LITERATURE STUDY OF COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

LIBRARY STUDY FOR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE ACC. TO NORMS AND STANDARDS.

1. RIMT UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN -IX
LIBRARY STUDY (COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Ar. VIJAY LEWIS CHRISTOPHER ANURAG SINGLA
19 – BARCH – 9106
JASHANJIT KAUR
22-B-ARCH-MIG-001

2. COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS


ADMINISTRATION AREA ACADEMIC AREA
RECEPTION STUDIOS
WAITING AREA LECTURE HALLS
HOD’S ROOM WORKSHOPS
DIRECTOR’S ROOM LIBRARY
PRINCIPAL ROOM COMPUTER LAB
TOILETS AUDITORIUM
EXHIBITION HALL
CONFERENCE HALL
SEMINAR HALL
STATIONARY
STORE ROOM
ART ROOM
MEDICAL ROOM
TOILETS
FIRE FIGHTING

3. EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
BUILDING EXCLUSIVELY USED FOR A SCHOOL OR COLLEGE, RECOGNIZED BY THE
APPROPRIATE BOARD OR UNIVERSITY, OR ANY OTHER COMPETENT AUTHORITY.
INVOLVING ASSEMBLY FOR INSTRUCTION, EDUCATION OR RECREATION INCIDENTAL TO
EDUCATIONAL USE, AND INCLUDING A BUILDING FOR SUCH OTHER USERS INCIDENTAL THERE
TO SUCH AS A LIBRARY OR A RESEARCH INSTITUTION.
IT SHALL ALSO INCLUDE QUARTERS FOR ESSENTIAL STAFF REQUIRED TO RESIDE IN THE
PREMISES, AND A BUILDING USED AS A HOSTEL CAPTIVE TO AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
WHETHER SITUATED IN ITS CAMPUS OR NOT.
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
AN ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE (ALSO KNOWN AS A SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE OR COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTURE), IS AN INSTITUTION SPECIALIZING IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION .
REQUIREMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE AS PER COUNCIL OF
ARCHITECTURE 2020
LAND REQUIREMENT:
THE UNIVERSITY OR INSTITUTION SHALL POSSESS A MINIMUM 8000 SQUARE METER.
FLOOR SPACE OF 2,000 SQ. M. FOR INTAKE OF 40
FLOOR SPACE OF 3,000 SQ. M. FOR INTAKE OF 80
FLOOR SPACE OF 4,000 SQ. M. FOR INTAKE OF 120
FURTHER, THE UNIVERSITY OR INSTITUTION SHOULD ALSO HAVE SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR
SPORTS, CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AND HOSTEL, CANTEEN AND OTHER FACILITIES.

4. REQUIREMENT OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE AS PER
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE 2020

5. REQUIREMENT OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE AS PER
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE 2020

6. REQUIREMENT OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE AS PER
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE 2020
Note: Depending on local conditions, the areas mentioned above may vary by up to 10 per cent.

OTHER DESIRABLE ACTIVITY SPACES: DESIRABLE LABS:
1. Canteen 1. Climatology / Environment*
2. Stationary Shop 2. Surveying*
3. Reprography Section and Digital printing 3. Materials Testing
4. Open air theatre with stage 4. Electrical / Lighting / Illumination
5. Permanent Exhibition space 5. Plumbing and Sanitation
6. Provision for outdoor sports facility 6. Acoustics
7. Girls Common Room. 7. Material Museum*
8. Resource Center. 8. Digital lab
9. Submission and Exam Room.

RECOMMENDED WORKSHOPS
1. Model making and carpentry *
2. Fabrication workshop
Note: Labs or workshops with * are mandatory.

7. REQUIREMENT OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE AS PER
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE 2020
LIBRARY FACILITIES
1. Minimum 300 books on subjects of Architecture shall be available in the library for the intake of 40 (including
minimum 100 titles) at the time of 1st Inspection.
2. Add 150 books on subjects of Architecture (including minimum 50 titles) for every additional intake of 40.
3. From second year onwards, minimum 120 books on subjects of Architecture (including minimum 40 titles) for
every year per intake of 40.
4. Library of old schools, having more than 5000 Titles; should acquire minimum 10 titles on subjects of
Architecture per intake of 40 every year.
5. Journals and Periodicals of architectural relevance as below –


COMPUTER CENTRE

8. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS FOR ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE
STUDENTS IN EACH YEAR : 80
TOTAL NO.OF BATCHES : 1
ST
TO 5
TH
YEAR
TOTAL STRENGTH OF STUDENTS : 400 STUDENTS
ACTIVITY SPACES AREA FOR EACH SPACE TOTAL NO.OF
ROOMS REQUIRED
1.STUDIOS

120 SQ.M. EACH 9

2.LECTURE ROOMS 60 SQ.M. 4

3.LABS & WORKSHOPS 40 SQ.M.EACH 4
4.COMPUTER LABS 60 SQ.M. EACH 1
5.LIBRARY
0.6 SQ.M. SPACE PER STUDENT UP TO TOTAL STUDENT
STRENGTH OF 200 & 0.3 SQ.M. FOR EVERY ADDITIONAL
STUDENT BEYOND 200 STRENGTH.
120-200 SQ.M.

1
6.PRINCIPAL/HOD’S OFFICE 30 SQ.M. 1
7.ADMIN OFFICE 30 SQ.M.
60 SQ.M.
1
8.STAFF ROOM /CABINS

PROFESSOR – 12 SQ.M. EACH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR- 8 SQ.M.
EACH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR -6SQ.M
EACH
1
9.STAFF LOUNGE 30 SQ.M. / 60 SQ.M. 1
10.CONSTRUCTION YARD 200 SQ.M. OPEN SPACE
ACTIVITY FROM 2
ND

YEAR ONWARDS.
11. STUDENTS COMMON ROOM -

9. CHANDIGARH BUILDING BYE LAWS (URBAN) 2017 FOR
EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

14. EQUIPMENT AND FURNITURE:
Every School should have adequate Furniture in terms of Drafting Tables and Stools, Bench Desks, Chairs Tables, Storage
facilities, etc. based on the sanctioned Intake.
Audio Visual equipment and Digital aids should be adequate in number so as to meet the contemporary needs.
The Laboratory Equipment shall be as per the requirement of Curriculum.

MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR TABLE DESKS .
DRAFTING TABLE
STANDARD TABLE SIZE : 140-220MM X 80-125MM
ROTATION ANGLE : 45 , 60 & 8O DEGREE.
DRAWING BOARD SIZES :
A0 92 X127 CM A1 65 X 90 CM
A2 47 X 63 CM A3 37 X 44 CM

16. COMPUTER ROOM:
THE SIZE OF THE COMPUTER ROOM IS RELATED TO THE NUMBER AND
SIZE OF THE COMPUTER DESKS, WHICH DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE
DISPLAYS.





CLASSROOMS:
MAJOR FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING A CLASSROOM ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. SEATING AND WRITING SURFACES
2. SPACE AND FURNISHINGS FOR THE LECTURER
3. THE USE OF WALL SPACE, INCLUDING CHALKBOARDS, SCREENS, SIZE
AND LOCATION OF WINDOWS, ETC.
4. FACILITIES FOR PROJECTION AND TELEVISION
5. COAT RACKS, STORAGE, AND OTHER CONVENIENCES
6. ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING
7. HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING
8. AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
CLASSROOM FOR 40, WITH 10 SIDE SEATS MOVABLE.

17. IN EACH OF FIVE ROWS, SPACED 3 FEET APART FROM FRONT TO BACK BETWEEN SEAT CENTERS, LET TWO TRIPLES OF SEATS
BE PLACED WITH SEAT CENTERS 2 FEET APART LATERALLY AND WITH A 4 -FOOT CENTRAL AISLE FROM FRONT TO BACK
BETWEEN TRIPLES.
A FRONT PLATFORM IN FRONT OF THE STUDENTS' SEATING AREA, THERE SHOULD BE ENOUGH SPACE FOR THE LECTURER TO
WALK BACK AND FORTH BEFORE A LONG CHALKBOARD. IN ROOMS WITH MORE THAN FIVE ROWS OF SEATS THERE IS AN
ADVANTAGE IN HAVING A PLATFORM, POSSIBLY 8 INCHES A BOVE THE FLOOR AND EXTENDING THE FULL WIDTH OF THE
ROOM, ON WHICH THE TEACHER MAY WALK THE LENGTH OF THE BOARD WITHOUT DANGER OF FALLING OFF THE END. THE
CHALKBOARD SHOULD THEN BE RAISED CORRESPONDINGLY HIGHER ABOVE THE CLASSROOM FLOOR FOR BETTER
VISIBILITY.
LIBRARY:
STORAGE FOR 30 000-200 000 VOLS
ON OPEN-ACCESS SHELVES.
BOOK STORAGE SPACE
BOOKCASES WITH 6-7 SHELVES, 2
M HIGH (REACHING HEIGHT)
DISTANCE BETWEEN BOOKCASES
1.50-1.60 M
SPACE REQUIRED 1.0-1.2 M2/200
VOLS
READING PLACES –
7 0 WIDTH 0.9-1.0 M/DEPTH 0.8 M
SPACE REQUIRED 2.4-2.5 M2 PER
PLACE
ENTRANCE CONTROL, WITH
STORAGE FOR CASES/BAGS;
CATALOGUE, COPIER ROOM.

19. SHELVING SYSTEMS FOR BOOKS, MAGAZINES, MEDIA; MOSTLY FREESTANDING DOUBLE SHELF
UNITS (VERTICAL STEEL PROFILES, SHELVES STEEL SHEET OR WOOD) H = 2.25 M, SPACING OF
VERTICALS = 1.00 M, DEPTH OF SHELVES = 0.25-0.30 M, BUT ALSO EXTRA DEPTHS, E.G. FOR
ATLASES AND NEWSPA PER COLLECTED EDITIONS; SHELVES ADJUSTABLE FOR HEIGHT MIN.
EVERY 15 MM.

20. THE SHELF UNITS IN THE ADULT AREA WILL HAVE FIVE OR SIX SHELVES (MAX.
REACH HEIGHT 1.80 M)


BOOK SHELVES

21. LECTURE HALLS:
A LECTURE ROOM SHOULD BE
SO PLACED IN A BUILDING
THAT IT IS ACCESSIBLE TO
STUDENTS WITHOUT
OVERCROWDING OF
CORRIDORS OR STAIRWAYS.
AREA: 60 SQ.M.
TOTAL NO. OF LECTURE
ROOMS REQUIRED: 4
THREE LECTURE HALLS WITH
COMMON PREPARATION ROOM.

22. RAMPS:
WIDTH: A RAMP SHALL BE AT LEAST 4' [122 CM] IN WIDTH.
LENGTH: THE INCLINED SECTION OF A RAMP SHALL NOT
EXCEED 30' [9 .14 M] IN LENGTH. AT BOTH ENDS OF EACH 30'
[9.14 M] (OR SMALLER) SECTION AND AT EACH TURNING
POINT SHALL BE A LEVEL AREA OF AT LEAST 6' [183 CM) IN
LENGTH AND THE WIDTH OF THE RAMP.
SLOPE: 1:8, 1:10.

23. STAIRCASE:
ACCORDING TO THE NBC, THE MINIMUM
WIDTH OF A STAIRCASE SERVING AN
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING SHOULD BE 1.5
METERS (4 FEET 11 INCHES) FOR BUILDINGS
WITH AN OCCUPANT LOAD OF UP TO 50
PERSONS, AND 2 METERS (6 FEET 7 INCHES)
FOR BUILDINGS WITH AN OCCUPANT LOAD OF
MORE THAN 50 PERSONS. THE MINIMUM
HEADROOM CLEARANCE SHOULD BE 2.2
METERS (7 FEET 3 INCHES) MEASURED VERTICALLY FROM THE TREAD NOSING TO THE SOFFIT
OF THE LANDING ABOVE.

THE NBC ALSO SPECIFIES
THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT
AND WIDTH OF RISERS AND
TREADS, AS WELL AS THE
MAXIMUM SLOPE AND
MINIMUM DEPTH OF
TREADS. FOR EXAMPLE,
THE MAXIMUM RISER
HEIGHT IS 190 MM (7.5
INCHES), AND THE
MINIMUM TREAD DEPTH IS
250 MM (9.8 INCHES).

24. LIFTS:
TRACTION LIFTS: IDEALLY HAVE THEIR
DRIVES ABOVE THE SHAFT. THE EMPTY
WEIGHT OF THE CAR AND HALF THE LIVE
LOAD ARE BALANCED BY THE
COUNTERWEIGHT. PLACING THE DRIVE
AT THE TOP OR AT THE BOTTOM NEXT TO
THE SHAFT MAKES NECESSARY
ADDITIONAL PULLEYS, RESULTING IN
HIGHER OPERING COSTS.




WITH HYDRAULIC LIFTS, A
PUSH CYLINDER IS MOSTLY
USED.

26. ACCESSIBLE BUILDING:
DIMENSIONS FOR WHEELCHAIR
USER:
MOVEMENT AREAS ARE THOSE NECESSARY FOR
MOVING A WHEELCHAIR AND ARE TO BE
DESIGNED ACCORDING TO THE MINIMUM SPACE
REQUIREMENT OF A WHEELCHAIR USER.
THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MOVEMENT AREA ARE
0.90-1.80 M AND MAY OVERLAP - EXCEPT IN FRONT
OF LIFT DOORS. A DEPTH AND WIDTH OF AT LEAST
1.50 M SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN EVERY ROOM FOR
TURNING.

27. • MOVEMENT AREAS MUST BE: ACCESSIBLE BUILDING
ACCESSIBLE PUBLIC BUILDINGS MIN. 1.50 M WIDE AND MIN.
1.50 M DEEP. IN EVERY ROOM AS A PLACE TO TURN, AT THE
START AND END OF RARNPS.
• MIN. 1.50 M WIDE ... IN CORRIDORS, MAIN ROUTES AND NEXT
TO STAIRS UP AND DOWN.
• MIN. 1.20 M WIDE ... ALONGSIDE FACILITIES WHICH A
WHEELCHAIR USER HAS TO APPROACH FROM THE SIDE,

• LIFTS: CARS OF LIFTS MUST HAVE A MIN. CLEAR WIDTH OF
1.10 M AND A CLEAR DEPTH OF 1.40 M. THE MOVEMENT AREA
IN FRONT OF THE DOORS MUST BE AS LARGE AS THE FLOOR
AREA OF THE CAR, BUT MIN. 1.50 M WIDE AND 1.50 M DEEP.

• RAMPS: MAY HAVE A MAXIMUM SLOPE OF 6%. IF RAMPS ARE LONGER THAN 6 M, AN
INTERMEDIATE LANDING OF MIN. 1.50 M LENGTH IS REQUIRED. THE RAMP AND THE
INTERMEDIATE LANDING ARE BOTH TO BE PROVIDED WITH 10 EM HIGH WHEEL KERBS AND
HANDRAILS (DIAMETER 3-4.5 EM) AT A HEIGHT OF 85 EM. THE CLEAR RAMP WIDTH MUST BE
MIN. 1.20 M. WHEEL KERBS AND HANDRAILS MUST PROJECT 30 EM HORI ZONTALLY INTO
THE PLATFORM AREA. THERE MUST BE NO STAIRS DOWN IN THE EXTENSION OF THE RAMP.


• STAIRS : THE MOVEMENT AREA NEXT TO THE STAIRS GOING UP AND DOWN MUST BE MIN.
1.50 M WIDE; THE TREAD OF THE FIRST STEP IS NOT TO BE INCLUDED IN THE CALCULATION
OF THE MOVEMENT AREA.

28. • DOORS CLEAR PASSAGE WIDTH OF DOORS 0.90 M. DOORS TO TOILETS, SHOWERS AND
CHANGING ROOMS MUST OPEN OUTWARD.

• SANITARY FACILITIES AT LEAST ONE TOILET MUST BE PROVIDED FOR WHEELCHAIR USERS
IN ALL SANITARY FACILITIES. THE SEAT HEIGHT SHOULD BE 48 CM.

• CORRIDORS AND MEETING AREAS CORRIDORS AND ROUTES LONGER THAN 15 M MUS T
HAVE A PASSING PLACE FOR TWO WHEELCHAIR USERS OF AT LEAST 1.80 M WIDTH AND
DEPTH.

29. PARKING:
INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING: 2 ECS PER 100 SQ.MTS COVERED AREA ON ALL THE FLOORS.
NOTE: THE ONE ECS SHALL BE COUNTED AS BELOW: -
A. 23 SQ.MTS FOR OPEN PARKING.
B. 28 SQ.MTS FOR PARKING IN THE STILTS OR GROUND FLOOR.
C. 32 SQ.MTS FOR PARKING IN THE BASEMENT.

PARKING SPACES ARE USUALLY OUTLINED BY 12 -20 MM WIDE YELLOW OR WHITE PAINTED
LINES. WHEN PARKING IS FACING A WALL, THESE LINES ARE OFTEN PAINTED AT A HEIGHT OF
UP TO 1 M FOR BETTER VISIBILITY. GUIDE RAILS IN THE FLOOR ALONG THE SIDE HAVE ALSO
PROVED POPULAR FOR DEMARCATION OF PARKING LIMITS, AND CAN BE ABOUT 50 -60 M LONG,
20 M WIDE AND 10 M HIGH.

32. ACCESS WIDTH. (PARKING SPACE 2.50 M WIDE IS STANDARD. THIS VALUE SHOULD IF POSSIBLE
ALWAYS BE COMPLIED WITH IN PUBLIC AREAS) .

33. TOILET & SANITARY REQUIREMNETS:

34. LECTURE THEATRE SEATING :
The space requirement per student depends on type of seating, desk depth and floor pitch.
Per student (including all walking areas in larger lecture theatres in a cramped situation), the space requirement is
1.10 m2.
In smaller lecture theatres and in a normal situation 0.80-0.95 m2•

35. OFFICES:
SIZES OF OFFICES FOR ACADEMIC STAFF -
PROFESSOR - 20-24SQ. M.
LECTURER - 15 SQ. M.
ASSISTANTS - 20 SOM.
SQ.M.)
TYPISTS - 15 SQ.M. (IF SHARED BY TWO TYPIST 20 SQ.M.]

36. OPEN AIR THEATER (OAT) :
AN OPEN-AIR THEATRE IS AN OUTDOOR PERFORMANCE
SPACE THAT IS TYPICALLY USED FOR THEATRICAL
PRODUCTIONS, MUSICAL PERFORMANC ES, AND OTHER
CULTURAL EVENTS.
OPEN-AIR THEATRES ARE TYPICALLY EQUIPPED WITH
BASIC FACILITIES SUCH AS A STAGE, SEATING, AND
LIGHTING. DEPENDING ON THE SIZE AND LOCATION OF THE
THEATRE, IT MAY ALSO HAVE DRESSING ROOMS, STORAGE
AREAS, AND OTHER AMENITIES’
OPEN-AIR THEATRES IN COLLEGES PROVIDE A UNIQUE AND
MEMORABLE PERFORMANCE SPACE FOR STUDENTS AND
THE WIDER COMMUNITY. THEY OFFER AN OPPORTU NITY
TO EXPERIENCE THE ARTS IN A NATURAL AND IMMERSIVE
ENVIRONMENT, AND CAN BE A VALUABLE ADDITION TO
THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COLLEGE.
200 SEATS: 270M² | 2,900 FT2
150 SEATS: 190M² | 2,000 FT2
75 SEATS: 125 M² | 1,350 FT2

37. FIRE PROTECTION:
BUILDINGS MUST BE CONSTRUCTED SO THAT THE START OF FIRE, AND THE SPREAD OF FIRE
AND SMOKE, ARE PREVENTED, AND RESCUE OF PEOPLE AND ANIMALS AND EFFECTIVE
FIREFIGHTING ARE POSSIBLE.
ESCAPE ROUTES RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL UNITS WITH AT LEAST ONE OCCUPIED ROOM
MUST HAVE AT LEAST TWO INDEPENDENT ESCAPE ROUTES LEADING TO THE OPEN AIR ON
EACH STORY.
FROM EVERY LOCATION IN AN OCCUPIED ROOM, THERE MUST BE WITHIN MAX. 35 M AT LEAST
ONE EXIT INTO A LEGALLY ESSENTIAL STAIRWELL OR INTO THE OPEN AIR.

FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS ARE
IMPORTANT FOR BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION, AS THEY CAN HELP
TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE
AND PROTECT THE OCCUPANTS OF
THE BUILDING. SOME COMMON FIRE -
RESISTANT MATERIALS USED IN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION INCLUDE :

38. GYPSUM BOARD: GYPSUM BOARD, ALSO KNOWN AS DRYWALL OR PLASTERBOARD, IS A
POPULAR FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIAL THAT IS USED FOR WALLS AND CEILINGS. IT IS MADE OF
GYPSUM PLASTER THAT IS SANDWICHED BETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF PAPER OR FIBERGLASS
AND HAS A FIRE RESISTANCE RATING O F UP TO 4 HOURS.

CONCRETE: CONCRETE IS A HIGHLY FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIAL THAT IS COMMONLY USED
IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. IT HAS A HIGH MELTING POINT AND DOES NOT RELEASE TOXIC
FUMES WHEN EXPOSED TO FIRE.

FIRE-RESISTANT GLASS: FIRE-RESISTANT GLASS CAN BE USED IN BUILDING WINDOWS
AND DOORS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF FIRE. IT IS MADE OF MULTIPLE LAYERS OF GLASS
AND A FIRE-RESISTANT INTERLAYER, AND CAN PROVIDE A HIGH LEVEL OF FIRE RESISTANCE
WHILE STILL ALLOWING NATURAL LIGHT INTO TH E BUILDING.

STEEL: STEEL IS A STRONG AND DURABLE MATERIAL THAT IS COMMONLY USED IN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. IT HAS A HIGH MELTING POINT AND CAN PROVIDE A HIGH LEVEL
OF FIRE RESISTANCE WHEN PROPERLY INSULATED.

39. COMPARTMENT
WALLS:
FIRE COMPARTMENTATION
IS THE PRACTICE OF
DIVIDING A ROOM, SPACES
OR STOREYS OF A
BUILDING INTO FIRE
RESISTANT
COMPARTMENTS TO DELAY
THE SPREAD OF FIRE FROM
ONE PART OF THE
BUILDING TO ANOTHER.
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL FOR FIRE
COMPARTMENT
WALLS:
BRICK & MASONARY
CONCRETE
STEEL
GYPSUM BOARD

40. FIRE ALARMS:
FIRE ALARMS ARE USED TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF FIRE
AND ALERT OCCUPANTS OF THE BUILDING TO EVACUATE.
THEY ARE TYPICALLY CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL
MONITORING SYSTEM, WHICH CAN ALERT THE LOCAL FIRE
DEPARTMENT .

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS :
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED TO EXTINGUISH FIRES BY
SPRAYING WATER OVER THE AFFECTED AREA. THEY ARE
TYPICALLY ACTIVATED AUTOMATICALLY WHEN HEAT OR
SMOKE IS DETECTED, AND CAN HELP TO CONTROL OR
EXTINGUISH A FIRE BEFORE IT SPREADS.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ARE PORTABLE DEVICES THAT CAN BE
USED TO EXTINGUISH SMALL FIRES. THEY ARE TYPICALLY
LOCATED THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING AND ARE DESIGNED TO
BE EASY TO ACCESS IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE .

41. SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS:
SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE USED TO CONTROL THE MOVEMENT OF SMOKE WITHIN A
BUILDING. THEY TYPICALLY CONSIST OF FANS AND DAMPERS THAT CAN BE USED TO DIRECT
SMOKE TO SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE BUILDING, SUCH AS STAIRWELLS OR EXHAUST SHAFTS.