds in stain molecules. It can convert dirt into particles that can be easily washed away in conjunction with use of detergents. NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite) and H 2 O 2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) are most common bleaching agents that are strong oxidizers; they can burn then skin and eyes especially if used in concentrated form. 33

34. PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS HOUSEHOLD CLEANING MATERIAL Soap and Detergent are mixture of s urfactants, water softeners, stain removers, enzymes and perfumes, among others. Surfactants render soaps and detergents capable of lowering the surface tension of water, which allows them to wet the surface to be cleaned. They also loosen and disperse water-insoluble solids making them washable with water. Soap and Detergents are generally not toxic and severely dangerous, but may cause irritation to the skin and eyes. 34

35. PURE SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES IN CONSUMER PRODUCTS PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS Personal Care product constitute a diverse group of materials that improve the overall appearance of a person. These products are used to generally cleanse and beautify. Examples of highly demanded personal care products are makeup, lotions, and toothpastes. 35