Lesson-2-Methods-of-Philosophizzing.pptx

Lesson 2 Philosophy stem 11

1. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

2. Activity 1 2 LIES AND A TRUTH

3. Activity 1 How do we know if they are telling the TRUTH???

4. Is there an Absolute Truth?

5. Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint.

6. In phenomenology, truth is based on the person`s consciousness;

7. while in existentialism , truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom;

8. in postmodernism, it is accepted that truth is not absolute ;

9. and in logic, truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking .

10. Philosophers often grapple with the concept of truth. Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance. For example, when we answer a “true or false” test, we judge if the statements we read are true or false. This means that statements may have truth or may not have truth. Statements about the world or reality are called propositions and these propositions may or may not carry truth. Propositions are usually stated as short statements or sentences. How do we know if they are telling the truth?

11. Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified. Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance. Truth and Knowledge

12. WHAT IS TRUTH AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by the facts. Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.

13. One important aspect of knowledge- it is based on reality. This simply means that what we know is what is observable or evident in the real world. Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered facts .

14. There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. This statement is a claim and further explanation whether it is true or false is required to establish true or false Science considers truth as something observable and empirical. This means that any claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.

15. HOW DO WE KNOW IF SOMETHING IS TRUTH? Ancient Greek Philosophers approached the problem of truth by looking at the nature of knowledge and how we know what we know. We assume that everything we know about this world is true. But philosophers who pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything there is to know about themselves and the world.

16. Example: I am alive. I have a body. I can breathe. Doubt has very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to determine truth. This means that every statement, claim, evidence, is scrutinized and analysed. Nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient reason and evidence to prove that is indeed true. Let’s rewrite the statements as questions to make them easier to analysed.

17. Am I alive? Do I have a body? Can I breathe? The obvious answer would be examine yourself to determine if indeed you are alive, that you have a body, and you can breathe. Then you can now say: I am alive! I have a body! I can breathe!

18. One perspectives on truth- a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.

19. Another basis for determining the truth- a belief for statement is true if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on common belief is a way of determining what is true. But this approach has certain limitations. Determining truth requires a person to prove a statement through a n argument

20. HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION? Opinion are statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of statements even advance a belief about a certain thing or person. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. Conclusions is a judgment based on certain facts.

21. HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION? Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily clearly explained by facts. To judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things if we rely merely on facts. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.

22. HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION? Opinion are statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of statements even advance a belief about a certain thing or person. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

23. Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called fallacies.

24. Some of these fallacies may be intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.

25. Bias or the personal views of the person presenting. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

26. HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM? Understanding of opinions and facts and the means to distinguish one from the other can further improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views which we find acceptable.

27. HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM? An individual cannot live his or her life just agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us form our own personal point of view that can guide us in making decisions and actions when faced with a problem.

28. HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM? Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable which we can then use to form our own views regarding certain matters.

29. Directions: Identify whether the statement is a truth or an opinion. I am alive. Immigrants who are in the U.S. illegally are a very big problem for the country today. Immigrants who are in the U.S. illegally have some rights under the Constitution. Democracy is the greatest form of government. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte was born in the Philippines.

30. 6. Government is almost always wasteful and inefficient. 7. Abortion should be legal in most cases. 8. Health care costs per person in the U.S. are the highest in the developed world. 9. Math is the hardest subject. 10. I can breathe.

31. It means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint. PHILOSOPHIZING

32. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something. KNOWLEDGE

33. It refers to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. BIAS