LESSON 2 grade 12 (DOING PHILOSOPHY).pptx

philosophy

1. DOING PHILOSOPHY

2. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: Identify the major questions of philosophy and discuss the branches of philosophy that deal with these major questions discuss how philosophy analyzes the question of reality and identify significant philosophical views regarding reality discuss how philosophy deals with the question of certainty and identify the theories on knowledge discuss how philosophy deals with questions regarding causality, agency, free will, and choice

3. Objectives: 5. discuss ethics and how philosophy deals with questions about acceptable human behavior 6. identify and discuss the methods and tools philosophers use in conducting their study 7. identify some practical uses of philosophy in their lives

4. In their studies and inquiries, philosophers touch upon many subjects and concerns. There are a number of problems or questions, however, that are considered to be exclusively in the domain of philosophy. The major questions in philosophy concern reality, certainty, causality, and ethics. What are some of the major questions that philosophers ponder?

5. Question of Reality Reality- to the state of existence of things independent of human consciousness. In the broadest sense, reality includes physical things that we see, feel, taste, and smell, as well as things that we cannot easily perceive and comprehend.

6. They also believe that man has the ability to sense and perceive reality. Philosophers have attempted to classify reality into various categories. The most general categories distinguish between concrete and abstract reality.

7. Concrete reality- refers to things that physically exist, such as a basket of apples, a pile of books, and a cup of coffee. Abstract reality- refers to things that do not physically exist, such as pure mathematics and the concept of beauty.

8. A branch of metaphysics called ontology focuses on the classification of existing things. It include the concepts of time and space, the nature of the universe, and the nature of the human being, or what makes a person who he or she is.

9. What are your personal ideas about the nature of the world and the universe? What characteristics distinguish humans from all other things that exist?

10. Question of Certainty Certainty -to perfect knowledge that is free from error or doubt. Philosophy seeks to achieve certainty in its quest for knowledge. A central concept in the question of certainty is truth . Philosophers use methods and approaches to reach conclusions that have certain degrees of certainty or truth in them.

11. Rationalism- is a knowledge theory that holds that knowledge is a priori knowledge or based on pure reasoning independent of experience. Empiricism- is another theory that considers knowledge to be a posteriori knowledge , or knowledge gained from experience. Skepticism questions the certainty of established doctrines or truths and believes that the mind has limits in perceiving and understanding reality, thus, all knowledge is uncertain.

12. In your personal life, what are the things that you consider "real," "true," or unchanging? 2. Have you experienced a situation where you had to defend your beliefs? 3. Have you experienced a situation where what you believed to be true turned out to be untrue? How did this experience affect you?

13. Question of Causality. Causality , or the causes of events and phenomena. Philosophers analyze causality by examining events in the context of a cause-and-effect relationship. In analyzing the causes of human actions and events, philosophers are able to determine the factors and motivations behind them- origin of things . Another important concept related to causality is purpose , or the explanation of a thing's function, end, or goal.

14. In a broader sense, purpose also refers to the reason for a thing's existence. A thing's purpose is often considered its final or ultimate cause .

15. A concept related to causality is agency , which is the capacity of man to govern or control his actions. Philosophers accept that human beings are capable of making decisions that define their actions. There are those who contend that humans possess free will. Other factors and processes that influence individual actions, such as reason, belief , desire , and morality . The concept of choice is an important aspect of any discussion on agency and free will.

16. Determinism- shows that each event is determined or influenced by a specific set of events or factors that are causally related. Destiny- refers to a predetermined course of events leading to a specific outcome or future. The branch of philosophy that studies causality is called etiology teleology is the branch that deals with the question of purpose.

17. Analyze some of the choices that you have made in your life by classifying them using the graphic organizer below.

18. Discuss Based on the nature of your personal choices, can you say that you are a totally free person? What are the things or factors you consider in making a choice and in committing to a decision? What do you think is your own ultimate cause or destiny in life?

19. Question of Ethics . Ethics deals with the standards of right and wrong that define human behavior. Ethics discusses and defines concepts and principles that are meant to govern reasoning and action. seeks to formulate a set of standards and norms of "acceptable," "correct," and "good" behavior that are applied to daily life.

20. Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch that seeks to apply and analyze these concepts in various situations, contexts, and cultures, and recommends guidelines that will govern the decisions and actions of people.

21. What methods and tools do philosophers use in the conduct of their study? Philosophical inquiry takes various forms and employs many methods depending on the topic of inquiry and even the perspective or school of philosophy involved, In general, philosophers employ the following steps in their philosophical studies or inquiries.

22. Systematic doubt . Philosophers employ a skeptical attitude in looking at ideas, events, or things. Each aspect of the topic in question is analyzed to determine its validity or truthfulness. Argument . Philosophers engage in discussion, discourse, and debate over their ideas. Various perspectives on a topic are taken into consideration and examined. Dialectic . Varied and differing ideas and perspectives are analyzed, and from the information gathered, new ideas and views are formulated.

23. Socratic method . It is a method of analyzing a topic by formulating a series of questions designed to analyze its various aspects, and examine and clarify a person's views on it. Axioms . These refer to statements that convey certain assumptions in a philosophical discussion. Axioms provide a foundation and direction for philosophical studies. An example of a philosophical axiom is the view that "existence exists." In discussing reality, we must accept that everything exists and that we are capable of perceiving reality.

24. Occam's razor . This is a principle used in analyzing possible explanations for a phenomenon that states that among possible explanations, the simplest one with the fewest unnecessary assumptions is the most acceptable. Formal logic . It is a systematic analysis of the validity of arguments and statements. Formal logic entails the use of syllogisms or logical arguments presented as a series of related statements or premises leading to a conclusion. Other types of logic employ symbols, mathematics, and language analysis techniques in their analysis.

25. Thought experiment and allegory . These are imagined scenarios used to illustrate a certain problem or describe a theory. Famous thought experiments in philosophy include Avicenna's " floating man , which discusses the relationship between perception and the human mind; the "ship of Theseus," which illustrates problems with the concept of an object's identity; and the "prisoner's dilemma," which explores how an individual's objectives and motivations affect his willingness to cooperate. A famous allegory in philosophy is the Allegory of the Cave ,

26. What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives

27. Philosophy requires a person to engage in the analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. One can apply this critical and analytical mindset in approaching information gained from the media and addressing certain issues encountered in life. A philosophical approach can help us avoid being tricked by false claims or manipulative schemes.

28. Problem solving and decision making are important aspects of life that can benefit from a knowledge of philosophy. The ability to analyze a problem or dilemma, identify its significant aspects, and come up with alternative solutions is an important skill learned through philosophy.

29. A philosopher is also a good communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas. A clear and distinct discussion, discourse, or debate requires skills in presenting and communicating ideas. Philosophy can also help us be more open to new and different ideas. This openness and acceptance help facilitate communication among people of different beliefs and backgrounds.

30. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing, and this refers to a person's ability to apply knowledge to daily life, particularly in making sound choices and judgment in the practical aspects of life.

31. Knowledge of philosophy can contribute to self-development. One can be a better student, scientist, artist, professional, and citizen if one has the capacity for inquiry, critical thinking, self-actualization, and reflection. These are tools to develop one's own ideas and views and engage fully in useful activities in the community, nation, and world at large.

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34. Discuss How can philosophical skills help you succeed as a student and a professional? 2. How can these skills help you become a productive individual and citizen? 3. How can philosophy help you in your everyday life?

35. THANK YOU!