LESSON 3.pptx- noun clauses and averb clauses

academic writing series

1. LESSON 3 NOUN CLAUSES AND ADVERB CLAUSES Nguyen Thi Tinh , M.A.

2. LESSON 3 NOUNS CLAUSES: - T hat clauses - If/Whether clauses - Question clauses 2. ADVERB CLAUSES - Classification - Punctuation - Usage 3. WRITING PRACTICE

3. NOUN CLAUSES Definition - A noun clause = A dependent clause - A noun clause = A noun - A noun clause = part of an independent clause (be O or S) 2. Classification 3 types: - that clauses - if/whether clause - question clauses

4. THAT CLAUSES Be a dependent clause Begin with “that” Can o mit “that” if the meaning is still clear Never omit that if that begins the sentences

5. THAT CLAUSE Position of that clause After independent clause verb After certain adjectives After certain nouns At the beginning of a sentence * Instead of starting a sentence by a that clause, native speakers tend to use “it” to begin and move that clause to the end.

6. THAT CLAUSE * Passive and active voice ( p.209 ) * Verb tenses in that clause ( p.210 ) * Subjunctive noun clauses ( p.212 )

7. IF/WHETHER CLAUSES Be a dependent clause Begin with if or whether “or not” can be added at different positions * Be a statement, not a question

8. QUESTION CLAUSES Be a dependent clause Begin with a question word ( Wh …) Wh …can be the S or O of the clause * Be a statement not a question

9. ADVERB CLAUSES Definition Be a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. Begin with a subordinator expressing the relationship between the adverb clause and the independent clause Classification - There are various kinds depending on the relationship to express ( p.223 )

10. ADVERB CLAUSES Placement Adverbial clauses can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence . At the beginning = introductory clause In the middle = interrupting clause At the end = concluding clause

11. Punctuation tips * Introductory clause (beginning) An introductory adverb clause normally takes a comma: If you decide to travel by car , the trip will be longer. - Note :  It is possible to omit the comma if the clause is quite short and does not require a pause: When you call  please mention my name. - But even with a short clause, make sure to include a comma if there is a risk of misreading: When you call , Janice may be out . [ comma prevents misreading  When you call Janice ] * Interrupting clause (middle) - An interrupting adverb clause—one which noticeably interrupts the flow of the sentence—takes a comma before and after the clause: Elephants ,  when they learn something , never forget it.

12. Punctuation tips * Concluding clause (end) A concluding adverb clause is usually essential to the meaning of the sentence and does not need a comma: We arrived  as the movie was starting . - Note :  Do use a comma before a concluding adverb clause when it gives additional, non-essential information: We arrived at 7 o'clock,  as the movie was starting . The phrase at  7 o'clock  indicates the time of arrival; the clause  as the movie was starting  merely gives additional information and therefore needs a comma . - Use commas with the conjunctions  although ,  even though ,  though  and  whereas , which introduce non-essential clauses. Sarah valued the gift,  although it was not expensive .

13. Reducing Adverb Clauses Adverb clauses can sometimes be shortened to  phrases : Active clause When he came , he saw a strange man in her room. When coming , he saw a strange man in her room. 2. Passive clause If your luggage is lost or destroyed,   it should be replaced by the airline. If lost or destroyed ,  your luggage should be replaced by the airline . * S1 = S2

14. Homework Writing practice p.242