LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF FARMERS:A&CH.pptx

LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF FARMERS: ASSESSMENT AND CHALLENGES

1. 1 SEMINAR – I LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF FARMERS: ASSESSMENT AND CHALLENGES UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES DHARWAD Department of Agricultural Extension Education College of Agriculture, Dharwad TEJASWI T M PGS22AGR8947 Sr. M.Sc. (Agri) Dept. of Agricultural Extension Education

2. FLOW OF PRESENTATION

3. Livelihoods are ‘ means of making a living ’, the various activities and resources that allow people to live. A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital ), the activities, and the access to these(mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by the individual or household ( Chambers & Conway, 1992) 3 LIVELIHOOD CONCEPT Livelihood options in the rural areas are primarily agriculture and allied occupations

4. “Livelihood Security” can be defined as adequate and sustainable access to income and resources to meet basic needs (including adequate access to food, potable water, health facilities, educational opportunities, housing, and time for community participation) (Franken berger 1996). 4 LIVELIHOOD SECURITY

5. Livelihood security is operationally defined as “the ability of the farmers to earn by practicing different farming systems and spend their income on all basic and other necessaries which are essential for decent living”. Livelihood is defined as adequate stock and flow of food and cash with an individual or a family to meet its basic needs. LIVELIHOOD SECURITY IN AGRICULTURE Income Employment Welfare improvement Standard of living 5 Maximum production and productivity Optimum utilization of resources

6. WHY LIVELIHOOD ASSESSMENT IS IMPORTANT ? Livelihood assessment is important for several reasons, particularly in the context of development programs, disaster response, and poverty reduction. Here are some key reasons why livelihood assessment is crucial: Understanding Vulnerabilities Risk Reduction and Resilience Building: Poverty Alleviation Community Participation Monitoring and Evaluation Policy Formulation Conflict Prevention and Resolution 6

7. THREE ASPECTS TO MEASURE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY LIVELIHOOD SECURITY Source: Livelihood report 2018

8. LIVELIHOOD CAPITALS LIVELIHOOD ASSETS Human Capital Health, Nutrition, Education, Knowledge and skills Capacity to work & Capacity to adapt Natural Capital -Land and produce -Water & aquatic resources -Biodiversity -Environmental services Social Capital - Networks and connections -Relationships -Participation in decision making -Leadership Physical Capital Infrastructure - transport - roads, vehicles, etc. Secure shelter & buildings water supply & sanitation. Tools and technology. Financial Capital Savings, Credit/debt , formal, informal, Remittances -Pensions -Wages Source: Livelihood report 2018 8

9. LIVELIHOOD MODELS 9

10. CARES LIVELIHOOD MODEL Human Capital Social capital Economic capital Production and income activities Consumption activities Processing, Exchange, Marketing Activities Natural resource Infrastructure Economic, cultural and political environment Security of: Food Nutrition Health Water Shelter Education Community participation Personal safety LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES CONTEXT ASSETS HOUSEHOLD

11. CARE LIVELIHOOD FRAMEWORK CARE Organisational mandate to focus its programmes on helping the poorest and most vulnerable , Three fundamental attributes of livelihoods possession of human capabilities (such as education, skills, health) access to tangible and intangible assets and the existence of economic activities CARE’s interventions Livelihood promotion Livelihood protection Livelihood provisioning 11 source: Sanderson D (1999) HLS urban settelments ,

12. DFID’s LIVELIHOOD MODEL VULNERABILITY CONTEXT SHOCKS TRENDS STRESS LIVELIHOOD ASSETS TRANSFORMING STRUCTURES & PROCESSES STRUCTURES LEVELS OF GOVT PRIVATE SECTOR PROCESSES LAWS & POLICIES CULTURE LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES MORE INCOME INCREASED WELL-BEING REDUCED VULNERABILITY IMPROVED FOOD SECURITY S H N P F LIVELIHOOD STRATERGY Source: DFID 2001: [email protected] H - HUMAN CAPITAL S - SOCIAL CAPITAL P - PHYSICAL CAPITAL F - FINANCIAL CAPITAL N - NATURAL CAPITAL

13. DFID’s LIVELIHOOD FRAMEWORK DFID’s livelihood framework is built on understanding that a livelihood comprises of the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. DFID Six principles to the Livelihoods approach People- centred Responsive and Participatory Multi-level Partnership Sustainable Dynamic 13

14. THE NINE SQUARE MANDALA LIVELIHOOD MODEL The RLS mandala as a heuristic tool for approaching livelihood RESOURCE e.g. Land, Water, Livestock etc.. INSTITUTIONS e . g . Policies, Laws, Regulatios MARKETS e.g. Local and Global market INFRASTRUCTURE e.g. Roads, Electricity, water supply etc. SKILLS e.g. vocational trainings, Literacy programme KNOWLEDGE e.g. decision making and problem solving CREDIT e . g . Savings, Insurance and Credit TECHNOLOGY e.g. innovation in farming ORGANIZATION e . g . Social network and relationship Inner realities Outer realities a cross-culturally valid archetypical symbol for a centred universe The nine-square mandala The house as metaphor for livelihood (http://www.isec.ac.in/gkkaranth.htm) IRMA, Institute of Rural Management , Anand

15. THE NINE SQUARE MANDALA LIVELIHOOD MODEL The Nine Square Mandal Livelihood Model is a comprehensive approach to addressing the challenges faced by individuals and communities in terms of their livelihoods 15 The Nine squares that represent different aspects of livelihood security RESOURCES INSTITUTION INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY MARKET 6. CREDIT 7. SKILLS 8. KNOWLEDGE 9. ORGANISATION

16. MEASUREMENT OF LIVELIHOOD SECURITY 16

17. Methods to measure livelihood security

18. Transect walk Direct observation Questionnaire surveys Community meetings

19. 19 Interviews For the descriptive measurement method of sustainable livelihood security measurement, statistical values are mainly used to describe the relationship between the relevant characteristics of the sample or the variables.

20. 1. Income and Expenditure analysis Expenditure on: Food Education Health , Etc Source of Income Ration of income level to expenditure indicates whether individuals or households meet their livelihood security

21. 21 Case Study: 1 Analysis Income and Household Expenses Based on Livelihood Wahyudi H et al, (2021) Table 1:Income and expenditure analysis of field crop growers in Indonesia Income per year (IDR) Expenditure per year (IDR) On-farm = 18,987.000 Food and transportation = 61% Off-farm = 14,825.000 Housing and appliances = 6 % Non-farm = 25,925.000 Household facilities = 13 % Education and health = 4% Agriculture and other =17 % Total = 59,797.000 Thus farmers depending only on agricultural activities without having non-farm jobs shall not be able to cover household expenses needed, resulting low livelihood security.

22. 2. Human Development Index INDICATORS

23. 3. Vulnerability Assessment Exposure to factors could undermine an individual’s ability to maintain a standard of living like ; Natural disaster Health risk Social exclusion Economic fluctuations

24. 24 Case Study: 2 Assessment of Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change: A study from Northeast, India Pranjal Dubey (2022) Table 2:Index Values of each vulnerability functions and overall Livelihood Vulnerability (LVI) Index Vulnerability Function Hari Iewrynghep Thoubal Khunou Adaptive Capacity 0.45 0.68 0.39 Sensitivity 0.23 0.38 0.46 Exposure 0.59 0.65 0.52 LVI Index 0.03 -0.01 0.06 In the study they adopted the bottom-up approach of assessing vulnerability by generating primary data through household surveys which gives more refined region-specific results. The value of the index ranges from -1 (Least vulnerable) to +1 (Most vulnerable) . They find that Thoubal Khunou of Manipur has the highest livelihood vulnerability index of 0.06, followed by Hari -II of Arunachal Pradesh (0.03) and Iewrynghep of Meghalaya (-0.01) being the least vulnerable.

25. 4. Livelihood Security Index (LSI) DIMENSIONS OF LIVELIHOOD SECURITY IN AGRICULTURE Food and Nutritional security Economic security Environmental security Social security Habitat security Educational security Health security

26. Food and nutritional security of livelihood is operationally defined as when all the individuals have reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable and nutritious food to lead a healthy life. 26 FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY

27. The three pillars of food security Food availability : The amount of food physically available to a household or at national level Access to food : The physical and economical ability of a household to acquire adequate amounts of food; Food utilization : The intra-household use of the food accessible and the individual’s ability to absorb and use those nutrients. 27 AVAILABILITY ACCESS UTILIZATION STABILITY

28. Economic security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the future Economic Security Maximum farm productivity and income Optimum utilization of resources Cost of production minimization Efficient utilization of land Higher benefit-cost ratio Protection against risk and uncertainties of the farm yield. Reasonable saving of earnings Stabilization of farm income 28

29. The social security refers to the capacity of the individuals to maintain and participated in the social networks that enable them to pursue sustainable livelihood by reducing risks, accessing resources and information. . Social Security Recognition Linkage with extension agencies Cosmopoliteness among farmers Employment to the farm family members round the year Social status 29

30. PSYCHOLOGICAL SECURITY Knowledge and skills in farming Innovativeness Confidence Leadership 30 Psychological security of an individual is operationally defined as the development from the organized pattern of attitude and behaviors which makes an individual distinctive.

31. PHYSICAL SECURITY Own house Land ownership Farm machinery Irrigation facilities Protecting crops from pests and diseases 31

32. ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY Water use efficiency Recycling of farm waste Reduces vulnerability to adverse climatic conditions Complimentary interaction of different farm components Maintaining sustainable soil fertility and soil health 32 Ecological security of livelihood security describes the relationship that exists between people and the natural elements of the environment and the impacts that they have upon one another

33. 33 CHALLENGES

34. RESEARCH STUDIES

35. An Assessment of Livelihood Security of Farmers practicing Sericulture Based Dairy Farming in Karnataka State Karnataka state was purposively selected as it is the highest producer of silk in the country and was ranked 11th among milk producing states in India Total of 180 respondents Interview schedule To access the livelihood security of farmers practicing sericulture based dairy farming in the state Research study-1 35 Girish et al. (2017)

36. 36 Food and Nutritional Security Economic and Marketing Security Infrastructure Security Social Security Resource Use Efficiency Very low 5.55 10 18.89 11.67 10.56 Low 12.22 10 7.78 13.89 7.78 Medium 15.55 21.66 38.33 13.33 29.44 High 31.88 31.11 29.44 32.78 33.33 Very high 35.00 27.33 5.56 28.33 18.89 Very low- <0.54 Low - 0.55-0.60 Medium - 0.61-0.68 High- 0.69-0.77 Very high- >0.77 LIVELIHOOD INDEX Table. Distribution of respondents based on components of Livelihood security

37. This study also suggests that the farmer and other stakeholders must be sensitized and trained in scientific sericulture-based milk production by means of adequate extension, policy and financial support to grow sericulture and dairy-based integrated agriculture broadly in the State of Karnataka. CONCLUSION 37

38. 38 Sustainable Livelihood Security of Integrated Farming Systems Practicing Farmers through Different Enterprise Combinations in Andhra Pradesh Chittoor, East Godavari and Srikakulam from Rayalaseema, Coastal and North Coastal regions respectively were selected purposively for the study based on the highest number of farmers practicing the selected IFS model Total of 189 respondents Interview schedule Chandana et al. (2023) Research Study - 2

39. 39 Environmental Security Permanent asset creation Food and Nutritional Security Input recycling Economic security Financial security Occupational security Social Security Sustainable Livelihood Security Low 37.50 54.50 16.93 20.11 26.98 13.23 16.93 21.69 22.75 Medium 47.00 29.36 53.97 52.38 53.97 50.79 31.75 42.33 47.62 High 15.30 15.87 29.10 27.51 19.05 35.98 51.32 35.98 29.63 Table. Dimension and indicators of sustainable livelihood security

40. Harshitha et al. (2018) Research study- 3 40 The study was conducted in Tumakuru district of Karnataka Total of 160 respondents Ex-post facto research design was used . FAMILY FARMING EFFICIENCY AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY OF WOMEN HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN TUMAKURU DISTRICT

41. 41 Sl. No. Components Category Number Percentage Mean Standard Deviation Low(<13.23) 56 35.00 1 Social Security Medium (13.23 -14.84) 46 28.75 14.04 1.62 High(>14.84) 58 36.25 Financial/ Low(<16.35) 53 33.13 2 Occupational Medium(16.35 -18.53) 63 39.37 17.44 2.19 Security High(>18.53) 44 27.50 3 Habitat Security Low (<8.75) Medium(8.75-10.38) High(>10.38) 42 66 52 26.25 41.25 32.50 9.57 1.64 4 Educational Security Low (<8.74) Medium(8.74-10.50) High(>10.50) 43 62 55 26.87 38.75 34.38 9.63 1.76 5 Environmental Security Low (<8.73) Medium (8.73-10.36) High(>10.36) 41 76 43 25.63 47.50 26.87 9.55 1.64 6 Health Security Low(<8.84) Medium (8.84-10.41) High(>10.41) 39 75 46 24.37 46.88 28.75 9.63 1.57 Low(<8.59) 47 29.38 7 Food Security Medium (8.59-10.25) 72 45.00 9.43 1.67 High(>10.25) 41 25.62 Table. Distribution of respondents based on components of Livelihood security

42. CONCLUSION