lesson 8-Hydrocarbon Derivatives of Organic Comounds.pptx

here are the functional groups of the organic compounds are discussed. as well as some examples and on how to draw its structure and write their corresponding IUPAC name

1. SCIENCE 9

2. Hydrocarbon Derivatives Lesson 8

3. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Halides and Alcohol Lesson 8.1

4. What are Hydrocarbon Derivatives? Hydrocarbon derivatives  contain different elements attached to the carbon instead of only hydrogen.   Derivative is something that is based on another source. In our case, hydrocarbon derivatives are based on simple hydrocarbon compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain at least one element other than hydrogen or carbon, such as oxygen, nitrogen or one of the halogen atoms (elements in column 7A).

5. What are Hydrocarbon Derivatives? Most of the time, the atoms present in a hydrocarbon derivative are attached as part of a distinct group. These groups are known as  functional groups  because they affect how the compound behaves. Sometimes functional groups affect physical properties of a compound as well. Examples of functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters.

6. Other Organic Compounds Functional Groups – specific groupings of atoms that give characteristic properties to organic compounds. halides F (fluoro-) Cl (chloro-) Br (bromo-) I ( iodo -) What group do these belong to? Halogens

7. Halides Compounds that are formed when any halogen ( F, Cl, Br, I ) replaces an H atom in an alkane. The functional group is the halide (F, Cl, Br, I)

8. Halides They are named by citing the location of the halogen attached to the chain Drop the “ine” and add “o” F 2-fluoropropane

9. Halides They are named by citing the location of the halogen attached to the chain Drop the “ine” and add “o” Cl 1- chloropentane

10. Name the following. 1,4- dichlorooctane Cl Cl

11. Name the following. 2-bromopropane

12. Name the following. 3-bromo -2,4-dimethylhexane

13. Name the following. 1-bromo -3-chloro -4-methylheptane

14. Draw the following compounds 2,4- dichloropentane C C C C C Cl Cl H H H H H H H H H H Structural formula Cl Cl Skeletal formula Cl Cl Condensed formula

15. Draw the following compounds 2-bromo-4,4 dichloro-5-methylhex-1-ene

16. Alc oh ols Are organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens is replaced with an – OH group. - OH group is called the hydroxyl group

17. Mono hydroxyl Alcohols -have one –OH group C H R H OH Shortcut way to represent a primary alcohol R-OH R stands for REST of the molecule

18. IUPAC naming of alcohols Replace the final “ e ” with “- ol ” ● methane methanol CH 3 OH ● ethane ethanol ● propane propanol ● butane butanol ● pentane pentanol C 2 H 5 OH C 3 H 7 OH C 4 H 9 OH C 5 H 11 OH

19. Name the following. 2- butanol -2- butan ol

20. Name the following. 3- pentanol -3- pentan ol

21. Name the following. 2- methyl -2- propanol 2- methyl -2- propan ol

22. Name the following. 2,3- dimethyl -1- butanol 2,3- dimethyl -1- butan ol

23. Draw the following compounds 2-propanol Structural formula Skeletal formula Condensed formula C H H H C H H H C OH H OH OH

24. Draw the following compounds 2-bromo-4-methylpentan-3-ol Structural formula Skeletal formula Condensed formula C C C C C OH Br H H H H H H H Br OH H H OH Br

25. Ex. 2 - prop an ol C H H H C H H H C OH H 1 2 3

26. SCIENCE 9

27. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Aldehyde and Ketones Lesson 8.2

28. Carbonyl Group -are the organic compounds containing carbon-oxygen double bond (C=0). C=O is the most important functional group of organic chemistry.

29. Within biology, a carbonyl group within a molecule allows it to undergo the many reactions necessary to maintain life. The carbonyl group is ubiquitous in biological compounds. It is found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, and vitamins—organic compounds critical to living systems.

30. Aldehydes - contain the functional group -CHO R-CHO C H O R The functional group of an aldehyde is a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom

31. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 1. Aldehydes take their name from their parent alkane chains. The  -e   is removed from the end and is replaced with  -al . First member of the aldehyde family is methanal -its common name is formaldehyde C H O H 1 2 3 4 Used to preserve biological samples

32. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 2. The aldehyde functional group is given the #1 numbering location and this number is not included in the name.

33. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 3. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix  -aldehyde . Substituent positions are shown with Greek letters. The stems for the common names of the first four aldehydes are as follows: 1 carbon atom: form- 2 carbon atoms:  acet - 3 carbon atoms:  propion - 4 carbon atoms:  butyr -

34. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 3. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix  -aldehyde . Substituent positions are shown with Greek letters. The stems for the common names of the first four aldehydes are as follows: 1 carbon atom: form- 2 carbon atoms:  acet - 3 carbon atoms:  propion - 4 carbon atoms:  butyr -

35. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 3. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix  -aldehyde . Substituent positions are shown with Greek letters. The stems for the common names of the first four aldehydes are as follows: 1 carbon atom: form- 2 carbon atoms:  acet - 3 carbon atoms:  propion - 4 carbon atoms:  butyr - (propionaldehyde) propanal

36. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 3. For the common name of aldehydes start with the common parent chain name and add the suffix  -aldehyde . Substituent positions are shown with Greek letters. The stems for the common names of the first four aldehydes are as follows: 1 carbon atom: form- 2 carbon atoms:  acet - 3 carbon atoms:  propion - 4 carbon atoms:  butyr -

37. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 4. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix  -carbaldehyde  is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.

38. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 4. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix  -carbaldehyde  is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.

39. Aldehyde Nomenclature rules 4. When the -CHO functional group is attached to a ring the suffix  -carbaldehyde  is added, and the carbon attached to that group is C1.

40. Ketones – contain the functional group R-CO-R The simplest member of the ketone family is propanone.

41. Ketones In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. The following general formulas, in which R represents an alkyl group and Ar stands for an aryl group , represent ketones.

42. Ketone Nomenclature rules 1. Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains. The ending  -e  is removed and replaced with  -one .

43. Ketone Nomenclature rules 1. Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains. The ending  -e  is removed and replaced with  -one .

44. Ketone Nomenclature rules 2. The common name for ketones are simply the  substituent groups listed alphabetically + ketone.

45. Ketone Nomenclature rules 2. The common name for ketones are simply the  substituent groups listed alphabetically + ketone.

46. Ketone Nomenclature rules 3. Some simple ketones are known by their common names. Such as  propanone  which is commonly referred to as  acetone .

47. SCIENCE 9

48. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Carboxylic Acid Lesson 8.3

49. Carboxylic Acid : An Introduction Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing the carboxyl group (-COOH) , wherein the hydroxyl group (-OH) is directly attached to the carbonyl (C=O) group.

50. Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature rules 1

51. Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature rules 2 octane = octanoic acid

52. Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature rules 3 7-methyl 5-methyl 2-ethyl

53. Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature rules 4 5,7-dimethyl -2-ethyl octanoic acid

54. SCIENCE 9

55. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Ether and Ester Lesson 8.4

56. Esters – are organic compounds with the general formula R -CO-O- R O C O They are formed in a reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol. Esters have strong fragrant aromas and are what make pineapples , bananas , wintergreen & oranges. Draw this:

57. Wait! What’s that smell? ester fragrance ethyl methanoate raspberries 3-methylbutyl ethanoate pears ethyl 2-methylbutanoate apples phenylmethyl ethanoate jasmine ethyl butanoate pineapple isopenthyl acetate banana penthyl butanoate apricot Ethyl formate rum

58. Wait! What’s that smell? Esters have strong, sweet smells. Their bouquet is often floral or fruity. This means they are used in food flavourings & perfumes. Also, very good at dissolving organic compounds so often used as solvents.

59. IUPAC Naming of Esters: Look at chain after the –C-O- write its prefix Ex.( meth,eth , etc.) and add – yl to the end of prefix O C O C H H H C H H C H H C H H H O In this ex. : eth + yl = ethyl

60. 2. Give the name of the carbon chain that includes the C=O, leave off the last letter and add – oate . O C O C H H H C H H C H H C H H H Propane - 3 C’s and single bonds Ethyl propanoate propane + oate = propanoate Condensed formula CH 3 CH 2 C OO CH 2 CH 3

61. Naming Named after alcohol & carboxylic acid from which they are derived. Names of esters end in –oate. CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 ethyl ethanoate this part from the acid and is named after it this part comes from the alcohol & is named after it let’s name some esters!

62. Structural formula Although the previous structural formula are the clearest way of showing esters, they can draw out in a shortened form. ethyl ethanoate CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 Either… Or… CH 3 C CH 2 O O CH 3 In this version the acid part has been written first Identify the group attached to the C=O – this is from the acid The group attached to the –O- is from the alcohol.

63. Draw ethyl pentan oate O C O C H H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H

64. CH 3 CH CH 2 O O CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3 O O CH CH 3 O O ethyl methanoate methyl propanoate methyl methanoate

65. Ethers - when two primary alcohols are treated with a dehydrating agent, water is removed and the 2 alcohols are joined together by an oxygen “bridge”. R-OH + R-OH R-O-R + H 2 Primary alcohol Primary alcohol ether H 2 O

66. Di ethyl ether- used as a general anesthetic C H H C H H H O H ethyl ethyl C H H C H H Oxygen bridge -O- Condensed formula CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3

67. Di methyl ether C H H C H H H O H methyl methyl Oxygen bridge -O- Condensed formula CH 3 CH 3

68. - O - Condensed formula CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Name These: Methyl ethyl ether - O - CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Ethyl propyl ether CH 2 CH 2

69. SCIENCE 9

70. Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Amine and Amide Lesson 8.5

71. Amines – contain the functional group -N- It is a derivative of ammonia – NH 3 IUPAC naming of amines – - replace the final –e with “- amine ” C H H H NH 2 C C NH 2 methanamine ethanamine Draw:

72. Amides – contain the functional group: IUPAC naming of amides: -drop the final –e and add “amide” NH C O Found at the end of a carbon chain C H H NH 2 C C O H H H propanamide

73. Amides Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which a nitrogen group ( —NH 2 ) replaces the hydroxyl ( —OH ) group of carboxylic acids. Core Chemistry Skill Forming Amides

74. Naming Amides In both the common and IUPAC names, amides are named by dropping the oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) from the carboxylic acid name and adding the suffix amide . Alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen of an amide are named with the prefix N - , followed by the alkyl name.

75. Guide to Naming Amides

76. Naming Amides Give the IUPAC and common names for the following amide:

77. Naming Amides Give the IUPAC and common names for the following amide: STEP 1 Replace oic acid (IUPAC) or ic acid (common) in the carboxyl name with amide . butan amide

78. Naming Amides Give the IUPAC and common names for the following amide: STEP 2 Name each substituent on the N atom using the prefix N - and the alkyl name. N - methyl butan amide

79. Example: Give the IUPAC and common names for the following amides. A. formamide (IUPAC) ethanamide (common) B. N - ethylpropionamide (IUPAC) N - ethylpropanamide (common)