Markhor

Sajjad Hameed Mughal... Department of Zoology.The University of Poonch AJK

1. . , 1 seminar

2. Our national animal “Markhor” Seminar No. 01 Presented by. Sajjad Hameed Mughal Class. Mphil . Zoology (1 st semester) Roll no. 20 THE UNIVERSITY OF POONCH RAWALAKOT Presented to. Hon. Dr. Nausheen Irshad 2 seminar

3. Markhor ( Capra f alconeri ) . 3 seminar

4. Why Markhor is the National animal of Pakistan? Why Markhor is the Logo of ISI? What is the meaning of Markhor? Can you answer……..? 4 seminar

5. The Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan ( Taus-Bolstad and Stacy , 2003 ).The   markhor is a large species of  wild goat  that is found in northeastern Afghanistan , northern and central   Pakistan ,  Kashmir  province in northern India , southern  Tajikistan , southern Uzbekistan  and in the Himalayas (Wilson and Reeder, 2006). INTRODUCTION: 5 seminar

6. The species was classed by the  IUCN  as  Endangered  until 2015 when it was down listed to  Near Threatened , as their numbers have increased in recent years by an estimated 20% for the last decade. STATUS OF MARKHOR: 6 seminar

7. Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Subfamily: Caprinae Genus: Capra Species: C.  falconeri Binomial name Capra falconeri ( Wagner , 1839) SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: 7 seminar

8. Balti : Reedakh Persian ,  Urdu  and  Kashmiri : مارخور  markhor Pashto : مرغومی  marǧūmay Ladaki :  rache ,  rapoche  (male) and  rawache  ( female) Burushaski   boom  (Markhor),  boom haldin  (male),  giri haldin  (female ) Shina :  boom mayaro , (male) and  boom mayari  (female ) Brahui :  rezkuh ,  matt  (male) and  hit ,  harat  (female ) Baluchi :  pachin ,  sara  (male) and  buzkuhi  (female ) Khowar / Chitrali :  sara (male) and maxhegh ( female) (Richard Lydekker (1900). LOCAL NAMES: 8 seminar

9. MARKHOR : Pakistan today , despite of being the national  animal, the markhor is considered to be an endangered species with less than 2,500 individuals thought to be left in a few remote areas of the Asian mountains. The decline in markhor population numbers in mainly due to deforestation resulting in the loss of their native habitats ( Taus-Bolstad and Stacy , 2003 ). 9 seminar

10. Interesting………..! Cud is the foamy substance formed in mouth of Markhor when it eats snakes and this cud is used as a remedy for snakebite by villagers in Northern areas. Trophy is any durable part, skin horns or antlers of wild animals especially ungulates 10 seminar

11. Markhor are adapted to mountainous terrain, and can be found between 600 and 3,600 meters in elevation. They typically inhabit scrub forests made up primarily of  oaks  ( Quercus ilex ),  pines ( Pinus gerardiana ), and  junipers ( Juniperus macropoda ) ( Valdez, 2008). They are  diurnal , and are mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. The total world population is mainly found in Pakistan. Today, Markhor are present in around 20 of Pakistan's protected areas. Current population estimates are less than 2,500 to 3,000 for the markhor in Pakistan (Hess et al. 1997). HABITAT: 11 seminar

12. Size: Body Length: 132-186 cm / 4.4-6.2 ft. Shoulder Height: 65-115 cm / 2.1-3.8 ft. Tail Length: 8-20 cm / 3.2-8 in. Weight: 32-110 kg / 70-242 lb. DESCRIPTION AND BIOLOGY: 12 seminar

13.   Males have long hair on the chin, throat, chest, and shanks, while females have smaller fringes. The lower legs have a black and white pattern. The tightly curled, corkscrew-like horns are present in both sexes, starting close together at the head, but spreading towards the tips. In males, they can grow up to 160 cm /64 inches long, and up to 25 cm / 10 inches in females. DESCRIPTION AND BIOLOGY: (CONT.) 13 seminar

14.   Gestation Period: 135-170 days. Young per Birth: 1 or 2, rarely 3. Mating occurs during winter, with the subsequent births occurring from late April to early June. Sexual Maturity: At 18-30 months. REPRODUCTION: 14 seminar

15. The markhor is mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon. Population densities in Pakistan range from 1-9 animals per square kilometer. During the rut males fight for breeding rights. These competitions involve lunging and locking the horns, followed by the combatants twisting and pushing in an attempt to make the other lose his balance. Females and young live in herds of around 9 animals, adult males are usually solitary . (The Ultimate Ungulate Page" by Brent Huffman, WWF/WCMC and "Mammals of Pakistan," T.J Roberts ) . SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: 15 seminar

16. During the spring and summer months it is a grazer, while in the winter it turns to browse for nourishment. Markhor often stand on their hind legs in order to reach high vegetation.. The name markhor is derived from the Persian “mar”, a snake, and “ khor ”, eating. This is a very peculiar name, as they are vegetarians, though they have been known to kill snakes (The Ultimate Ungulate Page" by Brent Huffman, WWF/WCMC and "Mammals of Pakistan," T.J Roberts) DIET: 16 seminar

17. In Pakistan several protected areas contain Flare-horned Markhor : Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa - Chitral District: Chitral Gol NP, Drosh Gol GR, Gahirat Gol GR, Goleem Gol GR, Goleen Gol GR, Purit Gol - Chinar Gol GR, Tushi GR (NWFP 1992); Swat District: Totalai GR (Zool. Survey Dept., 1987 ). Gilgit-Baltistan – Central Karakoram NP (in Hunza -Nagar, Gilgit and Skardu Districts) Gilgit District: Kargah WS, Naltar WS, Danyore GR, Sherqillah GR. ( Rasool , no date); Astor District: Astor WS, Tangir GR ( Rasool , no date); Baltistan District: Baltistan WS, Askor Nallah GR ( Rasool no date). Azad Jammu and Kashmir - Muzaffarabad: Mauji GR , Qazi Nag GR, Hillan CR (Zool. Survey Dept. 1986); Poonch District: Phala GR ( Qayyum 1986). Only one protected area is known to contain straight-horned markhor in Pakistan: Sheikh Buddin NP (previously a Wildlife Sanctuary) in Dera Ismail Khan District of NWFP (Zoological Survey Dept. 1987). The status of the subspecies in protected areas in Baluchistan is uncertain. Its occurrence is not confirmed in Chiltan-Hazarganji NP, and there is no reliable information for either Sasnamana or Ziarat Juniper. There are no reports of markhor in protected areas in Punjab. DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN: 17 seminar

18. The Markhor is a highly-valued trophy species. A single trophy license is sold for as much as $18, 000. Recently, the Pakistani Government has started issuing 2-3 licenses each year for trophy hunting. Money from this trophy hunting goes for the welfare of the local community. Despite this illegal hunting goes unchecked. The decade long war and civil war in Afghanistan has resulted in the influx of sophisticated weapons in Pakistan. Abundance of weapons available under these circumstances has led to many populations being hunted to extinction or near extinction. TROPHY HUNTING: 18 seminar

19. Human is the primary predators on markhor. Because markhor inhabit very steep and inaccessible mountainous habitat, several strongholds of markhor populations have been rarely approached by man. Golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) have been reported preying upon young markhor. Among wild carnivores, Himalayan lynx ( Felis lynx ), leopard cats ( Felis bengalensis ), snow leopards ( Panthera uncia ), wolves ( Canis lupus ), and black bears ( Ursus thibetanus ) are the main predators of markhor ( Sajjad , 2004). PREDATION : 19 seminar

20. The Kabul Markhor is critically endangered and is mainly confined to some hills around Peshawar and the border with Afghanistan. The population is mainly in the low 100s. The Kashmir Markhor ( C. f. cashmirensis   ) is mainly confined to Chitral Gol National Park and presents the biggest population in Pakistan. Poaching has been successfully controlled and now there are over 500 Markhor in Chitral Gol National Park. The Kashmir Markhor is also found in areas of Gilgit and Azad Kashmir. The Astor Markhor ( C. f. falconeri ) is mainly confined to the higher hill ranges of Gilgit , Hunza and Nanga Parbat. The only good population is in the Kargah Nullah and Naltar , near Gilgit . The Kargah Nullah might have a total population of 50 Markhors . In higher hill ranges of N.W.F.P and Baluchistan are found the Kabul and Sulaiman Markhor.   INTERESTING …………. : Chiltan markhor is found in Balouchsitan and sindh . 20 seminar

21. SUBSPECIES OF MARKHOR 21 seminar

22. Flared horned Markhor: C. f. cashmirensis (Pir Panjal or Kashmir markhor), C. f. falconeri (Astor markhor) C. f. chiltenesis ( Chiltan Markhor ) Straight horned Markhor: C. f. jerdoni (Suleiman or straight-horned markhor) C. f. megaceros (Kabul or Kabal markhor) SUBSPECIES OF MARKHOR: 22 seminar

23. Kabul markhor 23 seminar

24. Astor markhor 24 seminar

25. kashmir markhor or pir punjal markhor 25 seminar

26. Sulaiman markhor 26 seminar

27. Chiltan markhor 27 seminar

28. In 1994 the markhor population was estimated to be approximately 700 animals (Johnson, 1997), and in 1997 the population was estimated to be approximately 1,300 animals ( Frisina et al. 1998). This population increase has been due to a virtual elimination of unauthorized hunting that has been accomplished through a private conservation initiative, the Torghar Conservation Project (the Project), which was started in 1985. The subspecies is also found around the hill ranges of Quetta and Ziarat . MARKHOR CONSERVATION: 28 seminar

29. Throughout Diamer , southern Gilgit , and Astore Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan community based conservation programs aimed at Markhor conservation have created over 40 community conservation organizations and 18 registered conservancies, and trained and deployed over 100 community rangers. Markhor are now well-protected and appear to be experiencing a significant recovery (WCS, 2012). MARKHOR CONSERVATION: (CONT.) 29 seminar

30. Taus-bolstad and stacy . 2003.  pakistan in pictures.  twenty-first century books.   isbn , 0822546825 retrieved 25 december  2012. 15 pp. LITERATURE CITED: Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M.2006. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.,. 701 pp. Farsina , M.R., Woodford, M.H. and Awan , G.A. 2006. Management of straight horned markhor and Afghan urial habitat in Targah hills, Balouchistan , Pakistan. A report to the society for Targhar environment protection quetta , Pakistan. Valdez, R. 2008.  Capra falconeri . In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is regarded as endangered. Richard ,L. 1900.  The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet . Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1162-7. Retrieved 10 July 2011. 30 seminar

31. http://The Ultimate Ungulate Page" by Brent Huffman, WWF/WCMC and "Mammals of Pakistan," T.J Roberts) . Johnson, M.K. (1997). Population of markhor in pakistan , 1:133-180. WCS. 2012. A report on Markhor conservation in Pakistan (unpublished). Sajjad , A. 2004. "CONSERVATION AND STATUS OF MARKHOR (Capra falconeri ) IN THE NORTHERN PARTS OF NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE, PAKISTAN" LITERATURE CITED: 31 seminar

32. THANX FOR YOUR ATTENTION 32 seminar