maps & symbols which is use in india and other parts of world also

you can study about maps and road symbols ,railways symbols etc

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT WORK MAPS AND SYMBOLS

2. Map A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects , regions , and themes . Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space , while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space , real or imagined, without regard to context or scale ; e.g. Brain mapping , DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.

3. Geographic maps Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts , railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities , utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed w ork).

4. Orientation of maps The Hereford Mappa Mundi , about 1300, Hereford Cathedral , England. A classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at centre, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word " orient " is derived from Latin oriens , meaning East. In the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps , were drawn with East at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map

5. Basic elements of map relief Geographic grid Scale

6. Geographic Grid In order to locate a feature on a map or to describe the extent of an area, it is necessary to refer to the map's geographic grid. This grid is made up of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. By agreed convention, longitude is marked 180° east and 180° west from 0° at Greenwich, England. Latitude is marked 90° north and 90° south from the 0° parallel of the equator. Points on a map can be accurately defined by giving degrees, minutes, and seconds for both latitude and longitude ( see Latitude and Longitude). Maps are usually arranged so that true north is at the top of the sheet, and are provided with a compass rose or some other indication of magnetic variation ( see Magnetic Pole).

7. Scale The scale of a map defines the relationship between distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the earth. ( Left, ) The units of measurement shown in the scale represent 1000 mi, top, or 1000 km, bottom, on the earth. ( Center, ) One unit on the map equals a distance of 10,000,000 units on the earth. ( Right, ) One unit on the map equals a distance of 1,000,000 units on the earth.

8. Drawing a Cross-Section The map on top is a topographical map. The map’s curving lines, or contours, are labeled with numbers indicating how high above sea level the contours are. The second map is a cross-section of the map on top. The x-axis (the horizontal axis) of the cross-section corresponds to the line from A to B on the topographical map. The y-axis (the vertical axis) of the cross-section is used with the x-axis to plot the height of each contour where it crosses the A-B line. This creates a series of dots; by connecting the dots, a cross-section of the landscape is created. R elief

9. Maps are pictures or representations of the Earth's surface.  They show how places are related to each other by distance, direction, and size.  Maps are a way of showing a part of the Earth's surface on a flat piece of paper. Maps are flat but they are made to represent an area that is on a sphere, Earth.  This can cause what is called distortion (changes in the shape of an object).  The areas of a map closest to the equator have little distortion.  The closer a map moves towards the poles the more distorted the map becomes.  For example, Greenland appears to be much larger on a map than it really is.        

10. A person who makes maps is called a cartographer. A map includes a compass rose that shows direction.  Cardinal Directions are the four base parts on a compass. The top point is called north and the point at the bottom is south. The side points are called east and west.  The points in between the cardinal directions are called intermediate directions. These include northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast .

11. Maps have keys.  The objects on a map are represented using symbols. A symbol is a picture on the map that represents something in the real world. To understand the symbols on a map you need a key. Maps use a key, or legend to explain the meaning of each of the symbols used in the map. The key usually shows a small picture of each of the symbols used on the map, along with a written description of the meaning of each symbol.

12. Maps have scales.  Maps are scaled down so that they fit on paper. When scaling down a map, every part of the map is scaled by the same amount. This is done to make sure that every object on the map is the same proportion as everything else on the map.  Because the Earth is round, and maps are flat, it is impossible to create a map with a perfect scale. Some parts of the map will be too large, while others will be too small.

13.   We can identify locations on the Earth's surface by using a grid system of latitude and longitude. Latitude gives a north and south direction and longitude gives an east and west direction.  This system helps us in measuring distances and finding directions between places on the Earth's surface. The starting point is the prime meridian, with represents 0º longitude. The exact opposite position at 180º is called the International Date Line, which is where the date actually changes .

14. Map projections Cylinderical projection Azimuthal projecton Conic projection Robinson projection

15. If you imagine a paper cylinder wrapped around an illuminated globe, the projection onto the cylinder would resemble a cylindrical projection map. The shape of the continents near the middle of the cylinder would be relatively free of distortion, but the regions near the poles would be stretched out of proportion as in a cylindrical projection map. Cylindrical Projection

16. If you imagine a piece of paper touching an illuminated globe at one point, the projection of the globe onto the paper would resemble an azimuthal projection map. Azimuthal projection maps are useful for viewing the polar regions of the world, because the poles usually appear near the center of the map, with longitudinal lines meeting at the poles and spreading away from each other as they move away from the poles. The polar regions are relatively free of distortion, but the distortion increases as the longitudinal lines move toward equatorial areas. Azimuthal Projection

17. If you imagine a paper cone placed over an illuminated globe, the projection on the cone would resemble a conic projection map. Such a map is relatively free of distortion in the middle latitude regions, and is useful for viewing countries that fall within those regions, such as some European countries. Conic Projection

18. A Robinson projection, also called an orthophanic projection, is one way of transferring information from a round globe to a flat map. This type of projection, elliptical in shape, shows the entire world in a single plane. The poles are depicted as lines instead of points. The Robinson projection was designed in 1963 by Arthur H. Robinson of the University of Wisconsin to minimize distortion, particularly near the equator, and to give the world a realistic appearance. Robinson Projection

19. SYMBOLS

20. You will notice these symbols when travelling on the public transport network, using timetables on this website and other journey planning materials. They are designed to assist you in navigating each of the transport modes operating in Melbourne and Victoria and enhance your travel experience .

21. LAKSHYA SHARMA PRESENTED BY;