Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 2.pptx

Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson

1. RELATED TERMS HISTORY Meaningful record of human achievement RESEARCH Formal, systematic application of scientific method to the study of problems (Gay and Mills)

2. HISTORICAL RESEARCH Historical research is a procedure supplementary to observation in which the researcher seeks to test the authenticity of the reports or observation made by others. Historical research involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.

3. CON…….. Historical research has been defined as the systematic and objective location, evaluation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions about past events. It involves a critical inquiry of a previous age with the aim of reconstructing a faithful representation of the past.

4. EXAMPLE How does a philosophy and religion shape a society. Research question What impact did Buddhism, Christinity, Hindoism,etc on the society. How was a religion text(Quran, Bible) is used to justify power ,change etc. What were the causes or impacts of the spread of political philosophy. How did a religion get adopted or change as it spread

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH It is not a mere accumulation of facts and data It is a flowing, vibrant report of past events Collecting and reading the research material It deals with discovery of data It is analytical in that it uses logical induction . It has a variety of f foci such as issues, events, movement, concept.

6. TYPES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Social issues Study of specific individuals, educational institutions & social movements Exploration of relationships between events Synthesis of data Reinterpretation of past events .

7. PURPOSES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH To solve contemporary problems. Learn from past failures and success . Make prediction. To re- evaluate data in relation to selected hypotheses, theories and generalizations To understand how and why educational theories and practices developed.

8. STEPS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Identify the research topic Formulate the research problem or question . Data collection or literature review Evaluation of materials Data synthesis Report preparation or preparation of the narrative exposition

9. WHY WOULD A PERSON WANT TO CONDUCT HISTORICAL RESEARCH? Historical research is conducted to uncover the unknown answer questions relationship that the past has to the present record and evaluate accomplishments of individuals, agencies, or institutions. aid in understanding the culture in which we live.

10. WHAT TYPE OF INFORMATION IS USED WHEN CONDUCTING A HISTORICAL RESEARCH STUDY? Documents Records Photographs Relics Interviews.

11. SOURCES OF DATA These sources are broadly classified into two types: Secondary Sources Primary Sources

12. Secondary Sources: Text Book Encyclopedia Biography Periodicals Other reference Primary sources : Documents Numerical records Oral statement Relics and Remains Artifacts

13. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESOURCES 1) A primary source is an original, first hand record or account or artifact that has survived from the past. A secondary source is an account of the past created after the event or created from primary sources. 2) It has direct involvement with the event being investigated 2) It has not direct involvement with the event being investigated 3) For having direct physical relationship the possibility of error is very little. 3)It is very possible that secondary sources contain errors due to passing of information from one source to another. 4) Primary sources has no dependency on secondary resources . 4) Secondary sources are totally dependent upon primary sources . 5) Researchers are reliable on primary sources. 5) Researchers do not rely on secondary sources.

14. EXAMPLE Diplomas, cartoons, diaries, memoirs, newspapers, photos, yearbooks, memos, periodicals, reports, files, attendance records, census reports, budgets, maps, and tests articles of clothing, buildings, books, architectural plans, desks, or any other object that might provide useful information about the past.

15. KEY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES Surveys Questionnaire Panel questionnaire designs Interviews Experimental treatments

16. SCOPES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN EDUCATION General educational history of specific periods History of national education policies. History of the role of the teacher. History of specific types of education

17. CON… History of specific components of education History of admission processes in professional Historical biographies of major contributors to education Comparative history of education Historical study of the system

18. CON… History of teacher education. administration, History of educational finance, legislation, planning. Historical study of the relationship between politics and education.

19. PROBLEMS AND WEAKNESS TO BE AVOIDED IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH The researcher needs to synthesize facts into meaningful chronological patterns. The researcher needs to be aware of his/her own personal values. Adequate criticism of sources of historical data is essential.

20. HOW CAN HISTORICAL RESEARCH TELLS US ANYTHING ABOUT THE PRESENT Historical research can show patterns Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine current events and educational practices. It can also show us that we do not need to continually reinvent the wheel because we should always start with what history tells us.

21. IMPORTANCE IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION It enables educationists to find out solutions to temporary problems which have their roots in the past. It throws light on present trends and can help in predicting future trends. It enables a researcher to re- evaluate data in relation to select hypothesis, theories and generalizations that are presently held about the past. It enables us to understand how and why educational theories and practices developed.

22. CRITICISM (i) External Criticism of Data ii) Internal Criticism of Data

23. MODEL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Research Topic : Research Question. Data Collection. 4.Evaluation. Data Synthesis. Report Preparation.

24. End