Lesson-3-SQ3-NEWEST.ppt asjd asjbdsjabdjbd

philosophy

1. The Human Person in Society

2. DESCRIBE YOURSELF IN THE RELATION TO THE FOLLOWING: COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS In my family, I am the……. My family has made me…… In my school , I consider myself….. My school has helped me become….. In my community, I am a….. My community has enabled me to……

3. How has your family defined your identity as a person? In what way has your school and community influenced your growth? In what way do you see yourself making a significant contribution to society?

4. At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: 1. Recognize how individuals form societies and how individuals are transformed by societies; Compare different forms of societies and individualities; Explain how human relationships are transformed by social systems; and Evaluate how social systems transforms human relationships and how societies transforms individual beings. 4

5. What is society? What drives human beings to establish societies? Have you ever pondered how your world has defined you? Have you ever thought about your place in this world and among the people you interact with every day? Have you ever reflected on how your presence has affected the world and people around you? 5

6. Our freedom gives us the opportunity to pursue various activities to achieve our goals and attain well-being or happiness. As we live our lives, and expand our experiences, we also encounter other people who are acting in similar ways. However, the pursuit of our goals is made easier by the fact that we do not need to do our activities alone, that we can live our life and pursue our happiness with other people by our side. The tendency to form groups is not exclusive to human beings. Other animals also form groups for mutual protection and survival. 6

7. Philosophers consider society as the product of deliberate actions by individuals who come together in pursuit of a common goal. Society is considered unique among all other groups because of the nature of the human persons that compose it, as well as the relationships among its members. As individual persons, members of society are able to transform themselves and attain development through their interactions within society. In turn, humans are also able to influence society through their actions. 7

8. Key Concepts The State of Nature : A pre-social condition. It is a hypothetical society prior to the existence of the political society. In philosophy, human nature is the collection of fundamental characteristics and dispositions that humans are said to have naturally. It's often used to describe the essence of humankind, or what it means to be human In philosophy, the idea of a state of nature is an effort to try and understand what humans would be like without any government or society and considers why we let ourselves be governed 8

9. Key Concepts The Social Contract : An agreement between (a) members of the community or (b) members of the community and the Sovereign. In philosophy, the social contract is a theory that people agree to form a society by giving up some of their rights in exchange for protection and the benefits of society 9

10. Key Concepts The Sovereign : The legitimate head of state after the Social Contract: (a) a person or group of persons, such as a monarch or a government, or (b) the people representing themselves. In political and legal philosophy, sovereignty is the idea that a person or institution has the highest authority over others in a given domain. The sovereign has the power to change existing laws and maintain order. 10

11. Society an organized group of people whose members interact frequently and have a common territory and culture a companionship or friendly association with others, an alliance, a community, or a union 11

12. Society It is a product of human social processes intended to meet basic needs for survival, every society is organized in such a way that there are rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate behaviour among members .

13. What drives human being to establish societies? Exists to relate others By nature is a social being A person experiences variety of relationships (shape him as a person) Expand horizons Establish friendships Deal with other figures of authority 13

14. The human person in the society “Every human being today is the subject of some state or another. Human beings, for whatever reason, have a strong tendency to recognize themselves into a society, and these societies contain types of power structures that will tend to qualify them as a state.” What do some philosophers consider as the state of nature and the characteristics of the human being without a state. theories about the state of nature according to some philosophers How are societies necessary for experiencing good life 14

15. Social Contract Theory

16. What is the basic meaning of the social contract theory? Social contract theory , nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.

17. Thomas Hobbes Social contract - an agreement where individuals sacrifice an amount of their freedom and submit to a higher authority 17

18. John Locke Locke considered persons in their natural state as more cooperative and reasonable, and that society is formed through the consent individuals that organized it, consent of the governed 18

19. Jean Jacques Rousseau General will – even if the people are the ones who organized the society, in extreme cases, the government is able to impose its will on the people 19

20. JohnRawls Original position Rawls' original position is his highly abstracted version of the State of Nature. It is the position from which we can discover the nature of justice and what it requires of us as individual persons and of the social institutions through which we will live together cooperatively. 20

21. The original position is a central feature of John Rawls's social contract account of justice, “justice as fairness,” set forth in A Theory of Justice (TJ). The original position is  designed to be a fair and impartial point of view that is to be adopted in our reasoning about fundamental principles of justice . 21

22. What is the main idea of Rawls' theory of justice? John Rawls also believed in the concept of justice as fairness. That means every person should be treated with fairness and recommends equal basic liberties, equal opportunities to similar individuals, and offering the highest possible benefits to the less advantaged members of society. 22

23. David Gauthier Described people’s self-interest as an important factor in building and maintaining societies 23

24. 24 Gauthier’s Theory of Rationality Gauthier develops his theory of morality as part of a theory of rational choice; in essence, morality is both self-interested and rational. We might begin by considering the conception of rationality central to his theory. For Gauthier, practical reason is strictly instrumental. This is sometimes called  the maximizing notion of rationality . Accordingly, to be rational is to be disposed to act in a way that maximizes the satisfaction of one’s interests, interests here are understood as one’s considered, but nonetheless, subjectively determined preferences. On this conception of rationality, one’s preferential interests need not be exclusively  in  the self, but preferential interests  of  the self, which may include interest in others.

25. 25 The notion of rationality used here derives from that employed by economists in the classical tradition. The individual is the ultimate unit of analysis in this tradition. Individuals are assumed to make choices on the basis of their preferences and beliefs about the world. The choice is rational in this sense when it is consistent with those beliefs and preferences. Effects of human action and interaction are then explained as the intended or unintended outcomes of the individual choices producing them. As we will see, the effect of choices that are economical and, hence, individually rational may be nonetheless collectively harmful but at the same time avoidable. In a nutshell, to avoid collectively harmful outcomes, we must adopt what Gauthier calls “morals by agreement,” those principles we can all agree to for our mutual benefit. This is the essence of morality .

26. Different Forms of Societies

27. Hunting and Gathering Society Earliest & simplest form of society Small sized and composed mainly of families Are nomadic Members are treated equally and decisions are usually arrived through a consensus, because of this, roles of its members and division of labor is not very clearly defined 27

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29. Pastoral Society Domestication of animals for a more stable food supply Have larger populations than hunting and gathering societies and remain longer in one place Often produce surplus food and resources, which they trade with other societies 29

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31. Horticultural Society Primarily engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables and the domestication of animals Semi-nomadic Roles and responsibilities are more clearly defined with many tasks assigned according to gender 31

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33. Agrarian / Agricultural Society A further evolution of the pastoral and horticultural societies Involves large-scale and long-term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals Improved technology and the use of tools to aid in farming Giving rise to a growing population in agricultural societies 33

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35. Feudal Society Based on the ownership of land Rulers grant their followers or vassals the right to manage parcels of land Members of society are organized based on status 35

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37. Industrial Society Use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services Resulted in the Industrial Revolution, which in turn gave in rise to new production and industrial methods, as well as innovations in transportation and communication 37

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39. Post-Industrial Society Marked by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information , and the sale of services Members have higher education, better training and specialized roles Virtual Society , where people organized themselves through communication technology and the Internet, is a product of a post-industrial society 39

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42. How does society influence our development as persons?

43. The person and the society have a very dynamic relationship in which one cannot exist without the other. 43

44. How does society influence our development as persons? Society influences our development as persons in various ways: 44 Norms – set of traits that society considers acceptable Laws – more formal norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens Folkways – less formal norms that arise form tradition and do not result in punishment when violated

45. How does society influence our development as persons? Norms, laws, and other rules that regulate human interactions give rise to a social system , which is an organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that compose a society 45

46. Social System 46 Social role – actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual Social groups/social classes – individuals who perform similar roles are grouped together Social institutions – certain groups that perform vital functions in society

47. Society also transforms human relations, which leads to the transformation of its members. 47

48. How does society influence our development as persons? Society influences our development as persons in various ways: 48 Social values – actions or ideals that are considered important by society - cooperation, obedience to the aa law, concern and respect for others are aa aa considered vital to maintaining an orderly aa society

49. How does society enable me to become a better person?

50. How does society enable me to become a better person? Society recognizes the capability of the person to develop, and provide its members with opportunities to better themselves 50

51. How does society enable me to become a better person? Persons can also undertake to contribute to society through their decisions and actions 51

52. How does society enable me to become a better person? Social movement – a large-scale action done by various groups and organizations in pursuit of a common goal to bring about change 52