Malaria parasites test using testing kit SLIDE.pptx

Malaria parasite test using malaria parasite testing kit

1. A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)   UNDERTAKEN AT OLUTAYO HOSPITAL OPPOSITE OKE ANDI JUNCTION, SANGO AREA , ILORIN KWARA STATE.    SUBMITTED TO THE SIWES COORDINATOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE, NIGERIA    BY ALABI IBRAHIM SOGO 20D/57MB/01473   COURSE CODE: MCB 310    IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (B.SC) IN MICROBIOLOGY   KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE, NIGERIA   NOVEMBER,2022

2. DEDICATED The ALMIGHTY ALLAH for his grace upon my life and also my mom, brother, sister, my friends and big daddy for being mine.   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would want to genuinely appreciate my mummy for her persistence on my behalf, patience, love and financial support. I also would want appreciate my brother, sister and my friends for being just the best. Sincere thanks to Mr. Isiaaq for his love and support. A big thank you to the organizers of this SIWES program, it was indeed an educating program. I would also like to thank the scientists at Standard Medical Diagnostics Laboratory for their patience in answering our questions and also for giving necessary explanations when due and my classmates and friends with whom I underwent this SIWES program. Thanks to Almighty Allah for making all this possible, I am very grateful

3. BRIEF HISTORY OF OLUTAYO MEDICAL LABORATORY OLUTAYO HOSPITAL was founded in year 2002 which is own by Dr. Joseph Adegbite Adeyemo J.A With the aim to provide solution to the inadequate health issue in the country. Although it’s a private institution, the organization is recognized by the government as it is registered. There are several departments ranging from the managing director, consulting room.etc.

4.   1. THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE The microscope employs a hollow, extremely intense cone of light concentrated on the specimen. The field of view of the objective lens lies in the hollow, dark portion of the cone and picks up only scattered light from the object. The clear portions of the specimen appear as a dark background, and the minute objects under study glow brightly against the dark field. 2. AUTOCLAVE The autoclave is effective equipment used for steam sterilization at pressures above the atmospheric pressure. Thus, it is possible to steam at higher temperature then the boiling point, which a lot of microorganisms cannot withstand. Autoclaving is the most effective method for sterilizing culture media. 3. REFRIGERATOR This is used to preserve samples, reagents etc, which are used for daily analysis and cannot be exhausted at once. The refrigerator helps provide optimum environment for materials to be preserved. 4. INCUBATOR The incubator is mainly used to incubate culture media as microbes have different optimum temperatures for growth and reproduction. The temperature of an incubator can be set to the preferred temperatures. 5. WATER This is required to incubate bottle of culture media, liquids in flasks or other large Containers, and when incubating samples in the test tube racks. 6. WEIGHING BALANCE This is a delicate instrument used for weighing essential, reagent, stains and culture media that requires adequate weighing.  7. GLASS SLIDES Used for preparation of slides for microscopy. Sterilization is by flooding with alcohol and flaming off excess alcohol. 8. COVER SLIPS This is use for covering wet smears of preparations. It is sterilized by flooding with alcohol and flaming off excess alcohol. 9. PETRI DISH Used for the preparation of culture media. It is usually bought sterilized. The disposable type cannot used a second time while the glass ware type can be reused be usually sterilized by autoclaving. 10. FORCEPS A pair of forceps is a metallic object used for handing hot object or contaminated materials. It is sterilized by flaming red hot. 11. Others include: Other Laboratory equipments include includes sterilized slide, Giemsa Stain, needle, syringe, ethanol, sterilized bottle, agar ( MacConkey or Chocolate), Gram positive, Gram negative sensitivity kit , cotton wool, EDTA, microscope, oil immersion, ethanol, s terilized slides, swab sticks, cotton wool, spirit, giemsa stain, lancets, surgical blades, oil immersion, pipette, light microscope, hot plate (dryer), centrifuge, hand gloves, microhaematocrit centrifuge, capillary tubes for measuring PCV, sealant, microhaematocrit reader, anaerobic jar, test tubes, bottles, water bath, weighing balance, microscope, pipette, beakers, bio safety cabinet, cotton LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS

5. SAFE WORKING PRACTICES IN A MEDICAL LABORATORY   Never mouth-pipette. Use safe measuring and dispensing devices. Do not eat, drink, smoke, store food, or apply cosmetics in the working area of the laboratory. Use an aseptic technique when handling specimens and cultures. Always wash your hands after handling an infectious material in the laboratory, when leaving the laboratory and before attending to patients. Cover any open wound with a water proof dressing. Wear appropriate protective clothing when working in the laboratory. Ensure it is decontaminated and laundered correctly. Wear protective gloves and when indicated a face mask, for all procedures involving direct contact with infectious materials. When wearing gloves, the hands should be washed with the gloves on, particularly before doing ant clerical work. Centrifuge safely to avoid creating aerosols. Know what to do should a breakage occur when centrifuging. Avoid practices which could result in needle stick injury. Do not use chipped or cracked glassware and always deal with a breakage immediately and safely. Avoid spillages by using racks to hold containers, work neatly and keep the bench surface free of any unnecessary materials.

6. MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY In this laboratory the following tests are carried out 1 Urine Analysis, MCS 2 Malaria Parasite Test 3 Stool Microscopy 4 Semen Analysis 5 Blood Microfilaria 6 Pack ed cell volume 7 Widal Test

7. MALARIA PARASITE TEST (MP TEST) MATERIALS COVER SLIDE SLIDE MICROSCOPE GIEMSA STAINING OIL IMMERSION WATER FORCEPS HAND GLOVE Some parasites that could be detected in the blood are: Plasmodia, Trypanosomes, Leishmania , filarial worms. SPECIMEN- A one meter in blood diameter of the blood film of the patient. Specific identification of parasites requires a permanent stain. For permanent staining, two types of blood films can be prepared. Thick films allow a larger volume of blood to be examined, thus making it easier to detect light infections with fewer parasites, while species identification is difficult. Thin films are necessary to see the morphological characteristics of the parasites and to identify them. PROCEDURES PRECAUTION: It is necessary for one to be very careful while collecting and preparing blood samples. A number of parasitological, bacterial and viral diseases can be transmitted through blood. Blood film should be prepared preferably within one hour of collection. The time of collection should be mentioned on the specimen as well as on the result sheet and also the laboratory number for correlation. It is preferable to prepare blood films with fresh blood without anticoagulant. If it is notpossible , blood pant coagulated with EDTA (10mg/5ml) should be used.

8. Step1 An absolutely clean, grease-free slide, well-washed slide cleaned with 70% ethanol is recommended. The slide is labeled with the patient’s laboratory number and date . Step 2 Swab the top of the patient’s third finger or thumb with cotton wool soaked with ethylated spirit to disinfect and clean the possible micro organisms present on the surface of the skin. Step 3 Prick the point cleaned with a sterilized lancet and discard immediately. Step 4 Apply pressure on the lower side of the top with your own hand so the blood would be able to come out in few trickles as a drop or two will be placed on either sides of the slide since the laboratory number labeled on the slide will be in the middle. Step 5 You prepare a thick blood film for the malaria parasite test. To make a thick blood film, place two or three small drops of fresh blood without anticoagulant on a clean slide with a sterilized end of another slide. Mix the drops in a circular motion over an area about two centimeters in diameter, (continue mixing for about thirty seconds to prevent formation of fibrin strands that may obscure the parasites after staining, if anti- coagulated blood is used, it is not necessary to continue mixing for thirty seconds). Step 6 Allow the film to dry in air at room temperature on a t o fix the film. Step 7 After drying, the slide is placed directly into an aqueous stain called Giemsa stain to make the thick blood film to lyses the red blood cells and to remove hemoglobin so that the parasites can be easily detected GIEMSA STAINING TECHNIQUE Giemsa stain is a Romanaosky that requires dilution in buffered water or buffered saline before use. Giemsa stain (stock solution) Giemsa stain powder 0.6g Methanol, absolute (acetone-free) 50ml Glycerol 50ml Dissolve the Giemsa stain in methanol in a brown bottle containing a few glass beads.

9. TROPHOZOITE OF MALARIAL PARASITE AS VIEWED UNDER THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE. Trophozoite is the growing form of the parasite in the peripheral blood of man after the invasion of the red blood cells by merozites . When the mature schizonts rupture the merozites penetrate the red blood cells and develop into trophozoites . Immature trophozoites are concave disc appearing as ring forms in stained preparation. It consists of; A rod-shaped nucleus (chromatin dot) stained red. A peripheral rim of cytoplasm that stains blue and An unstained clear area or vacuole in the centre that pushes the chromatin dot to the periphery of the cytoplasm. Three stages of the asexual life cycle occur in man, namely the trophozoites , schizont and the gametocytes. The parasites reside in the peripheral red blood cells. Each species is identified on two basic parameters. Appearance of the infected red blood cells. Appearance of the parasite. Results: Malaria Parasite Chromatin of parasite: Dark red Cytoplasm of parasite: Blue Schuffner’s clots: Red

10. RECOMMENDATIONS I propose that more time should be given to the students of microbiology for SIWES activities I recommend that government should provide placements for students undergoing SIWES in the several fields of Nigerian Economy. I recommend that more preference should be given to the power sector so as to provide adequate light to various Medical laboratories in the country. CONCLUSION In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain a lot and many can now practice the applied aspects of their various disciplines and other related areas on their own. The program has really being. REFERENCES My industrial attachment experience at Standard Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Textbooks District laboratory practice in tropical countries (part 2) by Monica Cheesbrough www.google.com