Lesson 4_The development and evolution of language.pptx

Lesson 4_The development and evolution of language.pptx

1. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the origin of the term "Kinesics"? A. Latin B. English C. Greek D. Spanish

2. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 2. Who is credited with coining the term "Kinesics"? A. John Smith B. Ray Birdwhistell C. Jane Doe D. Mark Johnson

3. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 3. How did Ray Birdwhistell describe a single body movement in the context of Kinesics? A. Kinetics B. Phonetics C. Kine D. Gesture

4. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 4. What did Ray Birdwhistell develop to describe and analyze kinesics behavior? A. Alphabet B. System of Notation C. Vocabulary D. Dictionary

5. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 5. Which of the following best defines Kinesics? A. The study of the Earth's motion B. The study of sound waves C. The study of body language and movement D. The study of written language

6. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 6. Which of the following is NOT a part of Kinesics? A. Face B. Arms C. Voice D. Legs

7. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 7. Which nonverbal behavior is commonly associated with conveying happiness or friendliness? A. Rolling your eyes B. Crossing your arms C. Smiling D. Raising your eyebrows

8. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 8. What does nodding your head typically signify in nonverbal communication? A. Agreement or understanding B. Surprise or disbelief C. Defensiveness or resistance D. Uncertainty or indifference

9. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 9. Which term refers to the study of human use of space and its impact on behavior and communication? A. Phonetics B. Kinesics C. Proxemics D. Whistle languages

10. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Instructions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 10. What is the primary method of communication in "Whistle languages"? A. Written language B. Verbal language C. Whistling D. Sign language

11. The development and evolution of language

12. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Language likely emerged and evolved between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago , as a result of biological, social, and environmental factors that favored the survival and development of Homo Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3

13. When does a communication system Become language? No definitive answer!

14. When does a communication system Become language? Possible factors that distinguish a language from a communication system are: Symbolism Structure Creativity Function

15. When does a communication system Become language? Symbolism: In the English language, the word "dog" symbolically represents a four-legged, domesticated animal of various breeds. The word itself has no inherent connection to the concept of a dog , but English speakers agree on its meaning.

16. Give your own examples.

17. When does a communication system Become language? Structure: Spanish has a complex grammatical structure that dictates how words must be ordered in sentences. For example, in Spanish, the adjective typically comes after the noun, as in "casa grande " (big house), whereas in English, it comes before, as in "big house."

18. When does a communication system Become language? Structure: Japanese employs a complex system of honorifics and verb conjugations that dictate the level of politeness and formality in communication. For instance, the verb "to eat" in Japanese can be expressed as " tabemasu " (casual), " tabemasu " (polite), or " meshiagaru " (very polite) depending on the social context and the level of respect or politeness required.

19. Give your own examples.

20. When does a communication system Become language? Creativity: Shakespeare's plays are a testament to the creative potential of language. He coined and manipulated words and phrases to craft unique expressions and convey profound meanings, creating new words like "eyeball" and phrases like "break the ice."

21. Give your own examples.

22. When does a communication system Become language? Function: Sign languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL), serve multiple functions beyond simple communication. They are used for emotional expression , storytelling, identity within the Deaf community, and even as a means of play among children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

23. Give your own examples.

24. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Language likely emerged and evolved between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago , as a result of biological, social, and environmental factors that favored the survival and development of Homo Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3

25. Milestone of Human Evolution Guide Questions: 1. When did the story of human evolution start, and what significant event marked the beginning of this journey? 2. What is the connection between Homo sapiens and chimpanzees, and when did their lineages separate? 3. How many early human species are mentioned in the text, and what is their significance in our family tree? 4. How does natural selection play a role in shaping the physical and behavioral traits of early humans?

26. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 6 million years ago: The divergence of the human lineage from the chimpanzee lineage, which is the closest living relative of humans. This is estimated by comparing the DNA sequences of humans and chimpanzees and calculating the time of their most recent common ancestor.

27. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 2.5 million years ago : The emergence of the genus Homo, which is characterized by larger brains, bipedal locomotion, tool use, and cultural behaviour .

28. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 1.8 million years ago: The appearance of Homo erectus, which is the first human species to migrate out of Africa and colonize different regions of the world.

29. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 500,000 years ago: The evolution of Homo heidelbergensis, which is the common ancestor of both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis.

30. Pagel, M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 200,000 years ago: The origin of Homo sapiens in Africa, which is the only surviving human species today. About 100,000 years ago: The expansion of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia, where they encountered and interbred with other human species, such as Homo neanderthalensis and Homo floresiensis.

31. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 Timeline About 50,000 years ago: The emergence of modern human behaviour , which is marked by a rapid increase in cultural diversity

32. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

33. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

34. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

35. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

36. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

37. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

38. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

39. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

40. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

41. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

42. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

43. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

44. Pagel , M. (2017). Q&A: What is human language, when did it evolve and why should we care?  BMC Biology ,  15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0405-3 evolution of system of communication

45. Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis 1. Monogenesis: Monogenesis, also known as the single-origin or Out of Africa theory , posits that all modern humans share a common ancestry and originated from a single population in Africa.

46. Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis Key points of the monogenesis theory include: Recent African Origin: It suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all modern humans lived in Africa, and all humans are descended from this population. Genetic Evidence: Genetic studies, particularly those involving mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomes, support the idea of a single African origin for modern humans. Out-of-Africa Migration: Monogenesis suggests a series of waves of human migration out of Africa, eventually populating the rest of the world.

47. Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis 2. Polygenesis: Polygenesis, also known as the multiregional or regional continuity theory, proposes that modern humans did not originate from a single population in Africa but instead evolved independently from different hominid populations in various regions of the world

48. Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis Key points of the polygenesis theory include: Multiple Origins: It suggests that different human populations evolved separately in various regions over a long period of time. Regional Continuity: Polygenesis proposes that the continuity of certain traits and characteristics within regional populations indicates independent evolution. Hybridization: Some proponents of polygenesis also acknowledge limited interbreeding between different regional populations.

49. Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis Key points of the monogenesis theory include: Recent African Origin: It suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all modern humans lived in Africa, and all humans are descended from this population. Genetic Evidence: Genetic studies, particularly those involving mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomes, support the idea of a single African origin for modern humans. Out-of-Africa Migration: Monogenesis suggests a series of waves of human migration out of Africa, eventually populating the rest of the world.