Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
nzhistory
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Jun 17, 2024
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About This Presentation
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Slide Content
A Nation in the Making
1870-1900
1870-1900
2
Extension Reading
•“The Pioneers” Jeanine Graham
•“A Colonial Economy” W J Gardner
•“Impotent Autocrats” Judith Bassett
•“Frontier Towns: Wellington and Auckland” Tom Brooking
•“Vogel and his Public Works Policy” WP Morrell
•“Sir Julius Vogel, 1876-1880” Raewyn Blackstock
•A Paradise for Working Men” 1870-80 Judith Bassett
•“Dark Satanic Mills” 1880-90 Judith Bassett
•“1889 Sweating: Work or Slavery”
•“The struggle for £1” John Martin
•“Compulsory Arbitration” James Holt
•“Elderly Indigents and Old Men’s Homes” Margaret Tennant
Extension Reading
•“The Pioneers” Jeanine Graham
•“A Colonial Economy” W J Gardner
•“Impotent Autocrats” Judith Bassett
•“Frontier Towns: Wellington and Auckland” Tom Brooking
•“Vogel and his Public Works Policy” WP Morrell
•“Sir Julius Vogel, 1876-1880” Raewyn Blackstock
•A Paradise for Working Men” 1870-80 Judith Bassett
•“Dark Satanic Mills” 1880-90 Judith Bassett
•“1889 Sweating: Work or Slavery”
•“The struggle for £1” John Martin
•“Compulsory Arbitration” James Holt
•“Elderly Indigents and Old Men’s Homes” Margaret Tennant
3
Economic Change
•Economic development relies on the
growth of the 4 Main Industries.
•Agriculture–Food production for
the Domestic and Export Markets.
•Timber-The Destruction of the
native Forests for domestic use and
for export.
•Pastoralism-especially Sheep via
Wool then frozen meat for export.
•Gold-Initially in Otago, then
Westland and Thames
Economic Change
•Economic development relies on the
growth of the 4 Main Industries.
•Agriculture–Food production for
the Domestic and Export Markets.
•Timber-The Destruction of the
native Forests for domestic use and
for export.
•Pastoralism-especially Sheep via
Wool then frozen meat for export.
•Gold-Initially in Otago, then
Westland and Thames
4
Industry
•Pastoralism: Mainly
Otago and Canterbury,
but also Wairarapa and
Hawke Bay
•Timber: Mainly centered
around Kauri in the
north.
•Gold: Otago, West
Coast, Nelson and
Thames
Industry
•Pastoralism: Mainly
Otago and Canterbury,
but also Wairarapa and
Hawke Bay
•Timber: Mainly centered
around Kauri in the
north.
•Gold: Otago, West
Coast, Nelson and
Thames
5
Agriculture
•Agriculture was based on labour. Bush
had to be cleared in a back breaking
process based on the farmer his wife
and any labourers he could afford to
pay.
•This was easier in the southern
grasslands but eventually extended
into the northern bushlands (after the
Wars).
•Women were often limited in their
share but were able to contribute
through management of the
household.
•Vogel’s schemes would increase
settlement and with it the size of the
Agricultural sector.
•Innovation was reflected in the
development of better machinery and
stock development.
Agriculture
•Agriculture was based on labour. Bush
had to be cleared in a back breaking
process based on the farmer his wife
and any labourers he could afford to
pay.
•This was easier in the southern
grasslands but eventually extended
into the northern bushlands (after the
Wars).
•Women were often limited in their
share but were able to contribute
through management of the
household.
•Vogel’s schemes would increase
settlement and with it the size of the
Agricultural sector.
•Innovation was reflected in the
development of better machinery and
stock development.
6
Wheat
Wheat
7
Fire to Clear Bush
Fire to Clear Bush
8
Reading and Activities
Activities
•Act 1-3 Page 195 C of C
•SC #17
Read
•Pages 188-195 C of C
•Pages 82-84 WON
•Pages 205-209 King
Reading and Activities
Activities
•Act 1-3 Page 195 C of C
•SC #17
Read
•Pages 188-195 C of C
•Pages 82-84 WON
•Pages 205-209 King
9
Timber
•Initially the quality of the timber proved
attractive to Pakeha. Trees were cut to
supply spars for shipping, often travelling
back to Britain as the return cargo after
dropping off convicts in Sydney.
•Missionaries encouraged the trade as did
Chiefs keen to trade, often supplying the
labour to help the traders.
•Sawn timber developed, helping to fuel the
building boom in Sydney, and later the
building of ships.
•Later pit sawing gave way to water and
steam power.
•Later the Auckland building boom fuelled
demand for sawn logs and an increased
demand for firewood.
Timber
•Initially the quality of the timber proved
attractive to Pakeha. Trees were cut to
supply spars for shipping, often travelling
back to Britain as the return cargo after
dropping off convicts in Sydney.
•Missionaries encouraged the trade as did
Chiefs keen to trade, often supplying the
labour to help the traders.
•Sawn timber developed, helping to fuel the
building boom in Sydney, and later the
building of ships.
•Later pit sawing gave way to water and
steam power.
•Later the Auckland building boom fuelled
demand for sawn logs and an increased
demand for firewood.
10
11
Sawing Kauri
Sawing Kauri
12
Bullock Teams
Bullock Teams
13
Corduroy Road
Corduroy Road
14
Pit Sawing Kauri
Pit Sawing Kauri
15
16
Timber Train
Timber Train
17
Constructing a Kauri Dam
Constructing a Kauri Dam
18
Kauri Dam
Kauri Dam
19
Clearing a Log Jam
Clearing a Log Jam
20
Kauri Boom
Kauri Boom
21
Kauri Boom in Auckland
Kauri Boom in Auckland
22
Other Timbers
•New species were used as Kauri began to
run out. Kahikatea was found to be especially
good for making boxes for exporting butter
(Butter-Box Wood) and 95% of the existing
stands were felled.
•Rimu and Totara were also cut down.
•By the 1890’s there were calls to regulate the
destruction of the native forests.
•With the removal of the Kauri from the
northern forests the way was cleared for
another industry to develop.
•The Collection of Kauri Gum, initially form the
cleared forests then later from the swampland
that surrounded the area.
Other Timbers
•New species were used as Kauri began to
run out. Kahikatea was found to be especially
good for making boxes for exporting butter
(Butter-Box Wood) and 95% of the existing
stands were felled.
•Rimu and Totara were also cut down.
•By the 1890’s there were calls to regulate the
destruction of the native forests.
•With the removal of the Kauri from the
northern forests the way was cleared for
another industry to develop.
•The Collection of Kauri Gum, initially form the
cleared forests then later from the swampland
that surrounded the area.
23
Kauri Gum
•A by-product of Kauri was the large
amounts of resin (gum) which was
produced by the trees.
•Maori had used it in fire making, tattooing
and as chewing gum.
•Europeans saw this as a product useful in
the production of varnish.
•It could be tapped, found or dug up.
•The gum on the ground was soon
exhausted, then it was dug up from
swamps.
•It attracted Maori and Europeans but
especially “Austrians” from Dalmatia.
•In 1899 11,116 tonnes were exported.
Kauri Gum
•A by-product of Kauri was the large
amounts of resin (gum) which was
produced by the trees.
•Maori had used it in fire making, tattooing
and as chewing gum.
•Europeans saw this as a product useful in
the production of varnish.
•It could be tapped, found or dug up.
•The gum on the ground was soon
exhausted, then it was dug up from
swamps.
•It attracted Maori and Europeans but
especially “Austrians” from Dalmatia.
•In 1899 11,116 tonnes were exported.
24
Pastoralism
•Pastoralism was based around Sheep. The first big flocks were established in
the Wairarapa, soon its spread into Marlborough. Initially Canterbury and
Otago opposed the practice but economic sense eventually prevailed.
•Good prices for Wool encouraged the development of large farms (Runs) so
that a few Run-holders could own large tracts of the southern tussock-lands.
•By 1880 500 Runs of 5000 acres or more existed. By 1890 1% of the South
Island’s landowners controlled 78% of its land area.
•Until development of the Corriedale farmers relied upon the Australian bred
Merino which produced good wool but was susceptible to foot rot in New
Zealand’s climate.
•These runs grew with the help of itinerant labour who worked as shepherds,
and later the large shearing gangs used to collect the wool. They created a
type of royalty in the South.
•In the 1880’s the great Depression drove down the price of all Agricultural
products including wool. The Rural sector was hard hit with Farms being
foreclosed, unemployment rose.
Pastoralism
•Pastoralism was based around Sheep. The first big flocks were established in
the Wairarapa, soon its spread into Marlborough. Initially Canterbury and
Otago opposed the practice but economic sense eventually prevailed.
•Good prices for Wool encouraged the development of large farms (Runs) so
that a few Run-holders could own large tracts of the southern tussock-lands.
•By 1880 500 Runs of 5000 acres or more existed. By 1890 1% of the South
Island’s landowners controlled 78% of its land area.
•Until development of the Corriedale farmers relied upon the Australian bred
Merino which produced good wool but was susceptible to foot rot in New
Zealand’s climate.
•These runs grew with the help of itinerant labour who worked as shepherds,
and later the large shearing gangs used to collect the wool. They created a
type of royalty in the South.
•In the 1880’s the great Depression drove down the price of all Agricultural
products including wool. The Rural sector was hard hit with Farms being
foreclosed, unemployment rose.
25
Mesopotamia
•Samuel Butler established this Station “Mesopotamia” in 1860 and left in 1864 after
doubling his money.
Mesopotamia
•Samuel Butler established this Station “Mesopotamia” in 1860 and left in 1864 after
doubling his money.
26
Taylors Station Canterbury
Taylors Station Canterbury
27
Corriedale Sheep
Corriedale Sheep
28
New Zealand, she has many ships!
“Morrocan Trader 1987”
•Through the 1860’s and 1870’s sheep
were King. This was mainly in the value
of the wool produced.
•In 1876 a depression hit international
wool prices.
•This was exacerbated by the impact on
the tussock by the rabbit.
•In Otago sheep numbers at the Moa Flat
station were reduced from 120,000 to
45,000 head. By 1887 about 1½m acres
of land had been abandoned in the two
provinces alone.
•Sheep breeds used in NZ included:
•Merino
•Lincoln
•Romney Marsh
•Cheviot
•Corriedale
New Zealand, she has many ships!
“Morrocan Trader 1987”
•Through the 1860’s and 1870’s sheep
were King. This was mainly in the value
of the wool produced.
•In 1876 a depression hit international
wool prices.
•This was exacerbated by the impact on
the tussock by the rabbit.
•In Otago sheep numbers at the Moa Flat
station were reduced from 120,000 to
45,000 head. By 1887 about 1½m acres
of land had been abandoned in the two
provinces alone.
•Sheep breeds used in NZ included:
•Merino
•Lincoln
•Romney Marsh
•Cheviot
•Corriedale
29
Refrigeration
•The second phase in the development of
sheep farming began with the successful
marketing of a cargo of frozen mutton and
lamb in London in May 1882.
•The success of this pioneering shipment
encouraged other sheep owners to export
carcasses on their own account, or to form
exporting companies.
•In 1882 some 30,500 carcasses, mainly
mutton, were exported.
•By 1892 the total had reached 1.9 million,
and by 1900 over 3 million.
•Sheep farming now had two sources of
income.
•In the north the newly opened up lands
especially around Taranaki, Auckland and
Waikato allowe Dairying to begin.
Refrigeration
•The second phase in the development of
sheep farming began with the successful
marketing of a cargo of frozen mutton and
lamb in London in May 1882.
•The success of this pioneering shipment
encouraged other sheep owners to export
carcasses on their own account, or to form
exporting companies.
•In 1882 some 30,500 carcasses, mainly
mutton, were exported.
•By 1892 the total had reached 1.9 million,
and by 1900 over 3 million.
•Sheep farming now had two sources of
income.
•In the north the newly opened up lands
especially around Taranaki, Auckland and
Waikato allowe Dairying to begin.
30
Cows
•The new dairy industry grew rapidly.
•Small local farms with 10-20 head
grew into larger and larger farms with
hundred of cows especially as
mechanisation improved productivity.
•Large areas of new land were cleared
for farming; the use of fertilisers,
particularly phosphates, improved
strains of pasture plants, and better
methods of pasture management
made possible the feeding of larger
numbers of dairy cows .
•Dairying developed rapidly in the
North Island, especially in Taranaki.
•Now as well as meat and hides,
butter and cheese could be exported.
•Farmers Co-operatives developed.
Cows
•The new dairy industry grew rapidly.
•Small local farms with 10-20 head
grew into larger and larger farms with
hundred of cows especially as
mechanisation improved productivity.
•Large areas of new land were cleared
for farming; the use of fertilisers,
particularly phosphates, improved
strains of pasture plants, and better
methods of pasture management
made possible the feeding of larger
numbers of dairy cows .
•Dairying developed rapidly in the
North Island, especially in Taranaki.
•Now as well as meat and hides,
butter and cheese could be exported.
•Farmers Co-operatives developed.
31
Taranaki Dairy Farm 1900
Taranaki Dairy Farm 1900
32
Edendale Dairy factory 1895
Edendale Dairy factory 1895
33
Midhurst Dairy factory 1900
Midhurst Dairy factory 1900
34
Export 1853-1913
•a
Export 1853-1913
•a
35
Reading and Activities
•Read p146-7 and 181-7 C of C
•Activity 1 Page 187 C of C
•Pages 79-81 WON
•SC #16
•Pages 194-5, 236 King
Reading and Activities
•Read p146-7 and 181-7 C of C
•Activity 1 Page 187 C of C
•Pages 79-81 WON
•SC #16
•Pages 194-5, 236 King
36
1870-1880
•This decade is dominated by a Jewish Politician, Julius Vogel who was
Treasurer and eventually Premier.
•He decided that the country needed more people and more investment.
•He borrowed money from London to fund an ambitious infrastructure
development and immigration scheme.
•During this period railway and road networks were increased dramatically
linking much of the country together.
•Large numbers of Migrants arrived from Britain and Europe to break in the
areas opened up by the railways.
•Provincial Governments which stood in the way were abolished, as
improved communication now allowed the centralisation of Government
•Just as New Zealand’s future looked bright, international upheavals saw the
proposed benefits disappear into depression.
•Te Kooti retreats into the King Country ending armed Maori resistance.
1870-1880
•This decade is dominated by a Jewish Politician, Julius Vogel who was
Treasurer and eventually Premier.
•He decided that the country needed more people and more investment.
•He borrowed money from London to fund an ambitious infrastructure
development and immigration scheme.
•During this period railway and road networks were increased dramatically
linking much of the country together.
•Large numbers of Migrants arrived from Britain and Europe to break in the
areas opened up by the railways.
•Provincial Governments which stood in the way were abolished, as
improved communication now allowed the centralisation of Government
•Just as New Zealand’s future looked bright, international upheavals saw the
proposed benefits disappear into depression.
•Te Kooti retreats into the King Country ending armed Maori resistance.
37
Forward Reading
•Pages 208-218 C of C
•Pages 87-92 WON
•Pages 227-231 King
Forward Reading
•Pages 208-218 C of C
•Pages 87-92 WON
•Pages 227-231 King
38
Sir Julius Vogel
•From 1865 to 1869 Vogel was effectively leader of the
opposition until becoming Treasurer in 1869.
•He is most famous for his migration and investment
schemes. He realized that New Zealand’s problems
were a result of poor transport systems and the small
size of its population.
•Poor transport restricted the movement of goods and
people. It limited the expansion of the economy.
•The small population meant development of rural
areas was slow and that business had a small market
to sell to.
•As Colonial Treasurer Vogel expounded his scheme of
massive public works and immigration proposing
borrowing ten million pounds to construct roads,
railways and telegraphs.
•He also set up State Life Insurance in 1869 and the
Public Trust Office in 1872.
•SEE DNZB Handout Extension Reading
Sir Julius Vogel
•From 1865 to 1869 Vogel was effectively leader of the
opposition until becoming Treasurer in 1869.
•He is most famous for his migration and investment
schemes. He realized that New Zealand’s problems
were a result of poor transport systems and the small
size of its population.
•Poor transport restricted the movement of goods and
people. It limited the expansion of the economy.
•The small population meant development of rural
areas was slow and that business had a small market
to sell to.
•As Colonial Treasurer Vogel expounded his scheme of
massive public works and immigration proposing
borrowing ten million pounds to construct roads,
railways and telegraphs.
•He also set up State Life Insurance in 1869 and the
Public Trust Office in 1872.
•SEE DNZB Handout Extension Reading
39
Vogel’s Migrant Scheme.
•Between 1870 and 1880 more people arrived than
did under Wakefield in the 1840’s or in the 1860’s
Gold rushes. In this decade 100,000 assisted and
another 40,000 unassisted migrants arrived.
•In 1873 alone, almost 32,000 immigrants arrived
in New Zealand followed by 18,000 the following
year.
•Amongst the unassisted migrants were 5,000
Chinese although only half stayed.
•Most of the assisted migrants arrived as part of
the Public Works Policy and thus went to Otago
and Canterbury where most of these projects
especially rail were located.Migrants by Destination
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Otago
Canterbury
Wellington
Auckland
Hawkes
Bay Vogels Migrants by Source
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
English
Irish
Scot
German
Dane
Norwegian
Swede
French
Italian
Vogel’s Migrant Scheme.
•Between 1870 and 1880 more people arrived than
did under Wakefield in the 1840’s or in the 1860’s
Gold rushes. In this decade 100,000 assisted and
another 40,000 unassisted migrants arrived.
•In 1873 alone, almost 32,000 immigrants arrived
in New Zealand followed by 18,000 the following
year.
•Amongst the unassisted migrants were 5,000
Chinese although only half stayed.
•Most of the assisted migrants arrived as part of
the Public Works Policy and thus went to Otago
and Canterbury where most of these projects
especially rail were located.Migrants by Destination
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Otago
Canterbury
Wellington
Auckland
Hawkes
Bay Vogels Migrants by Source
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
English
Irish
Scot
German
Dane
Norwegian
Swede
French
Italian
41
Vogel’s Borrowing
•He adopted a bold expansionist policy
with plans to bring thousands of assisted
immigrants to New Zealand, to construct
roads, railways, bridges and telegraph
lines, and to purchase Maori land for
European settlement.
•Vogel planned to lend £10M but
eventually borrowed twice that much.
•The programme was to be financed by
borrowing, by paying for works with land
grants, and by increases in government
revenue resulting from the expanding
economy. Vogel planned to set aside 6M
acres to help pay for the scheme.
•The scheme was popular within the
country. Critics of the policy were
overwhelmed by the supporters who
anticipated increased employment, a rise
in land values and a booming economy.
Vogel’s Borrowing
•He adopted a bold expansionist policy
with plans to bring thousands of assisted
immigrants to New Zealand, to construct
roads, railways, bridges and telegraph
lines, and to purchase Maori land for
European settlement.
•Vogel planned to lend £10M but
eventually borrowed twice that much.
•The programme was to be financed by
borrowing, by paying for works with land
grants, and by increases in government
revenue resulting from the expanding
economy. Vogel planned to set aside 6M
acres to help pay for the scheme.
•The scheme was popular within the
country. Critics of the policy were
overwhelmed by the supporters who
anticipated increased employment, a rise
in land values and a booming economy.
42
Here and There
Here and There
43
The Needlewoman
The Needlewoman
44
The Origins of Migrants
•Vogels Migrants were
attracted from all over Britain.
•The ability of Immigration
Agents and the local
conditions (economic/social)
often influenced how many
people came from any one
region.
The Origins of Migrants
•Vogels Migrants were
attracted from all over Britain.
•The ability of Immigration
Agents and the local
conditions (economic/social)
often influenced how many
people came from any one
region.
45
Vogel Migrants 1870-1900
•a
Vogel Migrants 1870-1900
•a
46
Class ‘A’ Locomotive
Class ‘A’ Locomotive
47
The Rimutaka Hill Road 1870’s
The Rimutaka Hill Road 1870’s
48
Carriage in 40 Mile Bush Dannevirke
Carriage in 40 Mile Bush Dannevirke
49
Success or Failure?
•140,000 new immigrants. Overall the population doubled in
size.
•4,000 miles of telegraph line.
•1,000 miles of railway line including the South Island main
trunk line was built. Most of the North Islands was also built.
•New areas like 70 mile bush (Wairarapa) the Manawatu and
the West Coast were opened up.
•Canterbury wheat fields increased five-fold (50,000 to
250,000 acres).
•The Number of Factories doubled in this decade. (836 to
1643 as did the number employed here).
•Rail opened up the West Coast coalfields. (Brunner)
•The abolition of the Provinces allowed a more efficient
Government of the Country.
•When the depression began to emerge the Government was
stretched. Revenues had not reached predictions, loans
became harder to find and to fund.
•Lacking any vision the Government reduced spending.
Success or Failure?
•140,000 new immigrants. Overall the population doubled in
size.
•4,000 miles of telegraph line.
•1,000 miles of railway line including the South Island main
trunk line was built. Most of the North Islands was also built.
•New areas like 70 mile bush (Wairarapa) the Manawatu and
the West Coast were opened up.
•Canterbury wheat fields increased five-fold (50,000 to
250,000 acres).
•The Number of Factories doubled in this decade. (836 to
1643 as did the number employed here).
•Rail opened up the West Coast coalfields. (Brunner)
•The abolition of the Provinces allowed a more efficient
Government of the Country.
•When the depression began to emerge the Government was
stretched. Revenues had not reached predictions, loans
became harder to find and to fund.
•Lacking any vision the Government reduced spending.
50
Scapegoat
Grand scapegoat procession. The Tories and Renegades taking Vogel into the wilderness with all their sins.
Cartoon shows G. Fisher giving conflicting election promises, Grey pushing with Atkinson and
Bryce pulling a wheel chair into which a goat (i.e. Vogel) is bound. The scene is a path in front
of craggy mountains, where vultures are hovering
Published in 1887
Scapegoat
Grand scapegoat procession. The Tories and Renegades taking Vogel into the wilderness with all their sins.
Cartoon shows G. Fisher giving conflicting election promises, Grey pushing with Atkinson and
Bryce pulling a wheel chair into which a goat (i.e. Vogel) is bound. The scene is a path in front
of craggy mountains, where vultures are hovering
Published in 1887
51
Reading and Activities
•Complete Act Page 212 C of C
•Read pages 212 –218
•Complete Act Page 218
•Read the handout:
•“Politics Shapes the Economy” pages 58 –66.
•Complete all activities except the Essays at the
end in the handout.
•Briefly describe the Historiography attributed to
Vogel; identify at least one Historian who views
Vogel favourably and one who does not, give
reasons. (Page 218 C of C).
Reading and Activities
•Complete Act Page 212 C of C
•Read pages 212 –218
•Complete Act Page 218
•Read the handout:
•“Politics Shapes the Economy” pages 58 –66.
•Complete all activities except the Essays at the
end in the handout.
•Briefly describe the Historiography attributed to
Vogel; identify at least one Historian who views
Vogel favourably and one who does not, give
reasons. (Page 218 C of C).
52
Pakeha Population of NZ 1843-1893
Taken from Politics Shapes the Nation
•a0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
1843 1854 1863 1873 1883 1893
Female
Male
Total
Pakeha Population of NZ 1843-1893
Taken from Politics Shapes the Nation
•a0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
1843 1854 1863 1873 1883 1893
Female
Male
Total
53
Reading and Activities
Groups Effected by Economic Change
•Read Page 219 –230 C of C
•Activities C of C page 224 page 227 (1-4) page 229 (1-2) page 231 (1-2)
•Read Pages 95 –96 WON
Reading and Activities
Groups Effected by Economic Change
•Read Page 219 –230 C of C
•Activities C of C page 224 page 227 (1-4) page 229 (1-2) page 231 (1-2)
•Read Pages 95 –96 WON
54
Economic developments effect on Maori
•After the wars Maori increasingly found that manual labour was one means
of offsetting their loss of land. Maori worked mainly on the fringes of the
economy, usually labour intensive employment mainly in the rural areas
where their population was concentrated.
•Maori economic development was severely limited by their inability to
access money for development. Maori could not raise a mortgage on land
that was communally owned.
•Some tribes became actively involved in tourism especially near geographic
wonders like the Pink and White Terraces or simply as Guides for explorers.
•As pastoralism expanded, Maori provided many of the necessary shearing
gangs, an activity which suited their Whanau based way of life. Others
became farm labourers.
•Rural areas became divided into Pakeha farmers and Maori labourers.
•Education provided by Native Schools concentrated on basic skills. Courses
qualified them only as farm labour or domestic help.
•Few Maori were able to progress beyond primary level which further limited
their employment opportunities.
Economic developments effect on Maori
•After the wars Maori increasingly found that manual labour was one means
of offsetting their loss of land. Maori worked mainly on the fringes of the
economy, usually labour intensive employment mainly in the rural areas
where their population was concentrated.
•Maori economic development was severely limited by their inability to
access money for development. Maori could not raise a mortgage on land
that was communally owned.
•Some tribes became actively involved in tourism especially near geographic
wonders like the Pink and White Terraces or simply as Guides for explorers.
•As pastoralism expanded, Maori provided many of the necessary shearing
gangs, an activity which suited their Whanau based way of life. Others
became farm labourers.
•Rural areas became divided into Pakeha farmers and Maori labourers.
•Education provided by Native Schools concentrated on basic skills. Courses
qualified them only as farm labour or domestic help.
•Few Maori were able to progress beyond primary level which further limited
their employment opportunities.
55
1880-1890
•This decade is when New Zealand’s distant geographic position and relatively weak
economic base caused it to suffer extensively from the Depression which would last
into the 1890’s.
•The national reliance on agricultural produce saw widespread unemployment and
poverty as export prices fell, and Governments retrenched (reduced their spending).
•The development of refrigerated transportation changed export farming with the
diversification from simply Wool to include Meat and Dairy products and developed
farming in the North.
•It is a period when Politics matured and moved forward.
•The franchise is extended in 1879 (Males over 21) and again in 1889 (ends property
qualification).
•Loose Political affiliations developed towards Party’s with manifestoes and leaders
who marshalled and controlled votes.
•Maori began to search for alternative forms of protest (Repudiation, Parihaka) or
representation (Kotahitanga)
•The faint stirrings of Social reform began to emerge on the back of international
labour, suffrage and prohibition movements.
1880-1890
•This decade is when New Zealand’s distant geographic position and relatively weak
economic base caused it to suffer extensively from the Depression which would last
into the 1890’s.
•The national reliance on agricultural produce saw widespread unemployment and
poverty as export prices fell, and Governments retrenched (reduced their spending).
•The development of refrigerated transportation changed export farming with the
diversification from simply Wool to include Meat and Dairy products and developed
farming in the North.
•It is a period when Politics matured and moved forward.
•The franchise is extended in 1879 (Males over 21) and again in 1889 (ends property
qualification).
•Loose Political affiliations developed towards Party’s with manifestoes and leaders
who marshalled and controlled votes.
•Maori began to search for alternative forms of protest (Repudiation, Parihaka) or
representation (Kotahitanga)
•The faint stirrings of Social reform began to emerge on the back of international
labour, suffrage and prohibition movements.
56
The downward spiral
Farmers incomes
fall, they cut costs
by employing fewer
labourers and cutting
Back on spending.
International prices
for wool fall. This signals
a general decline in
commodity prices.
As suppliers incomes
fall they also cut costs
employing fewer workers
and cutting back on spending
With most peoples incomes falling
less and less is spent, Public &
Private Retrenchments continue.
Business confidence is low so little is
invested in new ventures –people
prefer to save their money. (Banks
fail)
With its tax collections
falling the Government
also reduces spending,
especially in employment
and supplies. (Retrenchment)
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
The downward spiral
Farmers incomes
fall, they cut costs
by employing fewer
labourers and cutting
Back on spending.
International prices
for wool fall. This signals
a general decline in
commodity prices.
As suppliers incomes
fall they also cut costs
employing fewer workers
and cutting back on spending
With most peoples incomes falling
less and less is spent, Public &
Private Retrenchments continue.
Business confidence is low so little is
invested in new ventures –people
prefer to save their money. (Banks
fail)
With its tax collections
falling the Government
also reduces spending,
especially in employment
and supplies. (Retrenchment)
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
57
The Downward Economic Spiral
1. Overseas (or large local) Banks recall funds or make it harder (more expensive) to lend from
them. Large Businesses and Government can no longer borrow to fund investment or
expansion.
2. They spend less locally as they try to continue to pay for previous borrowings. Government
spending on infrastructure (road rail etc.) is reduced. Government employees are laid off.
3. With less money being spent Local Businesses (Wool Buyers) have less money to invest.
4. They purchase less from their suppliers (farmers) and try to reduce their own costs (push
down prices). This may close some businesses (reduce stock, foreclosure) or employ fewer
people. (farm labourers). They may reduce their prices to encourage sales or to become
more competitive (wool prices).
5. With fewer people employed there is less money spent on luxuries (housing, clothes). Later
less is spent on essentials as people ‘make do’ or find cheaper alternatives. (farm supplies
and services)
6. With less being spent in local businesses they are forced to further reduce spending –more
redundancies occur. (drovers, shearers, labourers, shop workers, Woollen mills etc.)
7. Widespread unemployment occurs. Demands on charities increase as people fail to earn
enough to feed themselves. (Salvation Army etc.)
8. Some leave the area (urbanisation) or the country (Australia) in search of better
opportunities.
9. Repeat steps 4-6 and increase step 7 endlessly. The Depression runs from about 1879 to
1896) .
The Downward Economic Spiral
1. Overseas (or large local) Banks recall funds or make it harder (more expensive) to lend from
them. Large Businesses and Government can no longer borrow to fund investment or
expansion.
2. They spend less locally as they try to continue to pay for previous borrowings. Government
spending on infrastructure (road rail etc.) is reduced. Government employees are laid off.
3. With less money being spent Local Businesses (Wool Buyers) have less money to invest.
4. They purchase less from their suppliers (farmers) and try to reduce their own costs (push
down prices). This may close some businesses (reduce stock, foreclosure) or employ fewer
people. (farm labourers). They may reduce their prices to encourage sales or to become
more competitive (wool prices).
5. With fewer people employed there is less money spent on luxuries (housing, clothes). Later
less is spent on essentials as people ‘make do’ or find cheaper alternatives. (farm supplies
and services)
6. With less being spent in local businesses they are forced to further reduce spending –more
redundancies occur. (drovers, shearers, labourers, shop workers, Woollen mills etc.)
7. Widespread unemployment occurs. Demands on charities increase as people fail to earn
enough to feed themselves. (Salvation Army etc.)
8. Some leave the area (urbanisation) or the country (Australia) in search of better
opportunities.
9. Repeat steps 4-6 and increase step 7 endlessly. The Depression runs from about 1879 to
1896) .
58
Depression: The Economics of it.
•Every Depression is different but there are some commonalities…
•A depression is caused by the collapse of confidence within the Business or
Government Sectors.
•In the 1880’s confidence was affected by the collapse of an overseas Bank.
•When confidence is lost, money is withdrawn from the market or becomes
harder to find for investors. Investors look for ‘safe’ investments.
•Traditionally in a depression Governments would Retrench (Limit or reduce
their own spending)
•This can be made worse if the Economy is based on Agriculture. Primary
sector goods are of low value, and margins are often thin. It can take years
for farmers to rebuild their capacity.
•New Zealand has a small economy and relies on external investment to
revive it –if overseas investors are in a depression as well, then NZ is rarely
their first choice.
Depression: The Economics of it.
•Every Depression is different but there are some commonalities…
•A depression is caused by the collapse of confidence within the Business or
Government Sectors.
•In the 1880’s confidence was affected by the collapse of an overseas Bank.
•When confidence is lost, money is withdrawn from the market or becomes
harder to find for investors. Investors look for ‘safe’ investments.
•Traditionally in a depression Governments would Retrench (Limit or reduce
their own spending)
•This can be made worse if the Economy is based on Agriculture. Primary
sector goods are of low value, and margins are often thin. It can take years
for farmers to rebuild their capacity.
•New Zealand has a small economy and relies on external investment to
revive it –if overseas investors are in a depression as well, then NZ is rarely
their first choice.
59
1880’s DEPRESSION
•Wool prices fell, Gold began to become scarce and the rabbit plague damaged the
pastoralism in the South.
•1878 the Bank of Glasgowa big investor in NZ collapsed. Its investments were
recalled (they asked for their money back)and unemployment increased dramatically.
•The Grey Government was heavily in Debt which did not engender faith from
Business leaders. Banks were reluctant to lend to the Government. Economic
downturn led to Political instability.
•1882 the Australian market for NZ Wheat collapsed.
•The Depression effected the South Island almost immediate.
•The North was able to weather the storm for 5 years as it relied less on sheep than
the South and the continued availability of Maori land kept its economy buoyant.
1880’s DEPRESSION
•Wool prices fell, Gold began to become scarce and the rabbit plague damaged the
pastoralism in the South.
•1878 the Bank of Glasgowa big investor in NZ collapsed. Its investments were
recalled (they asked for their money back)and unemployment increased dramatically.
•The Grey Government was heavily in Debt which did not engender faith from
Business leaders. Banks were reluctant to lend to the Government. Economic
downturn led to Political instability.
•1882 the Australian market for NZ Wheat collapsed.
•The Depression effected the South Island almost immediate.
•The North was able to weather the storm for 5 years as it relied less on sheep than
the South and the continued availability of Maori land kept its economy buoyant.
60
Reading and Activities
“The Great Depression”
•Read page 243 –248 C of C
•Read Pages 99-100 WON
•Read Pages 233-38 King
•Complete SC #20
Reading and Activities
“The Great Depression”
•Read page 243 –248 C of C
•Read Pages 99-100 WON
•Read Pages 233-38 King
•Complete SC #20
61
Activities
•Complete Act 1 –5 Page 240 C of C
•Complete Act 2 Page 242 C of C
•Complete SC #19
Activities
•Complete Act 1 –5 Page 240 C of C
•Complete Act 2 Page 242 C of C
•Complete SC #19
62
Government
Legislative Council
Appointed by the
Government.
Parliament
Members Elected by
Voters.
Governor General
Appointed by
British Government
Bills are introduced to
Parliament and are then voted
on 3 times, before being
passed on to the Legislative
Council which votes on it,
before being passed through
to the GG for to be signed
when it become an Act.
Bills can be vetoed by either
the Legislative Council or by
the GG. In 1891 Atkinson
stacked the Council with his
supporters who then held up
many of their reforms.
Government
Legislative Council
Appointed by the
Government.
Parliament
Members Elected by
Voters.
Governor General
Appointed by
British Government
Bills are introduced to
Parliament and are then voted
on 3 times, before being
passed on to the Legislative
Council which votes on it,
before being passed through
to the GG for to be signed
when it become an Act.
Bills can be vetoed by either
the Legislative Council or by
the GG. In 1891 Atkinson
stacked the Council with his
supporters who then held up
many of their reforms.
64
Party Politics 1878-1880
•The Grey Government was in trouble. Grey was
forced to confront some of its leading members and
lost a confidence vote allowing Hallto form a
Government.
•Hall allowed (limited) universal franchise but
preferred retrenchment. Although he survived the
1881 election he lost the majority the following year.
•Atkinsonand Whittakerled the Ministry for a year
continued retrenchment policies eventually alienating
the populace.
•Vogel then formed a Ministry with Stout, promising
change but was unable to make change.
•The Depression spread north and worsened.
•As the Decade progressed Party Politics began to
develop around like minded individuals.
Stout
Party Politics 1878-1880
•The Grey Government was in trouble. Grey was
forced to confront some of its leading members and
lost a confidence vote allowing Hallto form a
Government.
•Hall allowed (limited) universal franchise but
preferred retrenchment. Although he survived the
1881 election he lost the majority the following year.
•Atkinsonand Whittakerled the Ministry for a year
continued retrenchment policies eventually alienating
the populace.
•Vogel then formed a Ministry with Stout, promising
change but was unable to make change.
•The Depression spread north and worsened.
•As the Decade progressed Party Politics began to
develop around like minded individuals.
Stout
65
Harry Atkinson
•Atkinson was colonial treasurer for 10 years
between 1875 and 1891, through most of the
worst years of the depression.
•He tried to contain borrowing within
manageable limits, but he would never consent
to cut it off altogether because so many of the
immigrants of the 1870s were not settled on
their own land but remained dependent on
public works.
•Eventually Atkinson's prudent management
made it possible for the Liberals to plan
expansion from a relatively steady base when
more favourable conditions opened up in the
1890s.
Harry Atkinson
•Atkinson was colonial treasurer for 10 years
between 1875 and 1891, through most of the
worst years of the depression.
•He tried to contain borrowing within
manageable limits, but he would never consent
to cut it off altogether because so many of the
immigrants of the 1870s were not settled on
their own land but remained dependent on
public works.
•Eventually Atkinson's prudent management
made it possible for the Liberals to plan
expansion from a relatively steady base when
more favourable conditions opened up in the
1890s.
66
The Scarecrow Ministry
•Atkinson was again invited to form a Government, but
had to appease the (Southern) Run Holders and the
Auckland Bloc who both favoured further retrenchment.
•1887-8 The Depression worsened. Every interest group
had their own solution including closing schools,
eradicating pests (rabbits), removing transport costs
even removing run-holders….others preferred the idea
of using tariffs to protect small businesses.
•Protectionist Leagues were set up especially in the
South Island.
•Atkinson could achieve little given the divisions in his
Ministry but was finally able to authorise a small loan in
1887 and small tariff in 1888.
•In 1889 parliament passed the Representation Act
strengthening the Rural Vote but abolishing the plural
vote.
Historiography: Page 248
Party Politics
The Scarecrow Ministry
•Atkinson was again invited to form a Government, but
had to appease the (Southern) Run Holders and the
Auckland Bloc who both favoured further retrenchment.
•1887-8 The Depression worsened. Every interest group
had their own solution including closing schools,
eradicating pests (rabbits), removing transport costs
even removing run-holders….others preferred the idea
of using tariffs to protect small businesses.
•Protectionist Leagues were set up especially in the
South Island.
•Atkinson could achieve little given the divisions in his
Ministry but was finally able to authorise a small loan in
1887 and small tariff in 1888.
•In 1889 parliament passed the Representation Act
strengthening the Rural Vote but abolishing the plural
vote.
Historiography: Page 248
Party Politics
67
The Franchise
•1852-Voting confined to Males who own
Land (£50 Rural £10 Urban) Maori are
effectively disenfranchised
•1867-4 Maori Seats established. A ‘short
term’ measure.
•1879-Franchise broadened –land
ownership requirement abolished.
•1889–Representation Act establishes a
country quota.
•1893–Women receive the Vote. Effective
Universal Suffrage.
The Franchise
•1852-Voting confined to Males who own
Land (£50 Rural £10 Urban) Maori are
effectively disenfranchised
•1867-4 Maori Seats established. A ‘short
term’ measure.
•1879-Franchise broadened –land
ownership requirement abolished.
•1889–Representation Act establishes a
country quota.
•1893–Women receive the Vote. Effective
Universal Suffrage.
68
Forward Reading
•Read Pages 93-109 C of C
•Read Pages 48 –50 WON
Extension Reading:
The Native Land Court and Maori Communities:
Binney
Maori Prophet Leaders: Binney
General Whitmore
Forward Reading
•Read Pages 93-109 C of C
•Read Pages 48 –50 WON
Extension Reading:
The Native Land Court and Maori Communities:
Binney
Maori Prophet Leaders: Binney
General Whitmore
69
Repudiation
Repudiation
70
Henry Russell DBNZ
•From March 1872 Henry Russell addressed
meetings called to rally support for the
Repudiationmovement.
•Russell proposed proceedings be taken in
the Supreme Court to upset flawed land
deeds, and exert pressure on the
government to investigate land deals.
•Leading chiefs andsettlers favoured such
an investigation.
•The Hawke's Bay Native Lands Alienation
Commission was appointed. It sat in Napier
from 3 February to 12 April 1873,but spent
most of its time investigating the
Heretaunga purchase. Other prominent
leases were not investigated.
•At Maori meetings Russell backed Henare
Matua's appeals for contributions, he
advanced locsl chiefs money, taking
mortgages over their land as security.
Henry Russell
Henry Russell DBNZ
•From March 1872 Henry Russell addressed
meetings called to rally support for the
Repudiationmovement.
•Russell proposed proceedings be taken in
the Supreme Court to upset flawed land
deeds, and exert pressure on the
government to investigate land deals.
•Leading chiefs andsettlers favoured such
an investigation.
•The Hawke's Bay Native Lands Alienation
Commission was appointed. It sat in Napier
from 3 February to 12 April 1873,but spent
most of its time investigating the
Heretaunga purchase. Other prominent
leases were not investigated.
•At Maori meetings Russell backed Henare
Matua's appeals for contributions, he
advanced locsl chiefs money, taking
mortgages over their land as security.
Henry Russell
71
Henare Matua DBNZ
•Henare Matua had seen his people unjustly deprived
of their land, for the Crown ignored the objections of
those who did not wish to sell. Surveys had begun on
the blocks acquired this way. Other blocks had been
taken without consultation for railways, roads and
telegraph lines. Matua regarded the Native Land
Court as the instrument of the Crown and of private
buyers; he demanded that control should be in the
hands of the runanga.
•In this situation the Hawke's Bay Repudiation
movement emerged. By 1871 Henare was co-
operating fully with the brothers H. R. and T. P.
Russell, seeking by legal action to upset previous
land deals.
•The Repudiationmovement attracted the attention of
most Hawke's Bay Maori. Henare Matua, its chief
Maori spokesman, addressed a number of meetings,
and told his hearers that the Russells could get their
tribal lands back if sufficient funds were raised.
Henare Matua DBNZ
•Henare Matua had seen his people unjustly deprived
of their land, for the Crown ignored the objections of
those who did not wish to sell. Surveys had begun on
the blocks acquired this way. Other blocks had been
taken without consultation for railways, roads and
telegraph lines. Matua regarded the Native Land
Court as the instrument of the Crown and of private
buyers; he demanded that control should be in the
hands of the runanga.
•In this situation the Hawke's Bay Repudiation
movement emerged. By 1871 Henare was co-
operating fully with the brothers H. R. and T. P.
Russell, seeking by legal action to upset previous
land deals.
•The Repudiationmovement attracted the attention of
most Hawke's Bay Maori. Henare Matua, its chief
Maori spokesman, addressed a number of meetings,
and told his hearers that the Russells could get their
tribal lands back if sufficient funds were raised.
72
Activities
•Page 96 C of C
•Page 98 C of C
•SC #11
Major Kemp and his wife
Activities
•Page 96 C of C
•Page 98 C of C
•SC #11
Major Kemp and his wife
73
Activities
•Page 107 C of C
•Page 109 C of C
•SC #12 WON
Activities
•Page 107 C of C
•Page 109 C of C
•SC #12 WON
74
Economic Change
•Economic change was tied to innovation and industry. Refrigeration opened
up a new opportunity for farmers. Regions like Canterbury and Taranaki
prospered as Dairying expanded.
•Manufacturing expanded based on the expansion of transport especially
railways. Manufacturing employment grew by 66% in the 1880’s.
•Despite the fall in export earnings Incomes did not fall but Real Incomes
stagnated. Refrigeration expanded farming into new products and regions
but Wool had reached saturation rates in areas developed for pastoralism,
and Gold extraction had declined, creating the feel of a Depression.
•The ‘Depression’ had created a lot of social unrest and resulted in Social
activism and the gradual emergence of a fledgling Union Movement.
•The 1889 Watersiders Strike showed that collective bargaining had arrived.
Economic Change
•Economic change was tied to innovation and industry. Refrigeration opened
up a new opportunity for farmers. Regions like Canterbury and Taranaki
prospered as Dairying expanded.
•Manufacturing expanded based on the expansion of transport especially
railways. Manufacturing employment grew by 66% in the 1880’s.
•Despite the fall in export earnings Incomes did not fall but Real Incomes
stagnated. Refrigeration expanded farming into new products and regions
but Wool had reached saturation rates in areas developed for pastoralism,
and Gold extraction had declined, creating the feel of a Depression.
•The ‘Depression’ had created a lot of social unrest and resulted in Social
activism and the gradual emergence of a fledgling Union Movement.
•The 1889 Watersiders Strike showed that collective bargaining had arrived.
75
New Ideas from the 1880’s
•At the end of the 1880’s a new mood had emerged. Increasingly people
began to join together to agitate for change or to simply exploit their collective
power.
•The perception that the best land was owned by a few saw the creation of a
Land Nationalisation League. Breaking up the great estates became a political
issue.
•The desire to create a State bank to help control the Economy and dilute the
power of foreign banks grew.
•Working conditions increasingly came to the fore as people saw many of the
evils of Industrialisation arrive in the form of urban Slums and Sweating.
•Alcohol and its abuse and the resulting social dysfunction, saw activism for its
abolition and saw the creation of the WCTU
•Increasingly social reform was linked to Socialism, a movement that had
similar followings in Australia, the USA and Europe. Workers and Individual
Rights were increasingly seen as important.
New Ideas from the 1880’s
•At the end of the 1880’s a new mood had emerged. Increasingly people
began to join together to agitate for change or to simply exploit their collective
power.
•The perception that the best land was owned by a few saw the creation of a
Land Nationalisation League. Breaking up the great estates became a political
issue.
•The desire to create a State bank to help control the Economy and dilute the
power of foreign banks grew.
•Working conditions increasingly came to the fore as people saw many of the
evils of Industrialisation arrive in the form of urban Slums and Sweating.
•Alcohol and its abuse and the resulting social dysfunction, saw activism for its
abolition and saw the creation of the WCTU
•Increasingly social reform was linked to Socialism, a movement that had
similar followings in Australia, the USA and Europe. Workers and Individual
Rights were increasingly seen as important.
76
1890-1900
•Maori attempted to assert their independence politically achieved almost nothing with
little or no official recognition.
•The final decade is however dominated by one man and one woman.
•Identities to emerge in this period were Kate Sheppardin the suffrage movement
and Richard “King Dick” Seddonwho helped establish party politics and
shepherded through much of the Liberal Reform.
•Poverty led to Social reform and the creation of a national welfare scheme
developed, aimed at helping those who could not help themselves and taking some
of the load from overstretched local (voluntary) organisations.
•Changes in the perception of the poor and whythey were poor helped to change
public support for a safety net.
•Political Reform would see the emergence of the Suffrage movement and their
demands for both equality andprohibition. It would also see the growth of the Unions
and the Labour Movement
1890-1900
•Maori attempted to assert their independence politically achieved almost nothing with
little or no official recognition.
•The final decade is however dominated by one man and one woman.
•Identities to emerge in this period were Kate Sheppardin the suffrage movement
and Richard “King Dick” Seddonwho helped establish party politics and
shepherded through much of the Liberal Reform.
•Poverty led to Social reform and the creation of a national welfare scheme
developed, aimed at helping those who could not help themselves and taking some
of the load from overstretched local (voluntary) organisations.
•Changes in the perception of the poor and whythey were poor helped to change
public support for a safety net.
•Political Reform would see the emergence of the Suffrage movement and their
demands for both equality andprohibition. It would also see the growth of the Unions
and the Labour Movement
77
Maori Search for Self Government
•There were several attempts at the creation of a Maori Government or Parliament
•It was hoped that this Government would operate together with the Pakeha
Parliament and would control Maori areas. This was often based on interpretations of
the Treaty.
•While the Maori King had been tolerated after his withdrawal into the Ngati
Maniapoto territory, his authority had always been limited.
•Ngati Maniapoto had even been prepared to defy the King in the 1880’s in order to
achieve some economic advantage.
•After his return to Ngaruawahia the King attempted to extend his authority but was
rebuffed by surrounding tribes. He even travelled to Britain in an effort to have the
Treaty recognised.
•In other parts of the country groups attempted to set up a Maori Parliament with little
success. Maori tribalism in many ways one of its strengths was also one its major
weaknesses.
Maori Search for Self Government
•There were several attempts at the creation of a Maori Government or Parliament
•It was hoped that this Government would operate together with the Pakeha
Parliament and would control Maori areas. This was often based on interpretations of
the Treaty.
•While the Maori King had been tolerated after his withdrawal into the Ngati
Maniapoto territory, his authority had always been limited.
•Ngati Maniapoto had even been prepared to defy the King in the 1880’s in order to
achieve some economic advantage.
•After his return to Ngaruawahia the King attempted to extend his authority but was
rebuffed by surrounding tribes. He even travelled to Britain in an effort to have the
Treaty recognised.
•In other parts of the country groups attempted to set up a Maori Parliament with little
success. Maori tribalism in many ways one of its strengths was also one its major
weaknesses.
78
Maori Independence: Kotahitanga
•This movement was based around establishing
good relations between the Races. It was
based in areas where Kupapa and Pakeha
relations were strong. They did not view the
Kingites as relevant.
•It was constituted at Waitangi in 1892.
•They distrusted the policies which had
alienated Maori from their land, and sought an
end to the Land Court, an end to Government
land purchases and the establishment of Maori
local Government.
•It was not taken seriously by the Crown which
was aware that the Movement had only limited
support amongst Maori.
•It was an example of the Tribal nature of Maori
politics and the way that the Government could
manipulate this division. Ngapua Hone Heke
Maori Independence: Kotahitanga
•This movement was based around establishing
good relations between the Races. It was
based in areas where Kupapa and Pakeha
relations were strong. They did not view the
Kingites as relevant.
•It was constituted at Waitangi in 1892.
•They distrusted the policies which had
alienated Maori from their land, and sought an
end to the Land Court, an end to Government
land purchases and the establishment of Maori
local Government.
•It was not taken seriously by the Crown which
was aware that the Movement had only limited
support amongst Maori.
•It was an example of the Tribal nature of Maori
politics and the way that the Government could
manipulate this division. Ngapua Hone Heke
79
Ngapua Hone Heke DBNZ
•In 1892 Hone Heke accompanied a Nga Puhi contingent to
Waipatu, Hawke's Bay, to consider the formation of a Maori
federation. They claimed the right to establish self-rule under
the Treaty of Waitangi (especially article two) and clause 71
of the Constitution Act 1852.
•At the second session of the Maori parliament in 1893 Hone
Heke addressed the people outside and when two of the
Nga Puhi elders, heard him, they were so impressed by his
grasp of the concepts of Kotahitanga that he was asked to
address the whole assembly.
•On the same day a message was received in the Maori
parliament that Te Kooti had died. Te Kooti had prophesied
that a man of great understanding and knowledge would be
revealed on the day of his death.
•His ability to articulate and clarify issues for which a sense
of direction was being sought was masterly, and the whole
evening was given over to him.
•The impact Hone Heke made with Te Kotahitanga led to his
gaining an influential position.
•In 1893, in his early 20s, he was elected to the House of
Representatives, where he would be better able to promote
the objectives of Te Kotahitanga.
Ngapua Hone Heke DBNZ
•In 1892 Hone Heke accompanied a Nga Puhi contingent to
Waipatu, Hawke's Bay, to consider the formation of a Maori
federation. They claimed the right to establish self-rule under
the Treaty of Waitangi (especially article two) and clause 71
of the Constitution Act 1852.
•At the second session of the Maori parliament in 1893 Hone
Heke addressed the people outside and when two of the
Nga Puhi elders, heard him, they were so impressed by his
grasp of the concepts of Kotahitanga that he was asked to
address the whole assembly.
•On the same day a message was received in the Maori
parliament that Te Kooti had died. Te Kooti had prophesied
that a man of great understanding and knowledge would be
revealed on the day of his death.
•His ability to articulate and clarify issues for which a sense
of direction was being sought was masterly, and the whole
evening was given over to him.
•The impact Hone Heke made with Te Kotahitanga led to his
gaining an influential position.
•In 1893, in his early 20s, he was elected to the House of
Representatives, where he would be better able to promote
the objectives of Te Kotahitanga.
80
Maori Independence: Kauhanganui
1894
•This was an attempt by the Maori
Kingand his Great Council to define
their Rangatiratanga. Based on the
second article of the Treaty.
•The Kings power base was still
limited to a relatively small number of
Central North Island Kingite tribes.
•It did not last long.
•Mahuta who had succeeded his
father appeared to accept this when
he sponsored a candidate for the
Western Maori Seat in the General
elections.
•He later accepted a seat for himself
on the Legislative Council.
Maori Independence: Kauhanganui
1894
•This was an attempt by the Maori
Kingand his Great Council to define
their Rangatiratanga. Based on the
second article of the Treaty.
•The Kings power base was still
limited to a relatively small number of
Central North Island Kingite tribes.
•It did not last long.
•Mahuta who had succeeded his
father appeared to accept this when
he sponsored a candidate for the
Western Maori Seat in the General
elections.
•He later accepted a seat for himself
on the Legislative Council.
81
Reading and Activities
•Kotahitanga
–King Pages 326-329
–C of C Page 102
–WON Page 54
•Kauhanganui
–King Page 328
–C of C Pages 171-2
–WON Page 55
•Activities
–SC #12
–Page 100 C of C
–Page 103 C of C
Reading and Activities
•Kotahitanga
–King Pages 326-329
–C of C Page 102
–WON Page 54
•Kauhanganui
–King Page 328
–C of C Pages 171-2
–WON Page 55
•Activities
–SC #12
–Page 100 C of C
–Page 103 C of C
82
Dog Tax Rebellion 1898
Dog Tax Rebellion 1898
83
Sweating 1889.
•Social Commentators began to question the
conditions endured by some workers and
were led by Rev. Waddellof Dunedin.
•In 1889 He claimed that Sweating occurred.
The exploitation of women for low pay for
long hours. This mirrored a campaign that
was happening in Britain.
•Most colonists believed they had left such
exploitation behind and his revelation led to
outraged calls for an investigation.
•A Royal Commissioninvestigated and was
regaled by tales of poor pay and inhuman
treatment, some who gave evidence lost their
jobs.
•The Commission could not decide whether
sweating existed in the same way that it did in
Britain but did note that where Unionised
Labourexisted the worst excesses of
Industrialisation had been avoided.
See Handout
Sweating 1889.
•Social Commentators began to question the
conditions endured by some workers and
were led by Rev. Waddellof Dunedin.
•In 1889 He claimed that Sweating occurred.
The exploitation of women for low pay for
long hours. This mirrored a campaign that
was happening in Britain.
•Most colonists believed they had left such
exploitation behind and his revelation led to
outraged calls for an investigation.
•A Royal Commissioninvestigated and was
regaled by tales of poor pay and inhuman
treatment, some who gave evidence lost their
jobs.
•The Commission could not decide whether
sweating existed in the same way that it did in
Britain but did note that where Unionised
Labourexisted the worst excesses of
Industrialisation had been avoided.
See Handout
84
A Working Mans Paradise
•By British standards the colony was a paradise. The hours of work were fewer,
pay was better. Food was abundant and cheap. The climate and housing were
better and the prospect of owning land a possibility.
•For some the colony was no better, they lacked skills or the health to prosper.
(see Fairburn)
•In general the class differences between men were small, settlement was to
recent to allow the creation of class disparity. This distinction began to grow in the
South as Pastoralism developed.
•In the North Islands forests and hill country gangs of men worked together in
dangerous and difficult conditions.
•Growing income levels and Credit allowed lifestyles to develop. Land ownership
became the difference between the rich and the poor.
A Working Mans Paradise
•By British standards the colony was a paradise. The hours of work were fewer,
pay was better. Food was abundant and cheap. The climate and housing were
better and the prospect of owning land a possibility.
•For some the colony was no better, they lacked skills or the health to prosper.
(see Fairburn)
•In general the class differences between men were small, settlement was to
recent to allow the creation of class disparity. This distinction began to grow in the
South as Pastoralism developed.
•In the North Islands forests and hill country gangs of men worked together in
dangerous and difficult conditions.
•Growing income levels and Credit allowed lifestyles to develop. Land ownership
became the difference between the rich and the poor.
85
Samuel Parnell DBNZ
•Among Parnell's fellow passengers when he arrived
was a shipping agent, George Hunter, who, asked
Parnell to erect a store for him. 'I will do my best,'
replied Parnell, 'but I must make this condition, Mr.
Hunter, that on the job the hours shall only be eight for
the day.' Hunter demurred, this was preposterous; but
Parnell insisted.
•'There are,' he argued, 'twenty-four hours per day given
us; eight of these should be for work, eight for sleep,
and the remaining eight for recreation and in which for
men to do what little things they want for themselves. I
am ready to start to-morrow morning at eight o'clock,
but it must be on these terms or none at all.‘
•'You know Mr. Parnell,' Hunter persisted, 'that in
London the bell rang at six o'clock, and if a man was not
there ready to turn to he lost a quarter of a day.' 'We're
not in London', replied Parnell.
•Other employers tried to impose the traditional long
hours, but Parnell met incoming ships, talked to the
workmen and enlisted their support. The eight hour
working day thus became established in the Wellington
settlement
Samuel Parnell DBNZ
•Among Parnell's fellow passengers when he arrived
was a shipping agent, George Hunter, who, asked
Parnell to erect a store for him. 'I will do my best,'
replied Parnell, 'but I must make this condition, Mr.
Hunter, that on the job the hours shall only be eight for
the day.' Hunter demurred, this was preposterous; but
Parnell insisted.
•'There are,' he argued, 'twenty-four hours per day given
us; eight of these should be for work, eight for sleep,
and the remaining eight for recreation and in which for
men to do what little things they want for themselves. I
am ready to start to-morrow morning at eight o'clock,
but it must be on these terms or none at all.‘
•'You know Mr. Parnell,' Hunter persisted, 'that in
London the bell rang at six o'clock, and if a man was not
there ready to turn to he lost a quarter of a day.' 'We're
not in London', replied Parnell.
•Other employers tried to impose the traditional long
hours, but Parnell met incoming ships, talked to the
workmen and enlisted their support. The eight hour
working day thus became established in the Wellington
settlement
86
Trade Unions
•As in Australia many Settlers arrived in New Zealand hoping to leave the
trappings of the old world behind. In this way an idea that society should be
as egalitarian as possible developed. Many wanted to ensure that the
inequalities of working life in Britain were not duplicated here.
•From 1840 there were demands for a 40 hour week. The lack of skilled
workers gave them considerable bargaining power.
•Unions began in the 1850’s, but they were few and far between. Most laws
actually favoured the employer, until the 1878 Trade union Act they had no
legal standing.
•From 1876 the Trades Council in Auckland was able to co-ordinate their
activities in areas of common concern.
Trade Unions
•As in Australia many Settlers arrived in New Zealand hoping to leave the
trappings of the old world behind. In this way an idea that society should be
as egalitarian as possible developed. Many wanted to ensure that the
inequalities of working life in Britain were not duplicated here.
•From 1840 there were demands for a 40 hour week. The lack of skilled
workers gave them considerable bargaining power.
•Unions began in the 1850’s, but they were few and far between. Most laws
actually favoured the employer, until the 1878 Trade union Act they had no
legal standing.
•From 1876 the Trades Council in Auckland was able to co-ordinate their
activities in areas of common concern.
87
Working Conditions and Unions
•The effects of the Depression were to drive down working conditions.
•Competition for jobs meant that workers had to compete, accepting longer hours for lower
pay in order to survive.
•Child labour and Women were often employed instead of men because they could be paid
less.
•Employers took advantage to ensure their margins. This was exacerbated by the widespread
use of sub-contracting or bit-work. In textiles this meant women were only paid for the work
they did rather than the hours worked. 2 Shillings for sewing a gross (144) of sacks.
•13 hour days and 6 day weeks became the norm and inhumane demands were sometimes
made on workers. As conditions worsened Unions developed, despite the support that
Employers received from the Government.
•Watersiders were amongst the first to organise and a National Conference was held in
Auckland in 1886. As the depression continued support withered. Unionism had its greatest
boost from Australia where Unions had a stronger hold.
•Militants among Railways and Seamen made headway in 1890, and continued to campaign
for a standard (minimum) wage and working day.
Working Conditions and Unions
•The effects of the Depression were to drive down working conditions.
•Competition for jobs meant that workers had to compete, accepting longer hours for lower
pay in order to survive.
•Child labour and Women were often employed instead of men because they could be paid
less.
•Employers took advantage to ensure their margins. This was exacerbated by the widespread
use of sub-contracting or bit-work. In textiles this meant women were only paid for the work
they did rather than the hours worked. 2 Shillings for sewing a gross (144) of sacks.
•13 hour days and 6 day weeks became the norm and inhumane demands were sometimes
made on workers. As conditions worsened Unions developed, despite the support that
Employers received from the Government.
•Watersiders were amongst the first to organise and a National Conference was held in
Auckland in 1886. As the depression continued support withered. Unionism had its greatest
boost from Australia where Unions had a stronger hold.
•Militants among Railways and Seamen made headway in 1890, and continued to campaign
for a standard (minimum) wage and working day.
88
The 1890 Election
•Atkinson was faced with a real leader of the
Opposition in the form of John Ballance.
•He led a real political party not a loose group of
like-minded individuals and campaigned on
Land reform which appealed to both Town and
Country.
•Atkinson was unpopular in the urban areas
especially for the Rural Quota (Vote) which
created resentment –Rural electorates were
only 2/3 the size of Urban ones.
•Atkinson attempted to form a Ministry but
could not and Ballance was asked to form a
Government.
•The Liberals included a number of important
figures including, Ballance, Stout, Reeves and
Seddon.
The 1890 Election
•Atkinson was faced with a real leader of the
Opposition in the form of John Ballance.
•He led a real political party not a loose group of
like-minded individuals and campaigned on
Land reform which appealed to both Town and
Country.
•Atkinson was unpopular in the urban areas
especially for the Rural Quota (Vote) which
created resentment –Rural electorates were
only 2/3 the size of Urban ones.
•Atkinson attempted to form a Ministry but
could not and Ballance was asked to form a
Government.
•The Liberals included a number of important
figures including, Ballance, Stout, Reeves and
Seddon.
89
The Liberals
•The Liberal’s took power in 1891 and would stay in power until 1912. They were
determined to provide the strong central Governmentwhich the regions needed to
prosper.
•They believed that the Government should be even handed in its Governance and
that disadvantaged groups might require their assistance, and where Monopolies
existed they should be able to intervene.
•They wanted to avoid the worst of rapid Urban development by encouraging people
to stay in the country. They decided to make more rural land available by breaking up
the “Great” Estates.
•The Liberals were made even more popular by the recalcitrance of the Legislative
Councilwhich Atkinson had stacked (with his own supporters) before he left. This
seemed to emphasise the difference between Privilege and Democracy.
•They hoped to ensure that their reforms would not cause a budget blow-out by
spending no more than the taxes they collected (A balanced Budget). Reeves
especially wanted Labour Reform and created a Bureau of Industry which would later
become the Department of Labour.
The Liberals
•The Liberal’s took power in 1891 and would stay in power until 1912. They were
determined to provide the strong central Governmentwhich the regions needed to
prosper.
•They believed that the Government should be even handed in its Governance and
that disadvantaged groups might require their assistance, and where Monopolies
existed they should be able to intervene.
•They wanted to avoid the worst of rapid Urban development by encouraging people
to stay in the country. They decided to make more rural land available by breaking up
the “Great” Estates.
•The Liberals were made even more popular by the recalcitrance of the Legislative
Councilwhich Atkinson had stacked (with his own supporters) before he left. This
seemed to emphasise the difference between Privilege and Democracy.
•They hoped to ensure that their reforms would not cause a budget blow-out by
spending no more than the taxes they collected (A balanced Budget). Reeves
especially wanted Labour Reform and created a Bureau of Industry which would later
become the Department of Labour.
90
Richard Seddon
Richard Seddon
91
“King Dick” Seddon
•Ballance died soon after the 1890 election. Seddon
had to battle Stout for the leadership of the
Liberals.
•Stout tried to undermine Seddon with the issues of
Prohibition and Suffrage but was eventually out
manoeuvred.
•Seddon led a strong caucus and established
discipline amongst his members making it difficult
for members to criticise the government.
•He maintained the ideal of a balanced budget.
•With an eye to the urban vote the Government
introduced labour reform including the Industrial
Conciliation and Arbitration Act.
•In 1894 the Bank of New Zealand was rescued and
in 1896 Seddon introduced measure to assist the
elderly.
•In the election of 1896 the Liberals lost support but
retained enough seats to keep power.
“King Dick” Seddon
•Ballance died soon after the 1890 election. Seddon
had to battle Stout for the leadership of the
Liberals.
•Stout tried to undermine Seddon with the issues of
Prohibition and Suffrage but was eventually out
manoeuvred.
•Seddon led a strong caucus and established
discipline amongst his members making it difficult
for members to criticise the government.
•He maintained the ideal of a balanced budget.
•With an eye to the urban vote the Government
introduced labour reform including the Industrial
Conciliation and Arbitration Act.
•In 1894 the Bank of New Zealand was rescued and
in 1896 Seddon introduced measure to assist the
elderly.
•In the election of 1896 the Liberals lost support but
retained enough seats to keep power.
92
The Liberals: their Acts of Parliament
•1891 Land and Income Tax Assessment Act: taxed land especially absentee landlords.
•1892 Land for Settlements Act: Set aside £50K to buy large estates.
•1892 Lease in Perpetuity Act: Allowed existing Leasers a 999 year lease on their land.
•1892 Compulsory Purchase: Allowed government to buy land
•1893 Local Option Act: Allowed Local voters to decide on Prohibition in their districts.
•1893 Advances to Settlers Act: Allowed farmers to borrow cash to improve their farms.
•1893 Government Electoral Bill: gave Women the Vote
•1894 Bank of New Zealand Guarantee Act: Gave the Government power to appoint its President and Auditor
in return for a Guarantee that saved it.
•1894 Factory Act:Required factories be registered and inspected, setting minimum health standards.
•1894 Shop and Shop Assistants Act: Regulated work and conditions in shops.
•1894 Industrial Arbitration and Conciliation Act: Set up to settle industrial disputes, its decisions were binding
on both parties.
•1898 Old Age Pension: Paid a pension to those of good character
The Liberals: their Acts of Parliament
•1891 Land and Income Tax Assessment Act: taxed land especially absentee landlords.
•1892 Land for Settlements Act: Set aside £50K to buy large estates.
•1892 Lease in Perpetuity Act: Allowed existing Leasers a 999 year lease on their land.
•1892 Compulsory Purchase: Allowed government to buy land
•1893 Local Option Act: Allowed Local voters to decide on Prohibition in their districts.
•1893 Advances to Settlers Act: Allowed farmers to borrow cash to improve their farms.
•1893 Government Electoral Bill: gave Women the Vote
•1894 Bank of New Zealand Guarantee Act: Gave the Government power to appoint its President and Auditor
in return for a Guarantee that saved it.
•1894 Factory Act:Required factories be registered and inspected, setting minimum health standards.
•1894 Shop and Shop Assistants Act: Regulated work and conditions in shops.
•1894 Industrial Arbitration and Conciliation Act: Set up to settle industrial disputes, its decisions were binding
on both parties.
•1898 Old Age Pension: Paid a pension to those of good character
93
How Runholders acquired the Great
Estates.
•The first settlers to Canterbury and Otago had quickly realised the value of
pastoralism and the need to dominate as large an area of land as possible.
•The provinces in turn wanted to create as much wealth as possible so they
made land available as leasehold (rented) rather than selling the land which
required larger levels of equity.
•Owners quickly realised there were ways of acquiring land without
necessarily paying for ALLof it.
•Dummying:where land purchases were limited Run-holders had their
(extended) family buy adjoining parcels of land.
•Gridironing:Run-holders bought land in long strips often encircling a large
area of land that no-one else could access.
•Spotting: The Squatter bought land surrounding waterways and valley
floors leaving the hillsides without access to water.
How Runholders acquired the Great
Estates.
•The first settlers to Canterbury and Otago had quickly realised the value of
pastoralism and the need to dominate as large an area of land as possible.
•The provinces in turn wanted to create as much wealth as possible so they
made land available as leasehold (rented) rather than selling the land which
required larger levels of equity.
•Owners quickly realised there were ways of acquiring land without
necessarily paying for ALLof it.
•Dummying:where land purchases were limited Run-holders had their
(extended) family buy adjoining parcels of land.
•Gridironing:Run-holders bought land in long strips often encircling a large
area of land that no-one else could access.
•Spotting: The Squatter bought land surrounding waterways and valley
floors leaving the hillsides without access to water.
94
The Great Estates.
•a
The Great Estates.
•a
95
The Liberals and breaking up the Great Estates
•A popular view was that Run-holders (large sheep stations)
controlled the best land -‘small men’ (ordinary) could not
acquire land.
•Run-holder’s often turning leasehold to freehold once their
revenues allowed it. This further alienated land from ordinary
people.
•The Liberals wanted to make more land available to ‘small
men’. They used compulsory purchase to acquire land but
some land was voluntarily given up.
–They were offered 5X as much as they actually bought.
•Land was balloted, Selectors (winners) were given land.
–5,000 ‘Selectors’ won ballots to acquire land. Including their
families, 22,000 people put onto the land. They paid off through
‘deferred payment’ –their improvements to the land were used
to offset payment.
•The Liberal actually freed up 1.3m acres but bought a
further 2.3m acres of Maori land as well, which made their
efforts look a lot better than it really was.
•Jock McKenzie was the Liberal Minister responsible for most
of this policy.
The Liberals and breaking up the Great Estates
•A popular view was that Run-holders (large sheep stations)
controlled the best land -‘small men’ (ordinary) could not
acquire land.
•Run-holder’s often turning leasehold to freehold once their
revenues allowed it. This further alienated land from ordinary
people.
•The Liberals wanted to make more land available to ‘small
men’. They used compulsory purchase to acquire land but
some land was voluntarily given up.
–They were offered 5X as much as they actually bought.
•Land was balloted, Selectors (winners) were given land.
–5,000 ‘Selectors’ won ballots to acquire land. Including their
families, 22,000 people put onto the land. They paid off through
‘deferred payment’ –their improvements to the land were used
to offset payment.
•The Liberal actually freed up 1.3m acres but bought a
further 2.3m acres of Maori land as well, which made their
efforts look a lot better than it really was.
•Jock McKenzie was the Liberal Minister responsible for most
of this policy.
96
Looking back at the Liberals
•New Zealand Politics and the Liberals were
dominated by Seddon.
•Skilful within the House and a populist who
appealed to the ordinary voter he was able to
create a stable Government.
•Liberal popularity stems from their creation of
the Social Welfare System, Labour Reform and
breaking up the great Estates.
•Under Seddon the Liberals were driven from the
top and it was not until 1899 that a move was
made to create local branches. (the Liberal
Federation).
•Seddon tended to micro-manage the country.
•He surrounded himself with men of lesser ability
and remained intensely loyal to them, a loyalty
which they reciprocated.
•It set the scene for the creation of Parties which
would represent particular sectors of the people.
(Labour and National).
Looking back at the Liberals
•New Zealand Politics and the Liberals were
dominated by Seddon.
•Skilful within the House and a populist who
appealed to the ordinary voter he was able to
create a stable Government.
•Liberal popularity stems from their creation of
the Social Welfare System, Labour Reform and
breaking up the great Estates.
•Under Seddon the Liberals were driven from the
top and it was not until 1899 that a move was
made to create local branches. (the Liberal
Federation).
•Seddon tended to micro-manage the country.
•He surrounded himself with men of lesser ability
and remained intensely loyal to them, a loyalty
which they reciprocated.
•It set the scene for the creation of Parties which
would represent particular sectors of the people.
(Labour and National).
97
State Intervention.
•Seddon introduced the Pension bill after
his 1896 victory. It lapsed in the legislative
Council but was later passed in 1898.
•Seddon believed that many of these
elderly were poor as a result of their life
as pioneers, and deserved the help.
•It was only 6s 11d a week, was means
tested, excluded those of poor character
and excluded Asians.
•Since most Maori had no way of proving
their date of birth, they were also
excluded.
•The Liberals were also responsible for
further social reform, including the
establishment of hospitals, nursing,
insurance and housing, and the fledgling
health and labour departments.
State Intervention.
•Seddon introduced the Pension bill after
his 1896 victory. It lapsed in the legislative
Council but was later passed in 1898.
•Seddon believed that many of these
elderly were poor as a result of their life
as pioneers, and deserved the help.
•It was only 6s 11d a week, was means
tested, excluded those of poor character
and excluded Asians.
•Since most Maori had no way of proving
their date of birth, they were also
excluded.
•The Liberals were also responsible for
further social reform, including the
establishment of hospitals, nursing,
insurance and housing, and the fledgling
health and labour departments.
98
Reading and Activities: the Liberals
•Read pages 254-264 (Ch 11) C of C
•Read pages 101-102 WON
•Read pages 260-266 King
•Complete Act 3 page 266 C of C
•Complete SC #21
Reading and Activities: the Liberals
•Read pages 254-264 (Ch 11) C of C
•Read pages 101-102 WON
•Read pages 260-266 King
•Complete Act 3 page 266 C of C
•Complete SC #21
99
Social Issues in the 1890s
•The Major Social issues were;
•Prohibition: ending rather than controlling
the sale of liquor.
•Suffrage: giving women the vote
•Labour Reform: Ensuring working classes
were adequately paid and safe at their place
of work.
•Social Welfare: ensuring those no longer
able to look after themselves were
supported by the State rather than local
charities.
Social Issues in the 1890s
•The Major Social issues were;
•Prohibition: ending rather than controlling
the sale of liquor.
•Suffrage: giving women the vote
•Labour Reform: Ensuring working classes
were adequately paid and safe at their place
of work.
•Social Welfare: ensuring those no longer
able to look after themselves were
supported by the State rather than local
charities.
100
Advance Reading
•Pages 338-342 C of C
•Pages 121-126 WON
•Pages 264-266 King
Advance Reading
•Pages 338-342 C of C
•Pages 121-126 WON
•Pages 264-266 King
101
The Demon Drink
•Alcohol was freely available and cheap.
•Its consumption was seen as the source of many of
the problems that effected the Colony.
•It was acceptable for men to drink to excess, even
if it meant that the family suffered.
•Children went hungry and rents unpaid. Many
wives suffered abuse.
•It was believed that changes to the Drinking Laws
would control Male behaviourand redirect money
back into the family…
•Temperance Movementshad existed before the
1890’s, these wanted to limitalcohol use.
•Campaigning now moved to prohibitalcohol
altogether while also promoting family values.
•These campaigns always failed because it was
men, not women voting.
•This set the scene for Suffrageto emerge –if
women could vote they could effect political (and
thus social) change.
The Demon Drink
•Alcohol was freely available and cheap.
•Its consumption was seen as the source of many of
the problems that effected the Colony.
•It was acceptable for men to drink to excess, even
if it meant that the family suffered.
•Children went hungry and rents unpaid. Many
wives suffered abuse.
•It was believed that changes to the Drinking Laws
would control Male behaviourand redirect money
back into the family…
•Temperance Movementshad existed before the
1890’s, these wanted to limitalcohol use.
•Campaigning now moved to prohibitalcohol
altogether while also promoting family values.
•These campaigns always failed because it was
men, not women voting.
•This set the scene for Suffrageto emerge –if
women could vote they could effect political (and
thus social) change.
102
Purification.
Purification.
103
Major Social Issues: Feminism & Suffrage
•Feminism emerged in the later part of the century. Its development was
different to that of Europe where the Industrial Revolution changed the
fabric of society.
•In New Zealand feminism emerged as a movement aimed at moral reform.
•Issues that concerned women included their basic rights to property.
Once they married all property rights reverted to the husband.
Drunkenness and gamblingwere common, so was domestic violence
and desertion.
•Desertion was alleviated by the Married Women’s Property Act in 1860 and
later the married women's property was extended to allmarried Women.
•The problem remained however that Women could not Vote. Without the
franchise they could not influence the Law. Thus they could not control
much of their life.
Major Social Issues: Feminism & Suffrage
•Feminism emerged in the later part of the century. Its development was
different to that of Europe where the Industrial Revolution changed the
fabric of society.
•In New Zealand feminism emerged as a movement aimed at moral reform.
•Issues that concerned women included their basic rights to property.
Once they married all property rights reverted to the husband.
Drunkenness and gamblingwere common, so was domestic violence
and desertion.
•Desertion was alleviated by the Married Women’s Property Act in 1860 and
later the married women's property was extended to allmarried Women.
•The problem remained however that Women could not Vote. Without the
franchise they could not influence the Law. Thus they could not control
much of their life.
104
Fashion
Fashion
105
Kate Sheppard DBNZ
•In 1885 Mary Leavitt, an evangelist delegate from
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the
United States of America, commenced her mission
in New Zealand and Kate Sheppard became a
founding member of the New Zealand Women's
Christian Temperance Union.
•Kate Sheppard was motivated by humanitarian
principles and a strong sense of justice: 'All that
separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is
inhuman, and must be overcome'.
•It was quickly realised by the union that proposed
social and legislative reforms concerning
temperance and the welfare of women and
children would be more effectively carried out if
women possessed the right to voteand the
right to representation in Parliament.
•In 1887 franchise departmentswere formed
within the local unions and Sheppard was
appointed national superintendent of the franchise
and legislation department.
Kate Sheppard DBNZ
•In 1885 Mary Leavitt, an evangelist delegate from
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of the
United States of America, commenced her mission
in New Zealand and Kate Sheppard became a
founding member of the New Zealand Women's
Christian Temperance Union.
•Kate Sheppard was motivated by humanitarian
principles and a strong sense of justice: 'All that
separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is
inhuman, and must be overcome'.
•It was quickly realised by the union that proposed
social and legislative reforms concerning
temperance and the welfare of women and
children would be more effectively carried out if
women possessed the right to voteand the
right to representation in Parliament.
•In 1887 franchise departmentswere formed
within the local unions and Sheppard was
appointed national superintendent of the franchise
and legislation department.
106
Juveniles, Lunatics, Criminals and Women
•The emphasis throughout the campaign,
however, was on the right of women to
vote; that right had previously been
extended to males over 21 years.
•By excluding Women, it was claimed the
Government had classed them with
juveniles, lunatics and criminals.
•The franchise department of the WCTU
took the first of three major petitions to
Parliament in 1891.
•The petition was presented by Sir John
Hall, and strongly supported by Alfred
Saunders and the premier, John Ballance.
John Hall
Juveniles, Lunatics, Criminals and Women
•The emphasis throughout the campaign,
however, was on the right of women to
vote; that right had previously been
extended to males over 21 years.
•By excluding Women, it was claimed the
Government had classed them with
juveniles, lunatics and criminals.
•The franchise department of the WCTU
took the first of three major petitions to
Parliament in 1891.
•The petition was presented by Sir John
Hall, and strongly supported by Alfred
Saunders and the premier, John Ballance.
John Hall
107
Petition
•In June 1891 Kate Sheppard inaugurated
and began editing a women's page in the
Prohibitionist , the national temperance
magazine
.
•It was signed by more than 9,000 women,
and the second in 1892 by more than
19,000.
•With the formation of franchise leagues in
many centres, and the increasing activity
and growth of the WCTU auxiliaries in the
smaller centres, the largest petition ever
presented to Parliament was collected in
1893 with nearly 32,000 signatures.
•The small band of 600women members
of the WCTU had successfully roused
public opinion to the extent that
Parliament could no longer ignore their
demands.
Historiography: page 336 C of C
Anna and Robert Stout
Petition
•In June 1891 Kate Sheppard inaugurated
and began editing a women's page in the
Prohibitionist , the national temperance
magazine
.
•It was signed by more than 9,000 women,
and the second in 1892 by more than
19,000.
•With the formation of franchise leagues in
many centres, and the increasing activity
and growth of the WCTU auxiliaries in the
smaller centres, the largest petition ever
presented to Parliament was collected in
1893 with nearly 32,000 signatures.
•The small band of 600women members
of the WCTU had successfully roused
public opinion to the extent that
Parliament could no longer ignore their
demands.
Historiography: page 336 C of C
Anna and Robert Stout
108
The National Council of Women
The National Council of Women
109
The Summit
The Summit
110
1893 Suffrage
1893 Suffrage
111
Reading and Activities
Social Issues
•Read pages 338 –352 C of C
•Complete Activities 1-5 page 352
•Complete SC #26
Reading and Activities
Social Issues
•Read pages 338 –352 C of C
•Complete Activities 1-5 page 352
•Complete SC #26
112
Divorce
•Divorce remained difficult and expensive.
•Any liberalisation of the law was opposed by both Catholic and
Presbyterian religious leaders.
•Adultery (by the woman) was the only grounds for divorce until 1889
when adultery by either party, desertion, drunkenness, or if either
failed to fulfil their roles.
•Suffrage support for these changes seemed to go against their ideas
of what women ‘instinctively’ wanted –preserving the family unit.
•In 1899 52% of divorces were filed by women.
•Many deserted women had no means of support and were forced
into prostitution.
•Social views of prostitution were mixed. While society punished the
prostitutes it failed to punish the males who employed them.
•The Contagious Diseases Act 1869 required Prostitutes to be
registered, disease free and subject to Police supervision.
Divorce
•Divorce remained difficult and expensive.
•Any liberalisation of the law was opposed by both Catholic and
Presbyterian religious leaders.
•Adultery (by the woman) was the only grounds for divorce until 1889
when adultery by either party, desertion, drunkenness, or if either
failed to fulfil their roles.
•Suffrage support for these changes seemed to go against their ideas
of what women ‘instinctively’ wanted –preserving the family unit.
•In 1899 52% of divorces were filed by women.
•Many deserted women had no means of support and were forced
into prostitution.
•Social views of prostitution were mixed. While society punished the
prostitutes it failed to punish the males who employed them.
•The Contagious Diseases Act 1869 required Prostitutes to be
registered, disease free and subject to Police supervision.
113
Wedding
Wedding
114
Wedding
Wedding
115
Maori Wedding, Motueka
Maori Wedding, Motueka
116
Children
•Large families were common in 19
th
Century New Zealand.
•There were few laws covering
children’s schooling. Even though the
1877 Education Act made Primary
education free but was poorly provided
for in rural areas.
•Many families could not afford to lose
children to school as they were more
valuable as unpaid labour. For other
families their children’s work was able
to supplement their own meagre
wages.
•Hours were long and the work often
dangerous, wages were low.
•The 1889 Sweating Commission looked
at the issue of Child Labour. It
concluded that there was no systematic
exploitation of children as had existed
in England.
Children
•Large families were common in 19
th
Century New Zealand.
•There were few laws covering
children’s schooling. Even though the
1877 Education Act made Primary
education free but was poorly provided
for in rural areas.
•Many families could not afford to lose
children to school as they were more
valuable as unpaid labour. For other
families their children’s work was able
to supplement their own meagre
wages.
•Hours were long and the work often
dangerous, wages were low.
•The 1889 Sweating Commission looked
at the issue of Child Labour. It
concluded that there was no systematic
exploitation of children as had existed
in England.
117
The Wallace Family
•This Bolton Street gravesite is famous for its
tragedy. The Wallaces were a well to do
family in Colonial Wellington.
•Despite their wealth 4 of their children died
within months from Scarlet fever.
•This was one of the greatest killers of
children in the colony.
•The only greater cause of death in New
Zealand in the 19
th
Century was drowning –
mostly drowning while drunk
The Wallace Family
•This Bolton Street gravesite is famous for its
tragedy. The Wallaces were a well to do
family in Colonial Wellington.
•Despite their wealth 4 of their children died
within months from Scarlet fever.
•This was one of the greatest killers of
children in the colony.
•The only greater cause of death in New
Zealand in the 19
th
Century was drowning –
mostly drowning while drunk
118
Children
Children
119
Children Skating
Children Skating
120
Children going for a swim
Children going for a swim
121
Child on a Bear
Child on a Bear
122
Poverty
•Most colonist had fled Britain in order to escape poverty. Many found that it was not
as easy to do as they had hoped.
•Women and children deserted by their husbands were often the most desperate.
Most had to rely on their own efforts, relied on charity or were forced into menial work
or prostitution .
•Men who were ill or disabled were also disadvantaged. Gradually Provinces began to
offer relief but this was often modelled on British ‘Poor Houses’.
•The Depression had increased poverty, deserted women and the elderly poor (25%
Female) became more obvious and charitable organisations found it harder and
harder to deal with the demands made on them.
•Most were expected to work for their keep. Increasingly local government and
charities could not cope.
•Atkinson did suggest a State welfare system funded by a compulsory insurance
scheme but this found little favour in Government before 1890.
Poverty
•Most colonist had fled Britain in order to escape poverty. Many found that it was not
as easy to do as they had hoped.
•Women and children deserted by their husbands were often the most desperate.
Most had to rely on their own efforts, relied on charity or were forced into menial work
or prostitution .
•Men who were ill or disabled were also disadvantaged. Gradually Provinces began to
offer relief but this was often modelled on British ‘Poor Houses’.
•The Depression had increased poverty, deserted women and the elderly poor (25%
Female) became more obvious and charitable organisations found it harder and
harder to deal with the demands made on them.
•Most were expected to work for their keep. Increasingly local government and
charities could not cope.
•Atkinson did suggest a State welfare system funded by a compulsory insurance
scheme but this found little favour in Government before 1890.
123
Martin Square
Martin Square off Taranaki Street
Was described as a slum at the turn of
The century.
It was scenes like this which many
Immigrants had fled from.
Martin Square
Martin Square off Taranaki Street
Was described as a slum at the turn of
The century.
It was scenes like this which many
Immigrants had fled from.
124
McLeans Cottage
McLeans Cottage
125
The Reid Family Taihape 1897
The Reid Family Taihape 1897
126
Kelly Family
Kelly Family
127
Boulcott House
Boulcott House
128
Plimmer
House
Plimmer
House
129
Antrim House
Antrim House
130
Society
•The sheer number of Males and especially the number of unmarried males
dominated early colonial society. Many lived and worked in an almost exclusively
male environment. Drinking dominated their social life.
•Some see this as creating many of the features of New Zealand Identity: Hard
Working, Individualistic, Inventive, Tough but Fair. While drinking was important many
Goldfields boasted Libraries Mechanics Institutes or Athenaeums. As the century
progressed the Male however had to modify his behaviour.
•As the century progressed the sex ratio began to even out. As towns developed and
a middle class grew, Women often had more time on their hands. Growing
temperance movements showed a change in the mood of society and the growing
influence of women. The new respectability was sometimes seen as a softening of
the Frontier culture.
•Despite this male culture survived and is living happily in Upper Hutt.
•Professionals also became more established especially with the establishment of
professional organisation for Doctors and Lawyers.
Society
•The sheer number of Males and especially the number of unmarried males
dominated early colonial society. Many lived and worked in an almost exclusively
male environment. Drinking dominated their social life.
•Some see this as creating many of the features of New Zealand Identity: Hard
Working, Individualistic, Inventive, Tough but Fair. While drinking was important many
Goldfields boasted Libraries Mechanics Institutes or Athenaeums. As the century
progressed the Male however had to modify his behaviour.
•As the century progressed the sex ratio began to even out. As towns developed and
a middle class grew, Women often had more time on their hands. Growing
temperance movements showed a change in the mood of society and the growing
influence of women. The new respectability was sometimes seen as a softening of
the Frontier culture.
•Despite this male culture survived and is living happily in Upper Hutt.
•Professionals also became more established especially with the establishment of
professional organisation for Doctors and Lawyers.
131
Values Fears and Aspirations
•Emigrating to the other side of the world
called for a particularly strong individuals.
•It generally appealed to the young and fit.
•The groups who travelled out to NZ
represented a cross-section of Britains
middle and lower classes.
(SEE SLAINS CASTLE LIST.)
•Because of the demand for skilled labour
they could be more demanding, which
saw the 40 hour week become an
expectation.
•Manual labourers as well became more
independent.
•Hard workers who completed tasks
without complaint and asserted their
rights were respected.
Values Fears and Aspirations
•Emigrating to the other side of the world
called for a particularly strong individuals.
•It generally appealed to the young and fit.
•The groups who travelled out to NZ
represented a cross-section of Britains
middle and lower classes.
(SEE SLAINS CASTLE LIST.)
•Because of the demand for skilled labour
they could be more demanding, which
saw the 40 hour week become an
expectation.
•Manual labourers as well became more
independent.
•Hard workers who completed tasks
without complaint and asserted their
rights were respected.
132
Athaeneum
Athaeneum
133
The Rural Myth
•In NZ egalitarianism developed. Access to the
countryside was valued and quickly seen as a
customary right.
•Male culture developed around the idea of equality.
•This was emphasised by the huge imbalance
created by the Gold rush and the growth in male
bastions.
•Men were valued for their character and
resourcefulness rather than birthright or wealth.
Manual workers were often more demanding but
were expected to work hard when called upon to do
so. The bonds of mateship developed in the pub, the
workplace and the sports field.
•Many of thevalues held by Miners (hard work, fair
dealing) were intergrated into colonial society,
especially the belief in individuality and equality.
•Although there were many races working the fields
these ideals did not extend to the Chinese.
The Rural Myth
•In NZ egalitarianism developed. Access to the
countryside was valued and quickly seen as a
customary right.
•Male culture developed around the idea of equality.
•This was emphasised by the huge imbalance
created by the Gold rush and the growth in male
bastions.
•Men were valued for their character and
resourcefulness rather than birthright or wealth.
Manual workers were often more demanding but
were expected to work hard when called upon to do
so. The bonds of mateship developed in the pub, the
workplace and the sports field.
•Many of thevalues held by Miners (hard work, fair
dealing) were intergrated into colonial society,
especially the belief in individuality and equality.
•Although there were many races working the fields
these ideals did not extend to the Chinese.
134
Miles Fairburn
•In his thesis “The Ideal Society and its enemies” Fairburn believed that New Zealand society
was atomised –that there was no class society. New Zealand was an ‘Arcadia’ a paradise for
workers where land was available for all.
•Miles Fairburn who has argued that community structures in the nineteenth century werefew
andweakwhile the forces of social isolation were many and powerful.
•This isolation resulted in a society where ‘the typical colonist was a socially independent
individual,’ and associations were limited.
•Even though a lot of voluntary and leisure organizations were available, they were limited
because their ‘membership was drawn from a small minority of the eligible population.’
•Membership of these institutions was biased towards the upper strata -(the Well to do) -and
against the lower’ (the Poor Majority)
•He believed that society was loosely organised with few restraints.
•Its enemieswere the large number of transients who were highly mobile and less likely to settle
anywhere permanently.
•The consequences of this was drunkenness and violence with a propensity to litigation.
•His views are criticised by Olssen, Belich and McDonald who believe that class was more
entrenched and developed by colonial society.
SEE REVIEW HANDOUT
Miles Fairburn
•In his thesis “The Ideal Society and its enemies” Fairburn believed that New Zealand society
was atomised –that there was no class society. New Zealand was an ‘Arcadia’ a paradise for
workers where land was available for all.
•Miles Fairburn who has argued that community structures in the nineteenth century werefew
andweakwhile the forces of social isolation were many and powerful.
•This isolation resulted in a society where ‘the typical colonist was a socially independent
individual,’ and associations were limited.
•Even though a lot of voluntary and leisure organizations were available, they were limited
because their ‘membership was drawn from a small minority of the eligible population.’
•Membership of these institutions was biased towards the upper strata -(the Well to do) -and
against the lower’ (the Poor Majority)
•He believed that society was loosely organised with few restraints.
•Its enemieswere the large number of transients who were highly mobile and less likely to settle
anywhere permanently.
•The consequences of this was drunkenness and violence with a propensity to litigation.
•His views are criticised by Olssen, Belich and McDonald who believe that class was more
entrenched and developed by colonial society.
SEE REVIEW HANDOUT
135
Religion at the end of the Century
•Religion in the colony was generally divided
between the majority Protestants (Anglican &
Presbyterian) and the (often Irish) Catholics.
•Initially the various denominations were more
concerned about conversion of the Maori to their
brand of Christianity than the spiritual welfare of
the Settlers.
•A lack of clergy meant that many settlements had
to do with whoever wanted to preach. The hard
life of the frontier meant that few had the time to
attend church as regularly as expected.
•As towns developed Religious Institutions
became social centres and guardians of morality.
Religion at the end of the Century
•Religion in the colony was generally divided
between the majority Protestants (Anglican &
Presbyterian) and the (often Irish) Catholics.
•Initially the various denominations were more
concerned about conversion of the Maori to their
brand of Christianity than the spiritual welfare of
the Settlers.
•A lack of clergy meant that many settlements had
to do with whoever wanted to preach. The hard
life of the frontier meant that few had the time to
attend church as regularly as expected.
•As towns developed Religious Institutions
became social centres and guardians of morality.
136
Religious Tolerance and Revivalism
•Tolerance was practiced widely in the colony although
the Anglicans resented the lack of a State Church as
in Britain and the Catholics often suspected the
Protestants of intolerance.
•Under Bishop Moran a programme of school building
encouraged the Catholic Church and allowed the
growth of Irish Nationalism.
•Church Leaders often became important civic figures.
Religion was a link to home and often became an
important source of social life in both small and large
urban areas.
•Revivalism was also imported including the Salvation
Army, Seventh Day Adventists and Brethren.
•Although attendance at church was as low as 16% in
some areas, by the end of the century the majority
(94%) indicated themselves Christian.
Religious Tolerance and Revivalism
•Tolerance was practiced widely in the colony although
the Anglicans resented the lack of a State Church as
in Britain and the Catholics often suspected the
Protestants of intolerance.
•Under Bishop Moran a programme of school building
encouraged the Catholic Church and allowed the
growth of Irish Nationalism.
•Church Leaders often became important civic figures.
Religion was a link to home and often became an
important source of social life in both small and large
urban areas.
•Revivalism was also imported including the Salvation
Army, Seventh Day Adventists and Brethren.
•Although attendance at church was as low as 16% in
some areas, by the end of the century the majority
(94%) indicated themselves Christian.
137
Reading
•Pages 330 –337 C of C
•Pages 121 -124 WON
Reading
•Pages 330 –337 C of C
•Pages 121 -124 WON
138
Education
•Education was a necessity for many colonists. It was seen as a necessary
tool for self improvement, and schools were often one of the first institutions
created in many settlements..
•While most parents valued education, many especially in rural areas relied
on the labour (or wages) their children supplied and school often came
second. From 1863 Secondary schools were created but were often only for
wealthier family’s with Professional aspirations.
•Education for girls was a low priority, especially beyond primary school.
(See the quote page 344). Their curriculum reflected the roles that Society
expected of them.
•From 1877 Education was free, and attendance improved. In 1884 Children
were prohibited from working at night and from the 1890’s Education boards
began to employ truancy officers. The depression tended to reinforce the
need to improve education and Technical Colleges (Wellington Technical
College) emerged –expanding secondary education beyond the formal
British system.
Education
•Education was a necessity for many colonists. It was seen as a necessary
tool for self improvement, and schools were often one of the first institutions
created in many settlements..
•While most parents valued education, many especially in rural areas relied
on the labour (or wages) their children supplied and school often came
second. From 1863 Secondary schools were created but were often only for
wealthier family’s with Professional aspirations.
•Education for girls was a low priority, especially beyond primary school.
(See the quote page 344). Their curriculum reflected the roles that Society
expected of them.
•From 1877 Education was free, and attendance improved. In 1884 Children
were prohibited from working at night and from the 1890’s Education boards
began to employ truancy officers. The depression tended to reinforce the
need to improve education and Technical Colleges (Wellington Technical
College) emerged –expanding secondary education beyond the formal
British system.
139
Waverly School
Waverly School
140
Geography Lesson
Geography Lesson
141
Mission School 1858
Mission School 1858
142
St. Paul’s School House
St. Paul’s School House
143
Wellington College Masters
Wellington College Year Book 2005
Wellington College Masters
Wellington College Year Book 2005
144
Advance Reading:
•Pages 325 -329 C of C
Advance Reading:
•Pages 325 -329 C of C
145
Federation
Federation
Categories
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