lesson2methodsofphilosophizing-180717110612.pptx

Educational

1. Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

2. Truth and Knowledge Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified. Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be truthful to gain validity and acceptance.

3. Propositions Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value. Propositions are statements about the world or reality which may or may not carry truth . is a central concept in the philosophy of language, semantics, logic, and related fields, often characterized as the primary bearer of truth or falsity. Propositions are also often characterized as being the kind of thing that declarative sentences denote.

4. What is truth and why is it important? Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts. What we know is what is observable or evident in the real world. Propositions which are observed to be real or truthful are considered FACTS .

5. There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be true and they are called CLAIMS . They require further examination to establish whether it is true or false.

6. How do we know if something is true? Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth. We assume that everything we know about this world is true but philosophers who pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about themselves and the world. In doing so, they were able to better understand the means by which humans gain knowledge and determine the truth about everything.

7. It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in order to understand themselves and the world much better. Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover truth. Nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient reason and evidence to prove that it is indeed true. I am alive. Am I alive? I am alive. I have a body. Do I have a body? I have a body. I can breathe. Can I breathe? I can breathe.

8. It can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. It is based on facts. It is a product of agreement or consensus. It can be applied in real life (tested and verified) Something is true if…

9. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for transportation. My sister ate the last piece of pizza. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece and didn’t share it with me. The police firmly pushed the suspect to his kneed and placed him in handcuffs. The aggressive manner by which the police arrested the suspect is an example of brutality that characterizes our police force. Let us Analyze…

10. Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. They may advance a belief about certain things or provide explanations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact. They are often influenced by bias. How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion?

11. Beliefs are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts. To judge the truthfulness of a belief, we must also consider things such as the person’s experiences and views. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true.

12. Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful. They often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning. Some of them are intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her argument.

13. FALLACY Ad hominem Ad baculum (appeal to force) Ad misericordiam (appeal to pity) Ad populum (appeal to majority or bandwagon) Ad antiquitatem (appeal to tradition) Ad verecundiam

14. FALLACY Dicto Simpliciter Fallacy of Composition Fallacy of Division Hasty Generalization Petitio Principii (begging the question) Post Hoc (false cause)

15. Argumentum ad baculum Argumentum ad baculum is the fallacy committed when one makes an appeal to force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.

16. Argumentum ad Misericordiam (argument from pity or misery): the fallacy committed when pity or a related emotion such as sympathy, mercy, or compassion is illicitly appealed to for the sake of getting a conclusion accepted.

17. Ad populum is a fallacy based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid: that is, everyone believes it, so you should too. It is also called an appeal to popularity, the authority of the many, and argumentum ad populum.

18. B iases are the personal views of the person presenting it. They are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Correspondence bias (Fundamental attribution error) Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his/her actions without regard for external factors or situations The soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers. Confirmation bias the tendency to look for and accept information in a way that confirms one's own beliefs and reject ideas that go against it How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a Christian!

19. BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE Conflict of interest A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue As the daughter of the accused, I believe that I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices. Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards I do not agree with this Western practice of placing the elderly in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members. Framing Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error. Hindsight (knew-it-all-along phenomenon) Is when, after an event occurs, we feel we already knew what was going to happen When you put a glass on the edge of a table and you start cleaning and bumped the glass and it fell to the ground and shattered into pieces. You exclaim, “I knew it was gonna break!”