MAN MADE AND NATURAL DISASTERS IN INDIA

The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets

A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT . Submitted By :- Name:- DWIGPAL SHAHI PID.:- 18BSCAGH128 Course:- B .Sc.( Hons ) Agricultural Extension & Communication Semester :- 3 th PROJECT ON MAN MADE AND NATURAL DISASTERS SAM HIGGIN BOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

2. CONTENTS Sl. No Topics Slide No. 1. WHAT IS A DISASTER? 03 2. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER 04 3. 5 NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA 05 4. 1999 SUPER CYCLONE, ODISHA 06 5. 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE 07 6. 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI 08 7. 2007 BIHAR FLOOD DISASTER  09 8. 2013 UTTARAKHAND FLASH FLOODS 10 9. 5 MAN-MADE DISASTER IN INDIA 11 10. BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY 12 11. AMRI HOSPITAL FIRE, KOLKATA 13 12. GIRISH PARK KOLKATA FLYOVER COLLAPSE 14 13. MAHA KUMBH MELA STAMPEDE IN ALLAHABAD,1954 15 14. CHASNALA MINING DISASTER 16

3. What Is A Disaster? The word  disaster  is derived from Middle  French   désastre  and that from Old  Italian   disastro , which in turn comes from the  Ancient Greek   pejorative  prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an  astrological  sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets A  disaster  is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of  GDP ) in  developing countries  than in industrialized countries

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER:-

5. 5 NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA 1999 Super Cyclone, Odisha 2001 Gujarat Earthquake 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI 2007 Bihar flood disaster  2013 Uttarakhand Flash Floods

6. The  1999 Odisha cyclone was the most intense recorded  tropical cyclone  in the  North Indian Ocean  and among the most destructive in the region. The 1999 Odisha cyclone organized into a  tropical depression  in the  Andaman Sea  on 25 October, though its origins could be traced back to an area of  convection  in the  Sulu Sea  four days prior. The disturbance gradually strengthened as it took a west-northwesterly path, reaching cyclonic storm strength the next day.The storm  rapidly intensified , attaining super cyclonic storm intensity on 28 October, before peaking on the next day with winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a record-low pressure of 912  mbar . The damage was compounded by the earlier impact of a  very severe cyclonic storm  that struck nearby areas just 11 days earlier. In total, 12.9 million people were affected by the storm; estimates for the storm's death toll vary significantly, though the India Meteorological Department indicated that around 9,887 were killed, with an additional 40 persons missing and 2,507 others injured.  The  sugarcane  crop was destroyed alongside other  kharif  and  rabi crops .About 2 million tonnes (2.2 million tons) of the winter rice crop was destroyed.Total damage caused by the destructive cyclone amounted to US$4.4444 billion.

7. The  2001 Gujarat earthquake , also known as the Bhuj earthquake, occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd  Republic Day , at 08:46 am IST. The  epicenter  was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of  Chobari  in  Bhachau   Taluka  of  Kutch  District of  Gujarat ,  India The  intraplate earthquake  reached 7.7 on the  moment magnitude scale  and had a maximum felt intensity of X ( Extreme ) on the  Mercalli intensity scale . The earthquake killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people (including 18 in southeastern  Pakistan ), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings . The death toll in the  Kutch  region was 12,300.  Bhuj , which was situated only 20 km away from the epicentre , was devastated. The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the city's historic  Swaminarayan temple  and historic fort as well  Prag Mahal  and  Aina Mahal . The  Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage  (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged. In  Ahmedabad , Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of approximately 7 million (according to data in 2018), as many as 50 multi- storey buildings collapsed and several hundred people were killed.

8. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (also known as the Boxing Day Tsunami and, by the scientific community, the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake) occurred at 07:58:53 in local time on 26 December, with an  epicenter  off the west coast of northern  Sumatra ,  Indonesia . It was an  undersea   megathrust earthquake  that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3  Mw. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the  Burma Plate  and the  Indian Plate . A series of massive  tsunami  waves grew up to 30 m (100 ft) high once heading inland, after being created by the underwater seismic activity offshore. Communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean were severely affected, and the tsunamis killed an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries. The earthquake was the  third-largest ever recorded  and had the longest duration of  faulting  ever observed, between eight and ten minutes. It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 mm (0.4 in),and also  remotely triggered earthquakes  as far away as  Alaska .

9. The  2007 Bihar flood , which started in August 2007, was described by the United Nations as the worst flood in the "living memory" of Bihar. It is believed to be the worst flood in Bihar in the last 30 years. By 8 August, the flooding had affected an estimated 10 million people in Bihar . Total deaths recorded in 2007 Bihar floods was 1,287, which was second highest death toll in state after 1,399 deaths in 1987 Bihar floods. More than 4822 villages and 10,000,000 hectares of farm land were affected. About 29,000 houses were destroyed and 44,000 houses were damaged by the floods. Thousands of people were shifted to places of safety, including relief camps . The flood affected 19 districts of the state. Some of the worst affected districts are  Muzaffarpur ,  Sitamarhi ,  Saharsa ,  East Champaran ,  Supaul ,  Darbhanga ,  Patna ,  Bhagalpur ,  West Champaran ,  Katihar ,  Madhubani ,  Samastipur ,  Sheohar ,  Nalanda ,  Khagaria ,  Gopalganj ,  Madhepura ,  Araria  and  Begusarai . Flooding had submerged more than 40 percent of Bihar. The area around the town of Darbhanga was one of the worst affected areas in the state. Roads leading to the remainder of the state were impassible by the flood.

10. In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. The reason the floods occurred was that the rainfall received was on a larger scale than the regular rainfall the state usually received. The debris blocked up the rivers, causing major overflow. The main day of the flood was 16 June 2013. Though some parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India experienced the heavy rainfall, some regions of Western Nepal, and some parts of Western Tibet also experienced heavy rainfall, over 89% of the casualties occurred in Uttarakhand. As of 16 July 2013, according to figures provided by the Government of Uttarakhand, more than 5,700 people were "presumed dead.“ This total included 934 local residents. Destruction of bridges and roads left about 300,000 pilgrims and tourists trapped in the valleys leading to three of the four Hindu Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites. The Indian Air Force, the Indian Army, and paramilitary troops evacuated more than 110,000 people from the flood-ravaged area.

11. 5 MAN-MADE DISASTER IN INDIA Bhopal Gas tragedy AMRI Hospital fire, Kolkata Girish Park Kolkata Flyover Collapse Maha Kumbh mela stampede in Allahabad,1954 Chasnala mining disaster

12. Recalling the night of December 2-3 1984 in Bhopal still sends a shiver down the spine of those who were there that fateful night when toxic Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from the factory owned by Union Carbide. The gas silently spread out engulfing the densely populated areas around the factory. People woke up and ran outside desperately gasping for breath only to take in more of the deadly gas. Many died in their sleep while others went blind. Over time, several people suffered from post trauma diseases, while many continue to suffer even today. This was one of the worst chemical disasters globally that resulted in over 10,000 losing their lives (the actual number remains disputed) and over 5.5 lakh persons affected and suffering from agonizing injuries. The tragedy was a result of human error and poor supervision at the factory. Unfortunately, several industries in India still continue to operate with very little government pressure on implementation of safety protocols as per Standard Operating Procedures laid down by the authorities

13. It was early December morning in Kolkata when a fire broke out at the basement of AMRI Hospital in Dhakuria area of  Kolkata . It was around 3 am on the morning of 9 December 2011 when most patients and attending staff were asleep. The fire spread rapidly to the floors above. Patients were trapped inside wards and with no exit possible as all windows were grilled, the rapidly spreading smoke did more damage than the fire itself. The staff were slow to react and got bogged down in protocol rather than call in the fire department immediately as the fire broke. The first responders at the site were the slum dwellers residing next to the hospital who took up the initiative of rescuing the patients. They managed to access the hospital through windows, by breaking the grills, and rescued several patients and staff. At the end, of the 160 persons inside the hospital at the time, 89 lost their lives, of which 85 were patients and 4 staff members. This was a classic case of negligence on part of management and operational staff, who did not implement most of the mandatory fire safety norms, as laid down by the government. Adding to this was lack of clear Standard Operating Procedures for such emergencies.

14. The most recent man-made disaster occurred on 31 March at 12.25 pm when a portion of the under construction Vivekananda Road flyover at Girish Park crossing collapsed, crushing 18 people to death and leaving over 78 injured. Construction work on the 2.2 kilometer flyover began in 2009 but has been way behind schedule with several deadlines missed. It is reported that the project cost has escalated significantly over the years and the builder had been pressing the West Bengal government to release funds, which has not been forthcoming, as per amount or schedule required. The delays in completing the project were mainly on account of several land acquisition litigations that the government had to settle but for the past several months the principle contractor IVRCL, a Hyderabad based builder, was under pressure from the state government to complete the project, with an eye on forthcoming elections. It is still early to conclude whether poor design and/or poor construction material contributed to the tragedy but it is clear that lack of supervision on part of the authorities led the contractor to be lax on quality monitoring as construction progressed.

15. Stampede caused by poor people management and lack of adequate infrastructure to monitor and manage large crowd gatherings, especially during religious occasions, has been a bane in India. One of the worst incidents took place just after independence on 3 February 1954 on the occasion of Maha Kumbh in Allahabad. The resulting stampede took the lives of 820 and left over 100 injured. Compounding the failure of  crowd control  measures was not just the presence of a large number of  politicians,. But also the fact that the Ganges River had changed course and moved in closer to the  Bund  ( embankment ) and the city, reducing the available space of the temporary Kumbh township and restricting movement of the people. Ultimately what triggered the tragedy was that a surge of the crowd broke through the barriers separating them from a procession of  sadhus  and holy men of various  akharas , resulting in a stampede. Not a single rupee of compensation was paid to the victims' families.The judicial inquiry commission, set up after what was one of the worst stampedes in India's history, was headed by Justice Kamala Kant Verma, and its recommendations became the basis for better management of future events in the coming decades.

16. The  Chasnala mining disaster  was a disaster that happened on 27 December 1975 in a coal mine in  Chasnala  near  Dhanbad  in the  Indian  state of  Jharkhand . An explosion in the mine followed by  flooding  killed 380 miners. The explosion was most likely caused by sparks from equipment igniting a pocket of flammable methane gas. Even a small spark can ignite the surges of gas that may suddenly fill a mine. Clouds of coal dust raised by the explosion and accompanying shock wave contribute to these sorts of mine explosions, making the flames self-sustaining. When a roof of coal caved in, 7 million imperial gallons (32,000 m 3 ) of water per minute flooded into the mine. The miners were trapped under a mountain of debris and drowned when the water surged into the mine. Rescue workers continued their efforts to dig out bodies and survivors until 19 January 1976. Sadly, there were no survivors, and most of the bodies were never recovered. The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO), which owned the mine, said it conformed to international standards.

17. REFERENCES :- Disaster – Wikipedia Chasnala - The Story of Betrayal of Independence | Sankalp India Foundation Chasnala mining disaster – Wikipedia 1954 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede – Wikipedia 1999 Odisha cyclone - Alchetron , The Free Social Encyclopedia 1999 Odisha cyclone – Wikipedia List of 7 major natural disasters in the history of India (jagranjosh.com) 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – Wikipedia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – Wikipedia Uttarakhand flash floods – A report - India | ReliefWeb 5 Worst Man-made Disasters in India | My India (mapsofindia.com) 2001 Gujarat Earthquake: When India Faced One of its Worst Disasters 14 Years Ago [PHOTOS] - IBTimes India 2007 Bihar flood - Wikipedia

18. THANK YOU ! dwIgpal shahi 18 bscagh128