MANGO ANTHRACNOSE

MANGO ANTHRACNOSE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

1. MANGO ANTHRACNOSE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3) Kullapuram (Po), ViaVaigai Dam, Theni-625 562 STUDENT Miss. ABIRAMI.C ID. No. 2015021003 COURSE TEACHER Dr. PARTHASARATHY S Asst. Professor (Plant Pathology)

2. SIGNIFICANCE Post harvest loses of mango in several tropical countries (Brazil, Pakistan) ranges from 15% in dry season to 70% in rainy season. China and India postharvest losses of mango due to anthracnose is 15% - 25%. The incidence of this disease reach 100% in fruit under wet conditions. 30 – 60% yield loss on mango occurs different countries of world (Aken,2006:Chowdhury and Rahim,2009)

3. DISTRIBUTION World Pakistan, Brazil , China, India etc., India Himachal Pradesh , Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh etc.,

4. CAUSAL ORGANISM Anamorph stage (asexual stage) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ( Penz and Sacc ) Teleomorph ( sexual stage ) Glomerella cingulata ( Fitzell , 1979 and Prakash , 1990)

5. SYSTEMATIC POSITION KINGDOM : Fungi DIVISION : Ascomycota CLASS : Sordariomycetes ORDER : Glomerellales FAMILY : Glomerellaceae GENUS : Colletotrichum SPECIES : C . gloeosporioides

6. SYMPTOMS ON LEAVES Small blister like spots develop on the leaves and twigs. Young leaves wither and dry Tender twigs wither and die back symptom appears.

7. SYMPTOMS ON LEAVES https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

8. SYMPTOMS ON FLOWERS Infections on the panicles (form clusters) start as small black or dark- brown spots. These can enlarge, coalesce and kill the flowers. The panicles become prone to disintegration.

9. SYMPTOMS ON FLOWERS https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

10. SYMPTOMS ON FRUITS Prominent dark –brown to black decay spots or tear stains from anywhere on the fruit coalesce to form larger severe blighted areas. Fruit infections are common and can create severe decay of fruits. During humid conditions, abundant orange – brown to salmon-colored spore masses of pathogen form in lesions on fruit surface.

11. SYMPTOMS ON FRUITS TEAR STAIN EFFECT https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

12. Linear necrotic regions show alligator skin effect associated with cracking on epidermis https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

13. SYMPTOMS ON STEM AND BRANCHES Twig dieback occurs when severe elongated, blackened lesions form on stems and twig die back apically. Abundant sporulation of the pathogen covers the decomposed points of infection.

14. SYMPTOMS ON STEM AND BRANCHES https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

15. PATHOGEN CHARACTERS Conidiophore is simple, branched hyphae on which conidia are produced. Conidia is an asexual non-motile fungi spore that develop externally from the cell that formed it.

16. CONIDIA OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf

17. EPIDEMIOLOGY High humidity Temperature of 24°C – 32°C. Frequent rains. Moist conditions favours the development of disease (October to November)

18. DISEASE CYCLE OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

19. Dissemination Conidia are dispersed passively by splashing of rain or irrigation water. Inoculation Spores land on infectious sites (panicles, leaves, branch terminals) Symptoms and disease development Black, sunken, rapidly expanding lesions develop in fruiting bodies ( Acervuli ).

20. Pathogen reproduction Sticky masses of conidia are produced in fruiting body ( Acervuli ). Pathogen survival The pathogen survives between seasons on infected and defoliated branch terminals and mature leaves.

21. MODE OF INFECTION Primary spread Air borne conidia and infected plant debris are primary source of infection. Secondary spread Rain splashes and irrigation water are secondary source of infection.

22. INTEGARATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT Spray P. fluorescens (FP7) at 3 weeks interval commencing from October at 5 g/like on flower branches, 5 – 7 sprays one to be given on flowers and bunches. Spray twice with Carbendazim ( 0.1%) at 15 days interval during flowering to control blossom infection.

23. Spraying of Mancozeb 2 g/lit Thiophanate methyl 1 g/lit or chlorothalonil 2 g/lit 3 times at 15 days interval. Spray copper fungicides (0.3%) for the control of foliar infection. Before storage, treat with hot water (50 – 55ºC) for 15 minutes or dip in Benomyl solution (500 ppm ) or Thiobendazole (1000 ppm ) for 5 minutes.

24. REFERENCES https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>pdf https://www.scarlet.net agritech.tnau.ac.in Thind T.S “ Diseases of fruits and vegetables and their management” published by Kalyani publishers Pg:No (47 – 49) . Arun Arya “Tropical fruit diseases and fruits” published by kalyani publishers Pg:No : (23 – 28)