Lesson 2 HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION copy (1).pptx

HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1. HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

2. WHY HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION? What does history tell us in general? What difference has history made to present day events? What influence does history have in decision making for leaders in various fields, professions or disciplines? What can history do to help “me” in the field of Physical Education?

3. Historical Perspective History is the study of change or lack of change over periods of time. In physical education, historical perspective provides teachers and students with an appreciation of our field and how it has evolved from areas such as survival skills, medicine and war.

4. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY Primitive man moves according to their satisfaction, needs and necessity. They just live by means of hunting such wild animals in the forest, or by fishing along the rivers, streams and sometimes they engage in welfare murder to insure their protection from adverse elements or a hostile environments. For people whose language was less adequate , dance was a mean of expression, particularly in a certain tribal societies. Play and games were an important part of living for these primitive. it became a recognized way to improve strength, speed and skills qualities necessary for survival

5. ANCIENT GREEECE Physical education was practiced to develop strong and powerful army. A major training consisted of such physical activities as wrestling, jumping, running, throwing the javelin and discus, horseback riding and hunting. Athens, City in Eastern Greece Athenians believed in the development of the total individual in all life’s aspect. Their objective of physical education was for physical perfection with emphasis on beauty of physiques (development of the b0dy).

6. ANCIENT GREEECE Gymnastic s was believed to contribute to physical development and music was also considered important to the intellect. Gymnastics for the youth was practiced in Palaestra , a building which provided rooms for various physical activities. Paidotribe , the proprietor in the palaestra and was responsible for directing the exercise for the youth. Gymnasium which was the social, intellectual, physical center of Greece led by the over all in charge called Gymnasiarch.

7. ANCIENT GREECE Olympic games were primarily part of a religious festival in honor Zeus, the father of the Greeks god and goddesses. The festival and games were held in the Olympia. Olympic games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos , a cook from the nearby city of Elis, won the stadion race, a foot race 600 ft. long. It is the only athletic event of the games. Although, the ancient games were stages in OLYMPIA, Greece from 776 BC through 393 AD, it took 1503 years for the Olympics return.  The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.  The 1 st modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece , in 1896. The man responsible for its rebirth was a Frenchman named BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN, who presented the idea in 1894.

8. ANCIENT GREECE THE OLYMPIC FLAME   The idea of the Olympic torch or Olympic Flame was first inaugurated in the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. There was no torch relay in the ancient Olympic Games. There were known, however, torch relays in other ancient Greek athletic festivals including those held at Athens. The modern Olympic torch relay was first instituted at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. The Olympic Oath  was introduced in 1920. 

9. (FASTER, STRONGER, HIGHER)

10. Ancient ROME Army life was considered very important to the romans and considered health as important only to military life. A roman soldier had to engage in various physical activities following a rigid schedule of training such as marching, jumping, running, throwing the discus and javelin, swimming among others and body conditioning. The roman was never famous as an athlete but admired good performance in others and promoted it on a professional basis like chariot racing and gladiators combat where the life of the contestants were at stake. The most famous stadium was the Circus Maximus in Rome, a huge arena that seated 200,000 spectators. The chariot races were the main event here. The gladiator combats were held in the Colosseum , an arena 150 feet high seating 50,000 people. Another facet of roman life that relates to P.E was the Thermae the public bath.

11. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Historian note that most outstanding cause of the fall of the great roman empire was due to moral decay and physical deterioration. The fall of the roman empire in the west around A.D 476 resulted in a period of history which is frequently referred to as a dark ages, this period however, was anything but dark in respect to the physical rejuvenation brought about by the overrunning of the roman empire by the Teutonic Barbarian. Parallel with the decline and a fall of Rome was the rise of the Christianity and the church with an influence more powerful than all the roman legion. FLAVIUS THEODESUS abolished the Olympic Games in A.D 394 as being pagan. - EMPEROR OF THE ROME KNOWN AS “THEODESUS THE GREAT” . - HE ALSO ISSUED DECREES THE EFFECTIVELY MADE CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL STATE RELIGION OF THE ROMAN.

12. DURING DARK AGES This period is the physical activities are only characterized by the strong healthy and physically morally deteriorated as their way of life. This was the asceticism and scholasticism. Worldly pleasures are not recognized by them because they prepare their lives in the next world. So their body has not physically fit because they focus of what they believe. The scholasticism believes the key to successful life as the development of the mental or intellectual powers. This beliefs has presented a challenge to physical activities are not allowed to be one of the subject in curriculum.

13. RENAISSANCE PERIOD The Physical Education has an impact to their bodies and soul that inspirable and endorsable. A good physical health promoted learning and rest and recreation that needed by the body. This believes was necessary for health to develop the body as a preparation for welfare and recognition for the important contribution of physical education to the social and moral life.

14. RENAISSANCE PERIOD In history of Physical Education Modern European countries reflected in the contribution of growth and advancement to which associated the Physical Education. The Contributors: Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723-1790 ) - established a school called Phelanthropinum the first school in modern Europe that offered a program where physical education was a past of the curriculum. Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths (1759-1839) - wrote two books Gymnastics for the young and games which contained illustrations of various exercises and apparatus, arguments in favor of physical education institutions. GustafNybleus (1816-1902) - specialized in military gymnastics. His innovation was the inclusion of women in the school. Neil Bukh - introduced Primitive Gymnastics . Attempted to build the perfect physique through a series of exercises that were performed without cessation of movement.

15. RENAISSANCE PERIOD Some contributors in the development as physical education as early as 20th century. Thomas Dennison Wood – who were introduced natural gymnastics which gave more emphasis on game and game skills. Clark Helturington – emphasized on children’s play activities. Jessie Bancroft – influenced the development of physical education as a responsibility of homeroom teachers in the elementary schools. Jacob Reis – Symbolic of the play ground movement in New York.

16. Johann Friedrich Ludwig Christoph Jahn - father of PE .  Catharine Beecher  was a founding mother of physical education for girls

17. AGE OF FEUDALISM The kinds of Physical Education were like a social and military in nature. That strengthens and hardens the body to be rigorous of whatever tasks. Physical activities are played as a major part in the training of knighthood and for self preservation only

18. CHINA Sports had been into the New School and become a class as a “western art”, and the Military School has also started the gymnastics classes. Westernization Movement exerted a positive effect to the modern physical education objectively in China. During the process of Reform Movement, the bourgeois reformists whose leader is Kang Youwei imagined a preliminary complete education system, emphasizing the role of the sports in the school education, which produced an enlightenment effect to the development of physical education in China in both theory and practice. In the late nineteenth century, American and Britain sects stated plenty of church schools, which attached great importance to the after-class sports activities, although they didn’t have formal sports classes.

19. CHINA They established various sports organizations and track and field teams, carried out the wonderful athletics and sports activities and held sports competitions, by which they spread western gymnastics. In 1923, the Beiyang Government issued the aimed at the primary school and the high school students, and changed the “Gymnastics” to the “P.E.” formally, which is a great change and reform in the school sports in China, symbolizing that the school sports education had been into a new stage of development.

20. INDIA Since ancient times, people in India believed that the human body is indeed an instrument of   dharma. In medieval Karnataka people gave as much importance to physical exercise as to literary education. The principle of “a sound mind in a sound body” was not only accepted but also faithfully practiced. The system of   yoga  was the first step in spiritual training.   Yoga  comprises full-fledged toning of the body and mind. It includes the use of various body postures to control breathing and muscle movements, and to help gain control over human passions as well. It was the general belief that this balancing of the body and mind led to intellectual strength.

21. INDIA Village schools were usually situated in the temple premises or in the courtyard of  mathas , where children played after daytime lessons. Besides this, every village had one or two playgrounds, where sporting events and games were held during the annual fair of the village deity. These involved wrestling, boxing,  mallakhambha  (pillar acrobatics), the shooting of arrows, and demonstrations of strength such as weight lifting. Bigger grounds were reserved for ram-fights, buffalo fights, fencing and duelling . Most childrens ' sports in medieval India ensured body-development. The economy and variety of indigenous games were greatly admired by visiting foreign travelers.

22. “Physical Education in the Philippines” IN THE PHILIPPINES date back to primitive society when physical activity was very important for survival, making it necessary for the adult to teach physical skills to the young. It is quite interesting to note the strides made by physical education and how it has affected the lives of the people .

23. Physical Education in the Philippines” (Pre- Spanish Period) THE ABORIGINES in the PHILIPPINES, THE NEGRITOS or AETAS had a way of life similar to other people living in the primitive society. The only motivations for physical activities were for survival in connection with their quest for foods and for protection against a hostile environment. Such of those physical activities were, running, leaping, jumping and climbing to kept them physically fit. Dancing was a form of religious activity and they danced to please their gods.  they danced for victory in a tribal war which they termed as Cañao . The people in the lowlands especially those who settled along the river banks and lakes had bathing and swimming as their favorite pastime

24. Physical Education in the Philippines” (During Spanish Period) The spanish conquest of the Philippines did not have much effect on the physical activities of the people. Except the enforced labor among the lower classes of people in the building of churches. Bathing and swimming were still the favorite pastime of the filipinos which was usually done at the setting of the sun. Dancing to be one of the major physical activities enjoyed by the people. Spanish and European dances were introduced, such as Fandanggos , Curachas and Jotas of Spain. Ceremonial dances were performed during the religious event or festival. The most colorful of all the celebrations was the Santa Cruz de Mayo or Santacruzan which consisted of praying for nine consecutive days and culminated in the procession to the hermano’s house. Cockfighting is an ancient sport in the philippines , historian believe that this sport is probable to have been introduced by the malays as early as a during the rule of datu sumakwel .

25. PE in PHILIPPINES (During American Period) There are some states that marked and significant event to the people: 1901 – Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in the public schools and regular program of athletics was developed. 1905 – Baseball and track and field were introduced and taught to the young boys in school. 1909 – The athletic program for the school was inaugurated and much emphasis was given to the playing of western sports and the coaching of tennis. 1910 – Basketball was first introduced as a game for girls in the Carnival Meet held in Manila, but was later discontinued in 1914 because it was found very strenuous for the girls. 1928 – A summer for coaching was held with the aim of helping the public school teachers in charge of athletics to improve their coaching methods.

26. 1914 - Teachers Vacation Assembly in Manila- gave special training for Filipino teachers for training various physical education activities including physical education program  • 1919 - “Physical Education: A Manual for Teachers” was published- edited by Frederick O. England (Playground Director of the City of Manila  • 1920 - Physical Education was made a required subject in the curriculum of all public schools  ➢ 75% grade rate is needed- grade four to the fourth-year high school 

27. PE in PHILIPPINES Nov.15,1935, the Philippine Commonwealth that interrupted the Japanese occupation during the World War II. In 1937 Physical Education was made curricular subject in the secondary schools. The summer schools for Physical Education was been opened by the Bureau of Education under the direction of Serufin Aquino. The Physical Education was no able to have a chance to emphasis and it was sadly neglected by some Philippine School, after granting Americans independence. But because of the performance of the Filipino athletics this was being launched by the Secretary Education Honorable Carlos P. Romulo. He order No.15 series 1967 entitled “Physical Education and Sports Development Program ” this was considerly shots to the arms which made gladness to the hearts of the Physical Educators of the country.

28. PE in PHILIPPINES The revised elementary education program of 1970 issued by the secretary of education and culture had as its distinction features the combination of health and science as a subject area and P.E with music and art in grade 1 to iii, in grades iv to vi , health and physical education were taken as s subject area. A revised secondary education program of 1973 introduced a new course: youth development training ( YDT) and citizen army training (CAT) to meet the needs of the maturing individual during the crucial transition from childhood to adult. In the year 2000 onward, the PEHM program had been revised into MAPEH ( music, arts and p,e ) at the secondary school and msep ( musika , sining at edukasyong pangkatawan ) in elementary level.

29. PE IN U.S. From the late 1700's to the mid-1800's, three nations–Germany, Sweden, and England–influenced the early development of physical education in the United States.  German immigrants introduced the Turner Societies, which advocated a system of gymnastics training that utilized heavy apparatus (e.g., side horse, parallel and horizontal bars) in the pursuit of fitness. In contrast, the Swedish system of exercise promoted health through the performance of a series of prescribed movement patterns with light apparatus (e.g., wands, climbing ropes).  The English brought sports and games to America with a system that stressed moral development through participation in physical activities. The influence of these three nations laid the foundation for sport and physical education in America.

30. PE in U. S The 1800's were an important time for the inclusion of physical education in schools across America. The Round Hill School , a private school established in 1823 in Northampton, Massachusetts, was the first to include physical education as an integral part of the curriculum.   Physical education was not offered in the public schools until 1855, when Cincinnati, Ohio, became the first city school system to offer this type of program to children.  In 1866 California became the first state to pass a law requiring twice-per-day exercise periods in public schools.   Catherine Beecher , Dio Lewis, Edward Hitchcock, and Dudley Allen Sargent, were the early leaders in physical education.

31. PE in U. S In 1893 Thomas Wood stated that "the great thought of physical education is not the education of the physical nature, but the relation of physical training to complete education, and then the effort to make the physical contribute its full share to the life of the individual" (National Education Association, p. 621). During the early twentieth century, several educational psychologists, including Dewey, Stanley G. Hall, and Edward Thorndike, supported the important role of children's play in a child's ability to learn. In line with the work of Wood in physical education, and the theoretical work of prominent educational psychologists,  The New Physical Education  was published in 1927 by Wood and Rosalind Cassidy , who advocated  education through the physical. Charles McCloy argued against this expanded role of physical education, arguing that  education of the physical,  which emphasized the development of skills and the maintenance of the body, was the primary objective of physical education. The testing of motor skills was a part of McCloy's contribution to physical education, and his philosophy of testing paralleled the scientific movement in education.

32. PE in U. S Throughout the early twentieth century, into the 1950s, there was a steady growth of physical education in the public schools. During the early 1920s many states passed legislation requiring physical education.  In 1885  William Gilbert Anderson , a physical fitness instructor in Brooklyn, New York, invited a group of gymnastics trainers to gather and discuss their profession; this group became the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education.  However, shifts in curricular emphasis were evident when wars occurred and when the results of national reports were published. For example, as a result of the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the United States' entrance into World War II, the emphasis in physical education shifted from games and sport to physical conditioning. Similar curricular shifts were noted in  1953  when the Kraus-Weber study found that American children were far less fit than their European counterparts. As a result of this report, the  President's Council on Physical Fitness  was established to help combat the falling fitness levels of America's youth.

33. Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy placed a keen eye on promoting physical education programs, and employed a Presidential Fitness Test Award to assess physical fitness levels of the nation’s children. It included throwing, jumping, a shuttle run, and pull-ups. The award was given to students placing in the top 85th percentile based on national standards. Physical education is a staple of a comprehensive educational system, and fitness plays a major part in the physical and mental health of all Americans. Today’s educational landscape has allowed this important program to flourish as an integral part of the modern day educational school system.

34. REFERENCE https ://sites.google.com/a/westwood.k12.ma.us/will-whittlesey-westwood-middle-school/home/history-of-physical-education