Lesson-2-Earth-Subsystem.pptxnnn nn nn jn

Earth

1. Origin and Structure of the Earth The Subsystems

2. After this lesson, you are expected to : 1. determine the four subsystems of the Earth; 2. describe the characteristics of each subsystem; 3. trace the flow of matter and energy in the Earth’s subsystems; and 4. express one’s internalized role as steward of the four subsystems concerning the flow of matter and energy.

3. The Earth is composed of 4 subsystems : Atmosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere

4. Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet. The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers from the surface of the Earth When compared to the thickness (radius) of the solid Earth (about 6400 kilometers [4000 miles]), the atmosphere is a very shallow layer

5. Atmosphere Absorbs the energy from the Sun, Recycles water and other chemicals, protects us from high-energy radiation and the frigid vacuum of space. The atmosphere protects and supports life.

6. Atmosphere The energy exchanges that continually occur between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface and between the atmosphere and space produce the effects we call weather and climate . Weather is the state of the atmosphere with respect to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm, clearness or cloudiness. Climate is the average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a period of time.

7. Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen 20.9% Oxygen 1.1% Other Gases

8. Atmosphere TROPOSPHERE- begins at the surface and extends up to 12km Its where weather happens The air we breathe and the clouds in the sky STRATOSPHERE – where the ozone exists Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat

9. Atmosphere MESOSPHERE  layer protects the Earth from large meteoroids . It's in the mesosphere where it serves as a shield for meteorites. Friction in the mesosphere burns up meteors. Then, they disintegrate into small pieces of dust. THERMOSPHERE absorbs the sun's radiation, making it very hot. The thermosphere puts on the auroras , a dazzling light show caused by colliding particles, and the thermosphere is also where satellites orbit the Earth. EXOSPHERE is the uppermost region of the Earth's atmosphere and has no clear upper boundary since it gradually fades into outer space.

10. Geosphere The geosphere extends from the surface to the center of the planet, a depth of 6400 kilometers [4000 miles].

11. Geosphere

12. Geosphere MANTLE consists of magma which can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing a volcanic eruption. More than 82 percent of Earth’s volume is contained in the mantle, a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of nearly 2900 kilometers (1800 miles). The boundary between the crust and mantle is the site of a marked change in chemical composition.

13. Geosphere LITHOSPHERE (“sphere of rock”) consists of the entire crust and uppermost mantle and forms Earth’s relatively cool, rigid outer shell. ASTHENOSPHERE (“weak sphere”) a soft, comparatively weak layer beneath the lithosphere

14. Geosphere CORE The composition of the core is thought to be an iron–nickel alloy with minor amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur—elements that readily form compounds with iron. OUTER CORE – composed of liquid iron and nickel - Responsible for the magnetic field of the Earth INNER CORE- composed of solid metal iron and nickel

15. Hydrosphere

16. Hydrosphere

17. Hydrosphere Change from Liquid to Gaseous Phase – Evaporation and   Transpiration EVAPORATION – when the heat of the sun causes water from the surface of water bodies such as oceans, streams, and lakes to evaporate into water vapor in the atmosphere. TRANSPIRATION - Plants also contribute to the water cycle when water gets evaporated from the aerial parts of the  plant , such as  leaves  and  stems  by the process of transpiration .

18. Hydrosphere Change from Solid to Gaseous Phase – Sublimation Due to dry winds, low humidity, and low air pressure, snow present on the mountains change directly into water vapor, bypassing the liquid phase by a process known as sublimation.

19. Hydrosphere Change from Gaseous to Liquid Phase – Condensation The invisible water vapor formed through evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation rises through the atmosphere, while cool air rushes to take its place. This is the process of condensation that allows water vapor to transform back into liquid, which is then stored in the form of clouds.

20. Hydrosphere Change from Gaseous to Liquid and Solid Phase – Precipitation and Deposition           PRECEPITATION - Wind movements cause the water-laden clouds to collide and fall back on the earth’s surface through precipitation, simply known as rain. The water that evaporated in the first stage thus returns into different water bodies on the earth’s surface, including the ocean, rivers, ponds, and lakes. DEPOSITION - In regions with extremely cold climate with sub-zero temperatures, the water vapor changes directly into frost and snow bypassing the liquid phase, causing snowfall in high altitudes by a process known as the deposition. 

21. Hydrosphere  Return of the water back into the underground reserve – Runoff, Infiltration, Percolation, and Collection RUNOFF is precipitation that does not soak into the soil but instead moves on the Earth's surface toward streams. INFILTRATION occurs when water moves into the ground from the surface and begins to soak into the soil and rock layers underneath. PERCOLATION  the movement of water through the soil itself. COLLECTION The fallen precipitation is then “collected” in bodies of water – such as rivers, lakes and oceans – from where it will eventually evaporate back into the air, beginning the cycle all over again.

22. Biosphere Biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships. Usually defined as thin outer layer of the Earth capable of supporting life

23. Biosphere

24. INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS MATTER TRANSFER At the local level, there are many simple examples of interconnections between components and the elements of the Earth system. The roots of the plants (biosphere) draw water and nutrients from the lithosphere, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis, and send water into the atmosphere through the process of transpiration

25. INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS MATTER TRANSFER Plants also die and decompose to become part of the lithosphere. Water evaporates from rivers (hydrosphere) and the soil (lithosphere) to become part of the atmosphere. Oxygen in the atmosphere dissolves in a river (hydrosphere). Fish (biosphere) draw dissolved oxygen into their bodies from the hydrosphere.

26. INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS ENERGY TRANSFER In addition to the exchanges of matter, the transfer of energy is a key process of the Earth system. The sun warms the lithosphere, which transfers its heat to the atmosphere; warmed air transfers heat to cooler land surfaces; evaporation from a lake (hydrosphere) transfer heat to the atmosphere; rivers and ocean currents redistribute heat energy; precipitation can warm or cool the lithosphere on which it falls

27. INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF THE SUBSYSTEMS CHANGE LEADS TO CHANGE Because of the interconnectedness, changes in one sphere bring about changes in the others. Sometimes these changes are dramatic. Droughts (atmosphere) can cause severe changes in the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. Frequently these changes are more subtle. Heavy rain also changes the amount of soil moisture and frequent raining leads to erosions in the lithosphere. These are some examples of change in one sphere leads to change on the other spheres.

28. ANY CLARIFICATIONS?

29. PERFROMANCE TASK Create a poster/illustration or a song that represents your environment showing the interactions among the four spheres.

30. ASSESMENT

31. 1. An example of BIOSPHERE connecting to ATMOSPHERE Plants produce oxygen Animals eat plant Animals live in caves Animals drink water

32. 2. An example of connection between HYDROsphere and LITHOsphere is: Boats transporting goods Fish swimming in water Water evaporating to make clouds Waves eroding rocks on beach

33. 3. What is an example of a connection between ATMOsphere and GEOsphere ? Water Nitrogen Volcanic Eruptions release Gas Mountains

34. 4. An example of connection between ATMOsphere and HYDROsphere River Rain Lakes Rocks

35. 4. An example of connection between ATMOsphere and HYDROsphere River Rain Lakes Rocks