M01-Manage Safety and Environmental Protection 1.pdf

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Structural construction work
Level-IV
Based on October 2023, Curriculum Version 2


Module Title: Manage Safety and Environmental Protection
Module Code: EIS SCW4 01 1024
Nominal Duration: 40 Hours
Prepared by: construction departement

October, 2024
Gazer, Ethiopia

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ 4
Acronym .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to Module .................................................................................................................... 6
Unit One: Determine Areas of Potential Risk ................................................................................. 7
1.1. Identify and Prioritizing Specific Risks ........................................................................................ 8
1.2. Evaluate Construction Site Safety .............................................................................................. 14
1.3. Identify Construction Hazards .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 1.10 hazards substance label .............................................................................................. 17
Self-check 1.1 ................................................................................................................................ 18
Unit Two: Inspecting and Reporting on Specific Risk ................................................................. 19
2.1 Conduct Inspection of Workplace Risks .......................................................................................... 20
2.2 Seek Advice from Expert and Workplace Personnel ....................................................................... 21
2.3 Complete an Inspection Report ........................................................................................................ 22
Self-check 2.1 ................................................................................................................................ 27
Operation Sheet 2.1 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Operation Title: conduct inspect of work place risk ..................................................................... 27
LAP Test ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Unit Three: Advise on Implementation of Control Measures at work place ................................ 29
3.1 Inspect Recommendations From Report .................................................................................... 30
3.2 Consult relevant parties .............................................................................................................. 30
3.3 Implement agreed control measures with workplace personnel. ................................................ 31
3.4 Monitor and Review Effectiveness of Control Measures. ............................................................... 37
Self-check 3.1 ................................................................................................................................ 40
Unit Four: Establish and Review Communications and Educational Programs ........................... 41
4.1 Determine Effective Strategies of Health and Safety Policy ............................................................ 42
4.2 Review Communicate strategies and educational programs ............................................................ 45

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4.3 Review the effectiveness of the communication and educational programs .................................... 47
Self-check 4.1 ................................................................................................................................ 50
Reference ....................................................................................................................................... 51

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Acknowledgment
The Ministry of Labor and skill wishes to thank and appreciation to MoLS leaders and experts,
Regional Labor and skill/training Bureaus leader, experts, TVT College Deans, Instructors and
industry experts who contribute their time and professional experience to the development of this
Training Module.

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Acronym

WPA ......................................... Work Place Assessment
PHS ...................................... Plan for Health and Safety
WEA ....................................... Working Environment Authority
PPE .......................................... personal protective equipment
SDS ........................................ safety data sheet
MSDS .................................... material safety data sheet
HSR ......................................... Health and Safety Representative
ILO ........................................ International Labor Organization
WHO .................................... World Health Organization

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Introduction to Module
This module prepared based on Structural construction work; contains the manage safety and
environmental protection in building construction. It is used to ensure that the construction safety
requirement and workers safety. This is essential for the safety and stability of the working
environment. In this module the student able to know identify hazards area, risk assessment
methods, prevention methods and protect equipment’s.
. This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the structural construction
work occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: manage safety and
environmental protection
This module covers the units:
 Determine areas of potential risk in the Work place
 Inspect and report on areas of specific risk
 Advice on implementation of control measures at the work place
 Establish and review communications and educational programs
Learning Objective of the Module
 Determine areas of potential risk in the Work place
 Inspect and report on areas of specific risk
 Advice on implementation of control measures at the work place
 Establish and review communications and educational programs
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and

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Unit One: Determine Areas of Potential Risk
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Identifying and prioritizing specific risks
 Falling Objects
 Scaffolding
 Fall Protection and Access Equipment
 Formwork
 Cranes, Hoists and Lifting Gear
 Pressure equipment
 Ladders
 Evaluating construction site safety and risk
 Identifying construction hazards.
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify and prioritize specific risks.
 Evaluate construction site safety
 Identify construction hazards

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1.1. Identify and Prioritizing Specific Risks
Falling Object
There is always the potential for falling objects to injure or kill persons when overhead work is
carried out. Where guardrails are protecting edges and voids make sure kickboards are in place to
stop materials from falling over the edge In developing a Safe Work Method Statement for
particular tasks, supervisors and their employees should consider falling object hazards.
The failure of objects in building construction can occur due to various reasons, including design
flaws, material defects, poor workmanship, environmental factors, and inadequate maintenance.
These failures can lead to structural instability, compromised safety, and reduced functionality of
the building. In this comprehensive response, we will explore some common types of object
failures in building construction and discuss their causes in detail.
Where protective platforms and screens cannot guarantee that falling objects will not present a
threat,

Figure 1.1 failing object
The following safety measures should apply:
 A NO GO area should be established below overhead work
 A NO GO area or overhead protection should be provided in proximity of hoist
 The NO GO area should have secure barriers in place and adequate signage to prevent
access into the area
 All employees should be made aware of the NO GO area
 In certain circumstances a spotter may be necessary
 Workers should be instructed to remember that the may be a danger to themselves from
other trades working overhead and that their work may be a danger to those working
below
 Falls – most common source of fatalities

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Figure 1.2 no go area
The most common falls were as follows:
 Off roof
 In scaffolding collapse
 Off scaffolding
 Through floor opening
 In structure collapse
 Off ladder45%
 Off structure
 Through roof opening
 Off edge of open floor
 Off beam support
Scaffolding
Refers to a temporary structure that is erected to provide support and access for workers during
the construction, maintenance, or repair of a building or other structures. It is an essential
component of construction sites as it ensures the safety and efficiency of workers while they
perform their tasks at elevated heights.
Scaffolds from which a person or object could fall more than 4 metres, must be erected, altered
and dismantled by, or under, the direct supervision of a person with a certificate of competency
or high risk work Licence of the right class.
All scaffolds should only be erected by competent persons with an appropriate level of training,
whether a certificate of competency or High Risk Work Licence is required or not. In order to
provide fall protection for scaffolding, all decks (lifts) up to a height of 20 metres must be fully
decked. All decks must be signed NOT FOR USE except those available for the use of other
trades and labour. (Scaffolding or similar system applies).
Scaffolding should only be worked off if it is:
 On a stable foundation with proper base plates and level

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 Complete, properly braced and tied to the supporting structure
 Not overloaded
 225 kg max. per platform, per day for light duty scaffold;
 450 kg max per platform per day for medium duty;
 675 kg max per platform, per bay for heavy duty)


Figure 1.3 failing from scaffolding
Fall Protection and Access Equipment
Fail protection equipment is designed to prevent or mitigate the impact of failures in critical
systems. Fail protection and access equipment refers to a range of devices and systems designed
to ensure the safety, reliability, and accessibility of various processes and infrastructure. These
failures can be caused by various factors such as power outages, equipment malfunctions, natural
disasters, or human errors.
Some common types of access equipment include:
1. Ladders and Platforms: Ladders and platforms are widely used for accessing elevated areas
such as rooftops, machinery, or storage racks. They come in different sizes and configurations to
suit specific requirements. Safety features such as handrails, non-slip surfaces, and locking
mechanisms ensure stability and prevent accidents.
2. Scaffolding: Scaffolding is a temporary structure erected around buildings or structures during
construction, maintenance, or repair work. It provides a stable platform for workers to access
higher levels safely. Scaffolding systems consist of frames, braces, platforms, guardrails, and
other components that can be assembled or disassembled as needed.
3. Fall Arrest Systems: Fall arrest systems are designed to protect workers from falls when
working at heights. These systems typically include safety harnesses, lanyards, anchor points,
and shock-absorbing devices. In the event of a fall, the system arrests the worker's descent and
minimizes the impact forces on their body.
4. Access Control Systems: Access control systems are used to manage and restrict entry to
specific areas or facilities. They include devices such as keypads, card readers, biometric
scanners, and electronic locks. Access control systems enhance security by allowing only
authorized personnel to enter restricted areas, preventing unauthorized access and potential risks.

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5. Safety Gates and Barriers: Safety gates and barriers are used to control access to hazardous
areas or prevent unauthorized entry into restricted zones. These devices can be manually
operated or automated, depending on the application. Safety gates and barriers are commonly
used in industrial settings, construction sites, and public spaces to ensure the safety of personnel
and the general public.
Formwork failure refers to the structural collapse or malfunction of temporary structures used to
support concrete during construction. It can lead to serious accidents, delays, and additional
costs. There are several reasons why formwork may fail, including inadequate design, poor
construction practices, material defects, and external factors such as extreme weather conditions
or excessive loads.
Common Cause of Formwork Failure
 Improper design.
 Poor construction practices.
 Improper installation,
 Inadequate bracing or tying of formwork components, and
 Insufficient attention to detail during assembly
 Material defects
 extreme weather conditions

Figure 1.4 form work failure
Cranes, Hoists and Lifting Gear
Crane: Crane accidents can be devastating and fatal, and they can result in significant damage to
property and equipment. These accidents can occur due to various reasons, including human
error, mechanical failure, and environmental factors
Causes of Crane Accidents
 Improper training or inadequate qualification of the crane operator.
 Failure to follow proper safety procedures and protocols.
 Inattention or distraction while operating the crane.
 Overestimation of the crane's capacity or reach.

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 Failure to properly maintain and inspect the crane and its components
 Wear and tear of the crane's components, such as the hoist and boom, due to excessive
use or poor maintenance.
 Failure of the crane's brakes or other critical components.
 Poor design or manufacturing of the crane or its components.
Prevention Measures
 Proper Training and Qualification
 Pre-Operational Checks
 Safe Operating Procedures
 Regular Maintenance and Inspection
 Use of Safety Equipment
Safety Measures
 Use of Load Limiters
 Use of Anti-Two-Blocking Devices
 Use of Load Cells
 Use of Crane Safety Systems
 Proper Site Preparation
Hoist: Hoists are mechanical devices used to lift and lower heavy loads vertically. Hoists are
mechanical devices used to lift and lower heavy loads vertically. Hoist accidents can occur due to
a variety of reasons, including
 equipment failure,
 improper use or maintenance,
 operator error,
 inadequate training, or external factors such as
 Environmental conditions.
These accidents can have severe consequences and can lead to serious injuries or loss of life.
Improper use or maintenance of hoisting equipment is another significant factor contributing to
accidents.
Lifting gear: A lifting gear accident refers to an incident or mishap that occurs during the use of
lifting equipment or machinery. Lifting gear accidents can happen in various industries and
settings, including construction sites, manufacturing plants, warehouses, and maritime
operations. These accidents can result in injuries, property damage, and even fatalities.
There are several factors that can contribute to lifting gear accidents.
Some common causes include
 equipment failure or malfunction,
 improper use or maintenance of the lifting gear,
 inadequate training or supervision of operators,

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 overloading or exceeding the weight capacity of the equipment,
 poor communication between workers involved in the lifting operation,
 Environmental factors such as adverse weather conditions.
To prevent lifting gear accidents, it is essential to:
 Implement a comprehensive safety program that includes
 regular inspections and
 maintenance of equipment,
 proper training and supervision of operators,
 adherence to weight capacity limits,
 effective communication protocols, and
 Consideration of environmental factors.
 Additionally, organizations should promote a culture of safety where all workers are
encouraged to report any potential hazards or unsafe practices.

Figure 1.5 crane host and gear

Pressure equipment
Pressure equipment encompasses a wide range of devices that contain fluids or gases under
pressure. It includes vessels, piping systems, boilers, heat exchangers, pressure relief devices,
valves, and other related components.
These equipment are commonly found in industries such as
 oil and gas,
 chemical processing,
 power generation,
 manufacturing,
 Construction industry
Pressure equipment refers to any device or system that operates under pressure, typically used
for various industrial processes. It is crucial to ensure the safe and efficient operation of pressure

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equipment to prevent accidents, maintain productivity, and comply with regulatory standards.
This comprehensive response will cover different aspects related to pressure equipment,
including its definition, types, components, maintenance, safety considerations, and relevant
regulations.
Ladders:
Ladder accidents are unfortunately a common occurrence and can result in serious injuries or
even fatalities. These accidents can happen in various settings, including homes, workplaces,
construction sites, and other locations where ladders are used
Causes of Ladder Accidents
 Incorrect ladder usage
 Lack of ladder maintenance
 Poor placement and stability
 Environmental factors:
 Inadequate training and supervision
1.2. Evaluate Construction Site Safety
Site safety in construction is of utmost importance as it directly impacts the well-being and lives
of workers and visitors on construction sites. Construction sites are inherently hazardous
environments due to the presence of heavy machinery, high-risk activities, and potential
exposure to various hazards. Therefore, evaluating site safety in construction involves assessing
and implementing measures to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities.
Site safety can be evaluated through several key aspects, including:
1. Risk Assessment: Conducting a thorough risk assessment is crucial to identify potential
hazards and assess their likelihood and severity. This process involves analyzing the tasks,
equipment, materials, and environment present on the construction site. By identifying hazards
such as falls from heights, electrical hazards, or exposure to harmful substances, appropriate
control measures can be implemented to mitigate risks.
2. Safety Policies and Procedures: Construction sites should have comprehensive safety
policies and procedures in place that comply with local regulations and industry standards. These
policies should cover a wide range of safety aspects, including personal protective equipment
(PPE) requirements, emergency response plans, hazard communication, equipment inspection
protocols, and safe work practices. Regular training sessions should be conducted to ensure that
all workers are aware of these policies and procedures.
3. Safety Inspections: Regular safety inspections are essential for evaluating site safety in
construction. These inspections involve assessing the overall condition of the site, identifying
potential hazards or non-compliance with safety regulations, and taking corrective actions
promptly. Inspections may cover areas such as scaffolding, fall protection systems, electrical
installations, fire prevention measures, and proper storage of hazardous materials.

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4. Worker Involvement: Engaging workers in the evaluation of site safety is crucial as they
possess valuable insights into potential hazards and practical solutions. Workers should be
encouraged to report any unsafe conditions or near-miss incidents promptly. Their involvement
can help identify areas for improvement and enhance overall safety culture on the construction
site.
5. Training and Education: Adequate training and education are vital for ensuring site safety in
construction. Workers should receive comprehensive training on safe work practices, hazard
recognition, proper use of equipment, and emergency procedures. Supervisors and managers
should also receive specialized training to effectively oversee safety on the site.
6. Safety Equipment and Controls: The availability and proper use of safety equipment and
controls play a significant role in evaluating site safety. This includes providing appropriate PPE
such as hard hats, safety glasses, gloves, and high-visibility clothing. Additionally, implementing
engineering controls like guardrails, safety nets, or ventilation systems can help minimize risks.
7. Recordkeeping and Incident Investigation: Maintaining accurate records of incidents, near-
misses, and safety inspections is essential for evaluating site safety. Incident investigations
should be conducted to determine the root causes of accidents or near-misses and implement
corrective actions to prevent similar incidents in the future.
8. Continuous Improvement: Site safety should be an on-going process that involves
continuous improvement efforts. Regular reviews of safety performance, feedback from workers,
and analysis of incident trends can help identify areas that require further attention and
enhancement.
1.3. Identify Construction Hazards
Construction hazards refer to potential risks and dangers that can occur on construction sites,
posing a threat to the health and safety of workers and others present in the vicinity. These
hazards can arise from various aspects of construction activities, including:
 the use of heavy machinery,
 working at heights,
 exposure to hazardous substances,
 electrical hazards,
It is crucial for construction companies and workers to be aware of these hazards and take
appropriate measures to mitigate them.
Some construction hazards listed as follows:
1. Falls from Heights: Working at heights is a common occurrence in construction projects,
which increases the risk of falls. This hazard can arise from working on scaffolding, ladders,
rooftops, or elevated platforms without proper fall protection measures in place. Falls from
heights can result in severe injuries or even fatalities. To mitigate this hazard, employers should
provide adequate fall protection equipment such as harnesses, guardrails, and safety nets.
Regular inspections and maintenance of equipment are also essential.

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Figure 1.6 failing from height
2. Struck-by Accidents: Construction sites often involve the use of heavy machinery, tools, and
materials that can pose a struck-by hazard. Workers can be struck by moving vehicles like
cranes or forklifts, falling objects such as tools or debris, or swinging equipment like excavator
buckets. To prevent struck-by accidents, it is crucial to establish clear communication protocols,
implement designated walkways and barriers separating workers from moving equipment, and
ensure proper storage of materials to prevent them from falling.

Figure 1.7 struck by accidents
3. Electrical Hazards: Construction sites frequently involve electrical installations and wiring
work, which presents the risk of electrical hazards. Workers may come into contact with live
wires or faulty electrical systems, leading to electric shocks or electrocution. To mitigate this
hazard, it is essential to follow proper lockout/tag out procedures when working on electrical
systems. Adequate training should be provided to workers regarding electrical safety practices,
including identifying potential hazards and using appropriate personal protective equipment


Figure 1.8 electrical hazard

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4. Excavation and Trenching Hazards: Construction projects often require excavation and
trenching work, which can be hazardous if not properly managed. Cave-ins are a significant risk
in these situations, potentially burying workers under soil or debris. Other hazards include falls
into excavations, exposure to hazardous gases, or contact with underground utilities. To prevent
excavation and trenching hazards, proper shoring or sloping techniques should be employed to
prevent cave-ins. Regular inspections of trenches, proper ventilation, and testing for hazardous
gases are also crucial.


Figure 1.9 trench hazard
5. Hazardous Substances: Construction sites may involve the use of various hazardous
substances such as chemicals, solvents, asbestos, lead-based paints, and silica dust. Workers can
be exposed to these substances through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, leading to long-
term health issues like respiratory problems, cancer, or organ damage. To mitigate this hazard,
employers should provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as respirators
and gloves. Adequate training on handling and disposing of hazardous substances is essential.

Figure 1.10 hazards substance label

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Self-check 1.1
Directions: Answer the following questions
Part I: Fill in the blank space
1. __________essential for evaluating site safety in construction.
2. _____unfortunately a common occurrence and can result in serious injuries or even fatalities.
3. _______ mechanical devices used to lift and lower heavy loads vertically
4. These accidents can result_________, _________, ________
5. ______ devastating and fatal and they can result in significant damage to property and
equipment
Part-II: Choose the correct answer from the following given alternatives
1. Common occurrence in construction projects, which increases the risk of falls.
A. Falls from Heights B. Injuries C. accident D. hazard
2. Regular reviews of safety performance, feedback from workers, and analysis of incident
A. accident B. continuous improvement. C. feedback D. safety
3. Widely used for accessing elevated areas such as rooftops, machinery, or storage racks.
A. safety B. Risk C. Ladders and platforms D. crane
4. Temporary structure erected around buildings or structures during construction, maintenance, or repair
work
A. Scaffolding B. Crane C. Wall D. Erect
Part III Write short answer
1. List cause of ladder accidents
2. Write common cause of form work accident
3. Site safety can be evaluated through several key aspects. List them
4. Write way to evaluate construction safe

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Unit Two: Inspecting and Reporting of Specific Risk
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Conduct inspects of workplace risks
 Seeking advice from expert and workplace personnel
 Completing an inspection report
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Identify and Conducting inspection of the workplace to specific risks
 Seek advice from expert and workplace personnel
 Complete an inspection report

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3.1 Conduct Inspection of Workplace Risks
Conducting an inspection of the workplace is an essential part of ensuring a safe and healthy
working environment for employees. It involves a systematic examination of various aspects of
the workplace, including
 Physical conditions,
 equipment,
 Processes and practices.

Figure 2.1 conduct inspection of work place risk
This inspection helps identify potential hazards, assess compliance with safety regulations, and
implement necessary corrective measures to prevent accidents and injuries.
The process of conducting a workplace inspection typically involves the following steps:
1. Planning: Before conducting an inspection, it is important to plan the process effectively. This
includes determining the scope of the inspection, identifying the areas to be inspected, and
establishing a checklist or criteria to evaluate each aspect of the workplace.
2. Preparation: The next step is to gather relevant information about the workplace, such as
safety policies and procedures, previous inspection reports, incident records, and any specific
regulations or standards applicable to the industry. This information will help guide the
inspection process and ensure that all necessary aspects are covered.
3. Physical Inspection: The actual inspection involves visiting different areas of the workplace
and examining various elements. This may include inspecting the condition of floors, walls,
ceilings, lighting, ventilation systems, fire protection systems, electrical equipment, machinery,
tools, personal protective equipment (PPE), emergency exits, first aid facilities, storage areas,
waste management systems, and any other relevant components.
4. Documentation: During the inspection, it is crucial to document all findings accurately. This
includes noting any hazards or potential risks identified, observations regarding compliance with
safety regulations or standards, and recommendations for corrective actions. Photographs or
videos can also be taken as visual evidence to support the findings.
5. Reporting: After completing the inspection, a comprehensive report should be prepared
summarizing all findings and recommendations. The report should clearly outline any hazards or

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non-compliance issues discovered during the inspection and provide specific guidance on how to
address them. It is important to prioritize the recommendations based on the severity of the risks
identified.
6. Follow-up: Once the inspection report is prepared, it is crucial to follow up on the
recommendations and ensure that appropriate corrective actions are taken within a reasonable
timeframe. This may involve assigning responsibilities, implementing control measures,
providing necessary training or resources, and monitoring progress to ensure compliance.
The benefits of conducting regular workplace inspections include:
1. Identifying Hazards: Workplace inspections help identify potential hazards that could lead to
accidents, injuries, or illnesses. By proactively identifying these hazards, employers can take
appropriate measures to eliminate or control them, thereby reducing the risk of incidents.
2. Compliance with Regulations: Inspections help assess compliance with safety regulations
and standards set by regulatory bodies or industry-specific organizations. By ensuring
compliance, employers can avoid legal penalties and create a safer working environment for their
employees.
3. Continuous Improvement: Workplace inspections provide an opportunity for continuous
improvement in safety practices. By regularly evaluating the workplace and implementing
corrective actions, employers can enhance safety procedures, reduce risks, and promote a culture
of safety among employees.
3.2 Seek Advice from Expert and Workplace Personnel
When seeking advice on workplace risk, it is important to consult with experts who have
knowledge and experience in this field. These experts can provide valuable insights and guidance
on how to identify, assess, and mitigate risks in the workplace. Here are some steps to follow
when seeking advice from an expert at the workplace:


Figure 2.2 seek advice
1. Identify the specific area of workplace risk: Workplace risk can encompass a wide range of
areas such as physical hazards, ergonomic issues, psychological stressors, chemical exposures,
and more. It is important to identify the specific area of concern before seeking advice from an
expert. This will help you find an expert who specializes in that particular area.

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2. Research and identify potential experts: Once you have identified the specific area of
workplace risk, conduct research to find potential experts who specialize in that field. Look for
individuals who have relevant qualifications, certifications, and experience in assessing and
managing workplace risks. You can explore professional organizations, industry associations,
academic institutions, or consulting firms that focus on workplace safety and risk management.
3. Contact the expert: Once you have identified potential experts, reach out to them to seek
their advice. This can be done through email, phone calls, or scheduling a meeting. Clearly
explain your concerns and provide any relevant information or documentation that can help the
expert understand the context of your query.
4. Prepare questions: Before contacting the expert, prepare a list of questions or topics that you
would like to discuss. This will ensure that you make the most of your conversation and gather
all the necessary information. Be specific about your concerns and ask for practical
recommendations or solutions.
5. Actively listen and engage: During your conversation with the expert, actively listen to their
advice and ask follow-up questions if needed. Engage in a constructive dialogue to gain a deeper
understanding of the risks involved and potential strategies for mitigation. Take notes during the
discussion to capture important points for future reference.
6. Implement recommendations: After receiving advice from the expert, carefully review their
recommendations and consider how they can be implemented in your workplace. Evaluate the
feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and potential impact of each recommendation. Develop an action
plan to address the identified risks and monitor progress regularly.
7. Seek ongoing support: Workplace risks are dynamic and can evolve over time. It is important
to establish a relationship with the expert and seek ongoing support as needed. Regularly
communicate updates, seek clarification on any issues, and consult with the expert when new
risks arise or existing risks change.
Remember that seeking advice from an expert is just one aspect of managing workplace risk. It is
essential to establish a comprehensive risk management program within your organization that
includes regular risk assessments, employee training, hazard identification, incident reporting,
and continuous improvement initiatives.
3.3 Complete an Inspection Report
Inspection reports in construction site risk play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and
compliance of construction projects. These reports provide a comprehensive assessment of
potential risks and hazards present on the site, allowing stakeholders to take appropriate
measures to mitigate them.
In completing an inspection report, several key areas need to be addressed to ensure a thorough
evaluation. This key area is:
1. Site Conditions: The inspection report should begin by documenting the overall site
conditions.

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2. Access and Egress: The report should evaluate the accessibility and egress routes within the
construction site.
3. Structural Integrity: The inspection report should thoroughly assess the structural integrity
of buildings, scaffolding, temporary structures, and other construction elements.
It is crucial to examine foundations, beams, columns, walls, and roofs for any visible defects or
signs of deterioration.
4. Hazardous Materials: Construction sites often involve the use of hazardous materials such as
chemicals, solvents, paints, or flammable substances. The inspection report should identify and
document the presence of these materials and ensure that proper storage, handling, and disposal
procedures are being followed.
5. Machinery and Equipment: Construction sites typically utilize various types of machinery
and equipment that can pose significant risks if not properly maintained or operated.
6. Electrical Safety: Electrical hazards are common on construction sites, and the inspection
report should address this aspect thoroughly. It should evaluate the condition of electrical
installations, wiring systems, grounding, and the presence of any exposed wires or damaged
electrical components.
7. Fire Safety: Fire safety is a critical aspect of construction site risk management. The
inspection report should assess the availability and functionality of fire prevention and
suppression systems, such as fire extinguishers, sprinkler systems, and emergency exits.
8. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): The inspection report should verify whether workers
have access to and are using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the
specific tasks being performed on the construction site.
9. Housekeeping: A clean and well-organized construction site is essential for maintaining a safe
working environment. The inspection report should evaluate the overall housekeeping practices
on the site, including waste management procedures, debris removal, and general cleanliness.
10. Compliance with Regulations: Finally, the inspection report should assess whether the
construction site is compliant with relevant local regulations, building codes, and industry
standards.
2.1.1. Prescribed Self-Assessment Tools
Self-assessment tools in the construction site can be valuable resources for individuals and
organizations to evaluate their performance, identify areas for improvement, and ensure
compliance with safety regulations. These tools can help assess various aspects of construction
site operations, including:
 safety practices,
 Project management,
 environmental impact, and
 Quality control.
Some commonly used self-assessment tools in the construction industry:

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1. Construction Site Safety Assessment Tool: Safety is a critical concern in construction sites,
and self-assessment tools can help identify potential hazards and ensure compliance with safety
regulations. These tools typically include checklists or questionnaires that cover various safety
aspects such as
 personal protective equipment (PPE) usage,
 hazard identification and control,
 emergency preparedness, and
 Worker training.
By using these tools, construction site managers can proactively address safety issues and
implement corrective measures to prevent accidents and injuries.
2. Project Management Self-Assessment Tool: Effective project management is essential for
the successful completion of construction projects. Self-assessment tools in this area can help
evaluate
 project planning,
 scheduling,
 budgeting,
 communication,
 risk management, and
 stakeholder engagement
3. Environmental Impact Assessment Tool: Construction activities can have significant
environmental impacts, including
 Air and water pollution,
 habitat destruction, and
 Resource depletion.
Environmental impact assessment tools enable construction companies to evaluate the potential
environmental consequences of their activities and develop strategies to minimize negative
effects.
2.1.2. State or Territory Authority
In the construction industry, the authority over regulations and standards varies depending on the
country or region. In many cases, this authority is delegated to state or territory governments.
These authorities are responsible for overseeing and enforcing regulations related to:
 construction practices,
 building codes,
 licensing requirements, and
 Safety standards within their respective jurisdictions.

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These authorities are responsible for regulating construction activities, issuing licenses or
certifications to contractors and tradespeople, enforcing building codes and safety standards,
conducting inspections, and handling complaints related to construction work.
2.1.3. Check Lists
A checklist is a tool used to ensure that tasks or items are completed or accounted for. It is a list
of items that need to be checked off or completed, typically in a sequential order. Checklists can
be used in various contexts, such as project management, quality control, safety procedures, and
personal organization.
Assessment tools are instruments or techniques used to evaluate and measure various aspects of
an individual's knowledge, skills, abilities, personality traits, or other characteristics. These tools
play a crucial role in education, psychology, human resources, healthcare, and many other fields
where accurate assessment and evaluation are necessary. There is a wide range of assessment
tools available, each designed for specific purposes and tailored to different populations.
2.1.4. Hazard sheet
A hazard sheet, also known as a safety data sheet (SDS) or material safety data sheet (MSDS), is
a document that provides detailed information about the potential hazards and safety precautions
associated with a particular chemical substance or product. It is an essential tool for ensuring the
safe handling, storage, and use of hazardous materials in various industries.
The hazard sheet typically includes the following sections:
1. Identification: This section provides basic information about the chemical substance or
product, such as:
 its name,
 manufacturer or supplier details,
 emergency contact information, and
 Recommended uses.
2. Hazard identification: the potential hazards associated with the substance are described. This
information includes:
 physical hazards (e.g., flammability, explosiveness),
 health hazards (e.g., toxicity, carcinogenicity), and
 Environmental hazards (e.g., aquatic toxicity).
3. First-aid measures: provided on appropriate first-aid procedures to be followed in case of
exposure or ingestion of the substance. This may include information on symptoms/effects of:
 exposure,
 immediate treatment measures, and
 Advice for medical professionals.
4. Fire-fighting measures: fire-fighting techniques and equipment for dealing with fires
involving the substance. It may include
 suitable extinguishing agents,

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 protective measures for fire-fighters, and
 potential hazards associated with combustion
6. Accidental release: given on how to respond to accidental spills or releases of the substance.
This may include
 containment and clean-up procedures,
 personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements, and
 Environmental precautions.
7. Disposal considerations: guidance is given on proper disposal methods for the substance or
its containers.

Figure 2.4 hazard sheet
2.1.5. Company Safety Procedure Forms
A company safety form is a document that is used to assess and ensure the safety of employees,
visitors, and the overall workplace environment. It serves as a tool for identifying
 potential hazards,
 implementing safety measures, and
 Documenting safety procedures within an organization.

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Self-check 2.1
Part-I: write True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is incorrect
1. Well-organized construction site is essential for maintaining a safe working environment.
2. fire-fighting techniques and equipment for dealing with fires involving the substance.
3. Assessment tools are instruments or techniques used to evaluate and easure various aspects of
an individual's knowledge, skills, abilities, personality traits, or other characteristics.
4. Electrical hazards are common on construction sites, and the inspection report should address
this aspect thoroughly
Part II: Choose the correct answer from the
1. Hazard identification information includes
A. physical hazards B. health hazards C. Environmental hazards D. All
2. Construction sites often NOT involve the use of hazardous materials such as
A. chemicals B. solvents paint C. flammable substances D. safety
3. The actual inspection involves visiting different areas of the workplace and examining various
elements
A. Physical Inspection B. chemical inspection C. hazard inspection D. risk
Part III: write short answer
1. Write how to release accident
2. What is hazard sheet?
3. Write environmental impact assessment tool
4. List project management self-assessment tool
Operation Sheet 2.1
Operation Title: conduct inspect of work place risk
Purpose: to inspect risk in work place
Conditions or situations for the operations:
 Safe working area
 Properly operated tools and equipment
 Appropriate working cloths fit with the body
Equipment Tools and Materials:
 PPE
 Camera
 Short note
 Pen
Quality Criteria: Assured performing of all the activities according to the procedures
Precautions:
 Wearing proper clothes, eye glass, glove

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 Make working area hazard free
 Read and interpret manual which guide you how to use tools and equipment.
Steps in doing the task
Step1. Observe the site
Step2. Identify the risk happened
Step3. Ask source of risk
Step4. Measure damaged resource and workers
Step5. Record inspection result





LAP Test
Practical Demonstration

Name: __________________________ Date: ____________
Time started: ____________________ Time finished: _______________

Instruction: Perform the following tasks in 30min
Task1. Conduct inspection of work place risk

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Unit Three: Advise Implementation of Control Measures at work place
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 inspecting recommendations from report.
 Consulting relevant parties.
 Implementing agreed control measures with workplace personnel.
 Monitoring and reviewing effectiveness of control measures.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Inspect recommendations from report. .
 Consult relevant parties.
 Implement agreed control measures with personnel.
 Monitor and review effectiveness of control measures.

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1.1 Inspect Recommendations From Report
Recommendations from a report can provide valuable insights and guidance on various topics.
These recommendations are typically derived from thorough research, analysis, and expert
opinions. When inspecting recommendations from a report, it is essential to consider the context,
methodology, and credibility of the source.
Recording and Reporting Injuries Work related injuries or illness must be reported to the
employer within 30 days of becoming aware of it. Failure to do so may jeopardise workers’
compensation claims being made.
without any specific details or context about the report or its recommendations, it is not possible
to provide a comprehensive answer.
When inspecting recommendations, it is crucial to evaluate the credibility and expertise of the
individuals or organizations responsible for generating the report. Consider their qualifications,
experience, and reputation in the field relevant to the report's subject matter. Assessing their
track record and previous works can help determine their reliability and authority.
1.2 Consult relevant parties
When it comes to managing risk in a construction site, it is crucial to consult relevant parties to
ensure a comprehensive understanding of potential risks and effective mitigation strategies. By
involving various stakeholders, including contractors, subcontractors, architects, engineers,
project managers, and safety professionals, a more holistic approach can be taken towards
identifying and addressing risks in construction sites.
A. Contractors play a significant role in managing risk on construction sites. They are
responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations and ensuring that all work is carried out
safely and in compliance with regulations. Contractors have a deep understanding of the specific
risks associated with different construction activities and can provide valuable insights into
potential hazards and mitigation measures.
B. Subcontractors are often specialized in specific trades or tasks within a construction project.
Their expertise and experience can contribute to identifying risks that may be unique to their
scope of work. Consulting subcontractors allows for a more detailed assessment of potential
hazards related to their specific activities, such as electrical work, plumbing, or structural
installations.
C. Architects and engineers are involved in the design phase of a construction project. Their
expertise is essential for ensuring that the structure is safe and meets all necessary codes and
standards. By involving architects and engineers in risk consultations, potential design flaws or
weaknesses can be identified early on, reducing the likelihood of accidents or failures during
construction.
D. Project managers are responsible for overseeing the entire construction project from start to
finish. They have a comprehensive view of the project's timeline, budget, and resources.
Consulting project managers allows for a better understanding of how risks may impact the

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overall project schedule and budget. They can provide insights into potential delays or cost
overruns that may arise due to unforeseen risks.
E. Safety professionals specialize in identifying and mitigating risks related to health and safety
on construction sites. Their expertise is crucial in ensuring compliance with safety regulations
and implementing best practices to prevent accidents and injuries. Safety professionals can
conduct risk assessments, develop safety plans, and provide training to workers, making them an
invaluable resource in risk consultations.

Figure 3.1 consult relative parties





1.3 Implement agreed control measures with workplace personnel.
Implementing agreed control measures with workplace personnel is crucial for ensuring a safe
and healthy work environment. Control measures are designed to minimize or eliminate hazards
and risks that may arise in the workplace. By involving personnel in the implementation process,
it promotes a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to better compliance and
effectiveness of the control measures.
3.3.1. Principal Contractors
A principal contractor, also known as a main contractor, is a term commonly used in the
construction industry. It refers to the individual or company that takes overall responsibility for
the planning, coordination, and execution of a construction project. The principal contractor is
typically appointed by the client and is responsible for managing all aspects of the project,
The general principles are to:
 health and safety,
 subcontractors, and
 Identify the hazards
 Decide who might be harmed
 Evaluate the risks

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 Decide whether existing controls are adequate
 Record findings
 Review assessment and revise if necessary
 Budget and Cost Control
 Quality Assurance:
 Project Completion and Handover:
3.3.2. Employers / boss
Employer is responsible for providing with safe and healthy working conditions. This includes a
duty to protect from violence, discrimination and harassment. cooperate with employer in
making your workplace safe and healthy.
Implementing agreed control measures with employers is crucial for ensuring workplace safety
and minimizing risks to employees. These control measures are designed to identify hazards,
assess risks, and implement appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce those risks. By working
collaboratively with employers, these control measures can be effectively implemented to


figure 3.2 employer/ boss
Control measures refer to the actions taken to prevent or minimize exposure to hazards in the
workplace. These measures can include
 engineering controls, involve modifying the physical environment or equipment to
eliminate or reduce hazards
 administrative controls, focus on changing work practices or policies to minimize
exposure.
 personal protective equipment (PPE). includes protective clothing, helmets, goggles,
gloves, and other equipment designed to protect workers from specific hazards.
To implement agreed control measures with employers, the following steps
A. Identify hazards:
B. Assess risks
C. Develop control measures
D. Communicate and consult

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E. Provide training and education
Employer must provide for:
employers to provide and maintain so far as is reasonably practicable a working environment that
is safe and without risks to health.
This includes requirements to:
 Provide and maintain plant that is safe to use
 Provide and maintain safe systems of work
 Provide safe arrangements for the use, storage and transport of plant and (hazardous)
substances
 Maintain the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health
 Provide adequate information on hazards, as well as instruction,training and supervision
to enable employees to work safely
 Provide adequate amenities/facilities (to the standard described in WorkSafe’s Code of
Practice for Building and Construction(Workplaces)
 Monitor the health of employees
 Monitor conditions at the workplace
 Provide information in languages
 Keep information and records on the health and safety of employees
3.3.3. Self-Employed Persons/Subcontractors
3.3.4. Workers
A worker is an individual who performs a specific task or set of tasks as part of a larger process
or system
Implementing agreed control measures with workers is crucial for ensuring a safe and healthy
work environment. These control measures are designed to minimize or eliminate workplace
hazards and risks, protecting the well-being of employees. By effectively implementing these
measures, employers can fulfill their
 legal obligations,
 promote worker engagement, and
 enhance overall productivity.
This comprehensive response will outline the key steps involved in implementing agreed control
measures with workers.
Effective communication and consultation are essential for successfully implementing control
measures with workers. Employers should establish clear channels of communication to ensure
that workers are informed about the control measures being implemented and understand their
roles and responsibilities in maintaining a safe work environment.
 Regular meetings,
 toolbox talks, and
 safety briefings

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Consultation involves actively involving workers in the decision-making process regarding
control measures. Workers should be encouraged to provide input on potential hazards, risk
assessments, and control strategies.

Figure 3.3 workers
3.3.5. Persons in Control of Workplaces
there are various individuals who may hold positions of authority and control. These individuals
are responsible for ensuring the smooth operation of the workplace, maintaining a safe and
healthy environment, and overseeing the activities of employees. The specific roles and
responsibilities may vary depending on the size and nature of the workplace, as well as the
industry in which it operates.
The specific title or position of the person in control may vary depending on the size and nature
of the workplace.




The duties and responsibilities of persons in control of workplaces can include:
1. Ensuring Compliance
responsible for ensuring that the workplace operates in compliance with applicable laws,
regulations, and standards. This includes occupational health and safety regulations, labor laws,
environmental regulations, building codes, and any other relevant legislation.
2. Establishing Policies and Procedures:
responsible for developing and implementing policies and procedures that promote a safe and
healthy work environment. This may involve
 creating guidelines for hazard identification
 risk assessment,
 establishing protocols for emergency response,

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 setting standards for equipment maintenance, and
 implementing procedures for incident reporting and investigation.
3. Allocating Resources: Persons in control are responsible for allocating resources to support
health and safety initiatives in the workplace.
This includes
 providing adequate funding for training programs,
 purchasing necessary safety equipment and personal protective gear,
 maintaining appropriate staffing levels to ensure safe operations, and
 investing in infrastructure improvements to mitigate hazards.
Members of site safety committees
Site Safety Committee
The site safety committee is a group of individuals who are responsible for ensuring the safety of
workers on a construction site.




Figure 3.4A safety committee
The responsibilities of a site safety committee include:
1. Conducting regular site inspections
Primary responsibilities of a site safety committee are to conduct regular site inspections to
identify potential hazards and ensure that all safety protocols are being followed.
This includes
 Inspecting the work area,
 Equipment and Materials to identify any potential hazards or violations of safety policies.
2. Investigating accidents and incidents
If an accident or incident occurs on the construction site, the site safety committee is responsible
for investigating the cause of the incident and determining what steps can be taken to prevent
similar incidents from occurring in the future.
This may involve
 reviewing incident reports,
 interviewing witnesses, and
 Analyzing data to identify trends or patterns.

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3. Developing and implementing safety policies and procedures
Responsibility of a site safety committee is to develop and implement safety policies and
procedures that are tailored to the specific needs of the construction site.
This may include
 Developing emergency response plans,
 fall protection plans, and
 Other safety protocols that are designed to protect workers from specific hazards.
4. Providing training and education
Responsible for providing training and education to workers on the construction site. This may
include
 conducting safety training sessions,
 providing information on new safety technologies, and
 Offering refresher courses on existing safety protocols.

5. Communicating with management and workers
Site safety committee is responsible for communicating with both management and workers to
ensure that everyone is aware of the safety policies and procedures in place. This may involve
holding regular meetings with management and workers, distributing safety newsletters, and
using other communication channels to keep everyone informed about safety issues.
The Health and Safety Committee provides a formal meansof discussing and resolving health and
safety issues. Where asHealth and Safety Representative requests it, the employer isrequired to
establish a Health and Safety Committee within three months. At least half the members of the
Committee must be employees.Where there are HSRs or deputy HSR they will normally be the
employee representatives
Site Safety Committee can:
 Participate in regular formal site safety inspections
 Review Safe Work Method Statements for scheduled highrisk construction work
(e.g. structural trades - where there is a risk of a person falling more than 2 metres)
 Assist the employer to monitor overall health and safety conditions on site
 Develop safety policies and standards as issues arise on site
 Ensure the Alcohol and Drug Policy is implemented


Figure 3.4B safety committee

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3.4 Monitor and Review Effectiveness of Control Measures.
Monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of control measures is a crucial aspect of any
management system. It allows organizations to assess whether their control measures are
achieving the desired outcomes and identify areas for improvement.
This process involves
 collecting data,
 analyzing it, and
 taking appropriate actions based on the findings.
In this response, explore the importance of monitoring and reviewing control measures, discuss
the steps involved in this process, and highlight some key considerations.

Figure 3. 5 monitor and review control measure

Importance of Monitoring and Reviewing Control Measures:
1. Effectiveness Assessment: It enables organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of their
control measures in preventing or mitigating risks.
 monitoring the outcomes and
 comparing them against predefined objectives,
 Organizations can determine whether their control measures are working as intended.
2. Continuous Improvement: Regular monitoring and review provide valuable insights into
areas that require improvement to:
 Identifying gaps or weaknesses in existing control measures,
 organizations can take corrective actions to enhance their effectiveness and
 Prevent future incidents.
3. Compliance Verification: Monitoring and reviewing control measures help ensure
compliance with relevant regulations, standards, and internal policies. By regularly assessing
their performance against established criteria, organizations can demonstrate their commitment
to maintaining a safe and compliant working environment.

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Steps in Monitoring and Reviewing Control Measures:
1. Establishing Performance Indicators: Organizations need to define clear performance
indicators that align with their objectives.
These indicators should be:
 measurable,
 relevant, and
 Specific to each control measure being monitored.
2. Data Collection: Data collection involves gathering relevant information related to the
control measures being monitored.
This may include
 Incident reports,
 Inspection records,
 employee feedback,
 Audit findings, or
 Any other data source that provides insights into the effectiveness of the controls.
3. Data Analysis: Once the data is collected, it needs to be analyzed to identify trends, patterns,
and areas of concern. Statistical analysis techniques can be applied to determine the
effectiveness of control measures and identify any deviations from expected outcomes.
4. Comparison with Objectives: The analyzed data should be compared against predefined
objectives or performance targets. This step helps organizations assess whether their control
measures are meeting the desired outcomes or if there is a need for improvement.
5. Identifying Improvement Opportunities: Based on the analysis and comparison,
organizations can identify areas where control measures are not achieving the desired results.
These opportunities for improvement can range from minor adjustments to major changes in
 processes,
 procedures,
 Resources.
6. Taking Corrective Actions: Once improvement opportunities are identified, organizations
should develop and implement appropriate corrective actions.
These actions may include
 Revising control measures
 providing additional training
 allocating more resources
 Implementing new technologies.
7. Monitoring the Impact of Corrective Actions: After implementing corrective actions, it is
important to monitor their impact on the effectiveness of control measures. This allows
organizations to assess whether the implemented changes have resulted in the desired
improvements and make further adjustments if necessary.

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8. Documentation and Reporting: Throughout the monitoring and review process, it is crucial
to document all activities, findings, and actions taken. This documentation serves as a record of
compliance efforts and provides a basis for future audits or reviews.

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Self-check 3.1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Part I: write true if the statement is correct and write false if the statement is incorrect
1. Once the data is collected, it needs to be analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and areas of
concern.
2. Site safety committee is responsible for communicating with both management and workers to
ensure that everyone is aware of the safety policies and procedures in place
3. Ineffective communication and consultation are essential for successfully implementing
control measures with workers
4.worker is responsible for providing with safe and healthy working conditions.
Part-II: choose the correct answer
1. Identified, organizations should develop and implement appropriate corrective actions.
A. Corrective Actions B. effective communication C. Safety committee D. worker
2. Once the data is collected, it needs to be analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and areas of
concern.
A. data analysis B. information C. decision making D. workers
3. Individual who performs a specific task or set of tasks as part of a larger process or system
A. worker B. boss C. contractor D. safety man
4. involves gathering relevant information related to the control measures being monitored.
A. data analysis B. data collection C. judgment D. correction
Part III: write short answer
1. Write establishing performance indicators
2. Write source of data collection
3. List role of safety committee

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Unit Four: Establish and Review Communications and Educational Programs
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Determining effective strategies of health and safety policy
 Establish Communicating strategies and educational programs
 Reviewing the effectiveness of the communication and educational programs.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Determine effective strategies of health and safety policy
 Establish Communicate strategies and educational programs
 Review the effectiveness of the communication and educational programs.

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4.1 Determine Effective Strategies of Health and Safety Policy
Developing and implementing effective health and safety policies is crucial for organizations to
protect the well-being of their:
 employees
 customers
 stakeholders.
Some Health and safety policies strategies that can help organizations create and maintain a safe
and healthy work environment to protect workers and promote a safe working environment in
the following ways:
1. Legal Framework:
The legal framework for health and safety policies in Ethiopia is primarily based on the
Constitution, the Labor Proclamation (2009), and the Occupational Safety and Health
Proclamation (2010). These laws require employers to provide a safe working environment and
ensure the health and safety of their employees.
2. Health and Safety Management System:
The Occupational Safety and Health Proclamation (2010) require employers to establish a health
and safety management system that includes the following elements:
a. Risk assessment and evaluation
b. Hazard identification and control
c. Training and education
d. Emergency preparedness and response
e. Monitoring and evaluation
3. Health and Safety Training:
The Labor Proclamation (2009) requires employers to provide health and safety training to their
employees. The training should cover topics such as hazard identification, risk assessment, and
emergency response procedures.
4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
The Occupational Safety and Health Proclamation (2010) require employers to provide PPE to
their employees if it is necessary to protect their health and safety. The PPE should be
appropriate for the specific hazards present in the workplace.
5. Workplace Inspections:
The Occupational Safety and Health Proclamation (2010) require employers to conduct regular
workplace inspections to identify hazards and take corrective action to prevent accidents and
injuries.
6. Health Surveillance:
The Labor Proclamation (2009) requires employers to provide health surveillance for their
employees, including medical check-ups and vaccinations.
7. Workers' Participation:
The Occupational Safety and Health Proclamation (2010) require employers to involve their
employees in the health and safety management system. Workers should be represented on the
health and safety committee and have a say in the decision-making process.
8. Enforcement and Penalties:

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The Labor Inspection and Penalties Proclamation (2011) provides for the enforcement of health
and safety policies in Ethiopia. Employers who violate health and safety regulations can face
penalties, including fines and imprisonment.
9. International Cooperation:
Ethiopia has ratified several international conventions related to health and safety, including the
International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 155 on Occupational Safety and Health and
the World Health Organization (WHO) Convention on Tobacco Control.
Health and safety policies are crucial in ensuring the well-being and protection of individuals
within various settings, such as workplaces, schools, and public spaces. Implementing effective
strategies within these policies is essential to
 minimize risks,
 prevent accidents, and
 Promote a healthy environment.
In this comprehensive response, we will discuss several key strategies that can be employed to
enhance the effectiveness of health and safety policies.
Workplace safety isn’t always the most exciting topic. But it’s an important one, and having an
effective health and safety strategy can make a huge difference in keeping your employees safe
and work running smoothly.
Some tips to get started:

Identify Potential Hazards
It’s important to take the time to really assess workplace and identify any potential hazards that
could pose a risk to employees. This could include:
 physical hazards like machinery or chemicals,
 non-physical hazards like stress or ergonomic issues
Develop Policies and Procedures
Based on the hazards you’ve identified, develop policies and procedures that address these
issues. This could include
 Policies around the use of personal protective equipment,
 procedures for responding to accidents
 Emergencies.
Make sure that all employees are aware of these policies and understand their responsibilities in
maintaining a safe workplace. They are :
Provide Training
Policies and procedures are only effective if employees know how to implement them. This is
why it’s essential to provide employees with the necessary training to effectively carry out their
duties and identify potential hazards include
 Training on how to use equipment safely,
 How to detect and report safety risks.
Review and Update Regularly
Workplace hazards can change over time, so it’s important to regularly review and update health
and safety strategy. This may involve updating policies and procedures as new hazards arise, or

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as regulations change. Regularly reviewing strategy can also help to identify any areas that may
need improvement.
Continuous Improvement
This involves constantly seeking opportunities to improve health and safety strategy and making
adjustments as necessary. Continuous improvement can be achieved by:
 Regularly reviewing accident and
 injury data,
 soliciting feedback from employees, and
 Staying up to date on industry best practices and regulations.
By continually striving to improve health and safety strategy, can help create a safer and more
productive workplace for employees.
Regular Inspections and Audits: Conducting regular inspections and audits is crucial to ensure
compliance with health and safety policies and identify areas for improvement. These
assessments should be carried out by trained personnel who are knowledgeable about relevant
regulations and industry best practices. Inspections can focus on:
 physical hazards,
 equipment maintenance,
 housekeeping standards, and
 Adherence to safe work procedures.
Audit findings should be documented, shared with relevant stakeholders, and followed up with
corrective actions to address identified deficiencies.
Incentives and Recognition: Recognizing and rewarding individuals or teams that actively
contribute to maintaining a safe and healthy environment can significantly enhance policy
effectiveness. Incentive programs can be designed to encourage employees to:
 report hazards,
 suggest improvements,
 Participate in safety initiatives.
Publicly acknowledging their efforts through certificates, awards, or other forms of recognition
can help foster a positive safety culture and motivate others to actively engage in health and
safety practices.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Health and safety policies should be subject to ongoing
monitoring and evaluation to ensure their effectiveness over time. This involves
 collecting relevant data on incidents,
 near misses,
 hazard reports,
 training completion rates,

Figure 4.1 safety policy

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4.2 Review Communicate strategies and educational programs
Workplace safety is a critical aspect of any organization, and effective communication and
educational programs are essential to ensuring that employees are aware of the risks and know
how to prevent accidents and injuries. Here are some strategies and programs that can be
implemented in the workplace to promote safety.
Effective communication strategies and educational programs play a important role in the
workplace, as they contribute to creating a positive and productive work environment. In this
comprehensive review, we will explore various communication strategies and educational
programs that can be implemented in the workplace to enhance collaboration, productivity, and
employee engagement.
1. Communication Strategies:
A. Open and Transparent Communication: is essential for fostering trust and building strong
relationships within the workplace. This strategy involves
 Sharing information,
 ideas,
 Feedback openly among team members and across different levels of the organization.
It promotes a culture of transparency, where employees feel valued and included in decision-
making processes
B. Active Listening: is a fundamental communication skill that involves fully focusing on and
understanding the speaker's message.
 Giving undivided attention,
 maintaining eye contact,
 asking clarifying questions, and
 Providing feedback to ensure effective comprehension.
By practicing active listening, individuals can improve their understanding of others'
perspectives and avoid misunderstandings or misinterpretations.
C. Clear and Concise Communication: Clear and concise communication involves conveying
messages in a straightforward manner, using simple language and avoiding jargon or technical
terms whenever possible. This strategy ensures that information is easily understood by all
recipients, minimizing the chances of miscommunication or confusion. It is particularly
important when communicating complex ideas or instructions.
D. Two-Way Communication: It emphasizes the importance of both sending and receiving
messages effectively. It encourages employees to actively participate in
 discussions,
 share their thoughts,
 opinions,
 concerns, and

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 Provide constructive feedback. This strategy fosters a culture of collaboration and
inclusivity, where everyone's input is valued.
E. Technology-Enabled Communication: With advancements in technology, various digital
tools have emerged to facilitate communication in the workplace. These tools include:
 email
 instant messaging platforms
 Video conferencing software
 project management systems
 Collaborative document sharing platforms. Leveraging these technologies can enhance
communication efficiency, especially in remote or geographically dispersed teams.


Figure 4.1 communication strategies
2. Educational Programs
A. Training and Development: It is important for employees to enhancing their skills,
knowledge, and capabilities. These programs can cover a wide range of topics, including:
 Technical skills
 leadership development
 communication skills
 diversity and inclusion
 conflict resolution and
 Stress management.
B. Workshops and Seminars: provide employees with opportunities to learn from subject
matter experts and industry leaders. These events can cover various areas such as:
 effective communication techniques
 team building
 problem-solving
 time management and
 Innovation.
C. Mentoring and Coaching: allows experienced employees to share their knowledge and
expertise with less experienced colleagues.
Mentors provide guidance:

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 Support and advice to mentees
 helping them develop their skills
 Overcome challenges and
 Achieve their professional goals.
D.E-Learning Platforms: provide flexible and accessible educational resources that employees
can access at their convenience. These platforms offer a wide range of courses covering various
topics relevant to the workplace. Employees can engage in self-paced learning, allowing them to
acquire new skills or deepen existing ones without disrupting their work schedules.
E. Internal Communication Channels: Establishing internal communication channels such as:
 Newsletters
 intranets
 Social collaboration platforms enable organizations to share important information,
updates, and best practices with employees.
These channels facilitate knowledge sharing across different departments or teams within the
organization.
4.3 Review the effectiveness of the communication and educational programs
The effectiveness of communication and educational programs can be evaluated based on
various factors such as the clarity of the message, the reach and engagement of the target
audience, and the impact on knowledge acquisition and behavior change. In this review, we will
assess the effectiveness of these programs in terms of their ability to effectively communicate
information and educate individuals.
Communication Programs
Effective communication programs are necessary for conveying information accurately and
engagingly. The success of a communication program can be evaluated based on several key
elements:
1. Clarity of Message: The clarity of the message is crucial in ensuring that the information is
easily understood by the target audience. A well-designed communication program should
 use clear and concise language,
 avoiding jargon
 Technical terms that may confuse or alienate the audience.
2. Targeted Approach: Effective communication programs should be tailored to specific
audiences, taking into consideration their demographics, cultural background, and literacy
levels. By understanding the characteristics of the target audience, communication programs can
be designed to resonate with them and effectively convey the intended message.
3. Engagement Strategies: Engaging the audience is vital for effective communication.
Programs that utilize interactive methods such as storytelling, visual aids, multimedia
presentations, or gamification techniques tend to be more successful in capturing and retaining
audience attention. Additionally, incorporating feedback mechanisms such as surveys or focus
groups can help gauge audience understanding and adapt future communication efforts
accordingly.

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4. Multi-Channel Approach: Utilizing multiple channels for communication increases the
chances of reaching a wider audience. Programs that combine traditional media (e.g., television,
radio) with digital platforms (e.g., websites, social media) can effectively reach different
segments of the population and cater to their preferred modes of information consumption.
Educational Programs:
Educational programs aim to impart knowledge and skills to individuals in a structured manner.
The effectiveness of educational programs can be assessed based on several key factors:
1. Learning Outcomes: The primary goal of educational programs is to facilitate learning. The
effectiveness of these programs can be evaluated by assessing the extent to which participants
acquire:
 new knowledge,
 skills,
 Attitudes.
 Pre- and post-assessments,
 Follow-up evaluations can help measure the impact of the program on participants'
learning outcomes.
2. Pedagogical Approaches: The choice of pedagogical approaches can significantly influence
the effectiveness of educational programs.
Programs that incorporate active learning techniques, such as:
 group discussions,
 case studies,
 hands-on activities, or
 Simulations tend to be more engaging and effective in promoting knowledge retention
and application.
3. Evaluation and Feedback: Regular evaluation and feedback mechanisms are crucial for
improving the effectiveness of educational programs. Collecting feedback from participants
allows program organizers to identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments.
Additionally, ongoing evaluation can help determine the long-term impact of the program on
participants' behavior change or decision-making processes.
4. Accessibility and Inclusivity: Educational programs should be accessible to all individuals,
regardless of their socioeconomic status, physical abilities, or cultural background. Ensuring
inclusivity through measures such as providing materials in multiple languages, offering
accommodations for individuals with disabilities, or considering different learning styles can
enhance the effectiveness and reach of educational programs.

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Figure 4.2 effectiveness communication

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Self-check 4.1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
Part I: Choose the correct answer
1. Fundamental communication skill that involves fully focusing on and understanding the
speaker's message.
A. Active Listening B. Active communication C. Answer D. communication
2. The training should cover topics such as hazard identification, risk assessment, and
emergency response procedures
A. Health and Safety B. Training C. communication training D. work training
3. _______programs are necessary for conveying information accurately and engagingly
A. education B. communication C. training D. working s
Part-II: write short answer
1. Write Programs that incorporate active learning techniques
2. List internal communication channels
3. Training and development can cover a wide range of topics, list them
4. List Incentive programs can be designed to encourage employees.
Part III: write true if the statement is correct and write false if the statement is not correct
1. The choice of pedagogical approaches can significantly influence the effectiveness of
educational programs.
2. Clear and concise communication involves conveying messages in a straightforward manner,
using simple language
3. Health and safety policies are crucial in ensuring the well-being and protection of individuals
within various settings

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Reference

1. EBCS
2. Fletcher and s.a. Lavan; (butterworths 1922); 5. Civil engineering construction
3. Internet
4. By roy holmes (college of estate management, 1998
5. Motivate Building Construction Principles & Practices Author :-D.Walton

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