Martha e Rogers (group 13).presenetation

Martha e Rogers theory

1. Martha E. Roger’s Theory Science of Unitary Human Beings Course Facilitator Ma’am Ayesha Siddiqa

2. Group Members: Muhammad Jawad 42 (TL) Sajid Raiz (15) Muhammad Salman (47) Ahmad Mehmood (35)

3. Objectives Theorist’s Overview Publications Introduction Components Roger’s Theory and Nursing Metaparadigm Application of Roger’s Theory Strengths Weaknesses Summary

4. Theorist’s Overview Born: May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas, USA Diploma: Knoxville general Hospital School of Nursing (1936) Graduation in Public Health Nursing: George Peabody college, 1937 MA: Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945 MPH: John Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1952 Doctorate in nursing: John Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1954 Position: Professor, consultant and speaker at Division of Nursing, New York University Died : March 13, 1994

5. Publications Theoretical basis of nursing (Rogers 1970) Nursing science and art: a prospective(Rogers 1988) Nursing: science of unitary, irreducible, human beings (Rogers 1990) Vision of space based nursing (Rogers 1990)

6. Introduction The belief of coexistence of the human and environment has greatly influenced the process of change toward better health. In short, a patient can’t be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and treatment. This view lead and opened Martha E. Roger’s theory, known as “science of Unitary Human Beings,” which allows nursing to be considered one of the scientific disciplines. Rogers repeatedly stated that she did not created a “theory” but rather an abstract system, a science, from which many theories may be derived.

7. C omponents This theory comprises of five assumptions, four major concepts and three major principals. Assumptions: Wholeness, Openness, Unidirectionality , Pattern and organization, sentence and thought. Concepts: Energy field, openness, pattern and pan dimensionality. Principals: Resonancy , helicy and integrity. It is also known as homodynamic principles.

8. A ssumptions

9. Concepts

10. Homeodynamic P rinciples H omeodynamic refers to the balance between the dynamic life process and environment These principles help to view humans as unitary human being Three principles of homeodynamics Resonancy H elicy I ntegrity

11. Homeodynamic Principles Resonancy Wave patterns are continuously changing in environmental and human energy field. Helicy The nature of change is unpredictable, continuous and an innovative. Integrity Energy fields of humans and environment are in a continuous mutual process.

12. Roger’s Theory and Nursing Metaparadigm 1. Unitary Human Being (Person) A unitary Human beings open system which continuously interact with environment. A person cannot be viewed as parts, it should be considered as whole 2. Environment It includes the entire energy field other than a person. These energy fields are irreducible, not limited by space and time, identified by its pattern and organization

13. Roger’s Theory and Nursing Metaparadigm 3. Health Not clearly defined by Rogers. It is determined by the interaction between energy fields i.e. human and environments Bad interaction or misplacing of energy leads to illness 4. Nursing Nursing exists to serve people Nursing is both science and art It is the direct and overriding responsibility to the society

14. Clinical Practice Nursing action is always focused on unitary human being and change the energy field between human and environment. Nursing action always include all non-invasive actions such as guided imaginary, humor, therapeutic touch, music etc. which are used to increase the potential of human field. The more importance be on the management of pain, supportive therapy and rehabilitation.

15. Nursing Education Emphasis should be given on the understanding of the patient and self, energy field and environment. Example Training should lay more focus on teaching non-invasive modalities such as therapeutic touch, meditation, humor, regular in service education program etc.

16. Research Rogers theory has been used in many research works and has always found testable and applicable in research. Example A study to assess the effectiveness of music therapy on stress reduction among postmenopausal women in Lahore, Pakistan.

17. Strengths Rogers concepts provide a worldview from which nurses may derive theories and hypotheses and propose relationship specific to different situations. This theory is not directly testable due to lack of concrete hypotheses, but it is testable in principles.

18. W eakness Overall this theory is considered as very complex concepts and quite difficult to understand. Rogers’ model does not define particular hypotheses or theories for it is an abstract, unified and highly derived framework. Testing the concepts’ validity is questionable because its concepts are not directly measurable. Rogers claimed that nursing exists to serve people; however, nurses’ role were not clearly defined.

19. Summary T he Science of Unitary Human Beings is highly generalizable as the concepts and ideas are not confined with a specific nursing approach unlike the usual way of other nurse theorist in defining the major concepts of theory. Rogers gave much emphasis on how a nurse should view the patient. Her statement, in general, made us believe that a person and his or her environment are integral to each other.

20. Case Study: Patient was 28 years old and suffers from emotional agitation, auditory hallucinations, religious delusions, kneeling to worship, and disturbing behavior at home, so she has been hospitalized in the psychiatric ward of a medical center in southern Taiwan for the second time. The medical diagnosis of this patient was Schizophrenia. The patient has five elder brothers and elder sisters. Both the elder brother and the second eldest sister are mentally ill. The patient lives with her family. After graduating from senior high school, the patient chooses to work first instead of continuing to go to school. At the age of 24, she was admitted to university.

21. Contii .. Due to interpersonal problems with friends and classmates, she went to the psychiatric outpatient clinic for medical treatment. At that time, the patient was a freshman at the university. Because she was older than other students, she had difficulty in interacting, and persecutory delusion appeared. She felt that her classmates were going to be unfavorable to her and called her a bad classmate. It was the first time that she was hospitalized for treatment in a psychiatric ward. After being discharged from the hospital, her family members sent her to the hospital and she was hospitalized again for treatment due to irregular medication and a large degree of disturbance in her mental symptoms

22. Nursing assessment based on Rogers’ system model of this patient Planning The patient can express the feelings about the content of the delusion and tell the difference between the delusion and the reality. The patient can use behavior control skills to divert attention from delusional thinking processes. Implementation Observe the delusional content of the patient, and encourage the patient to express the feelings of the delusion and the negative impact it brings. Use real things to guide the patient to doubt her delusions, clarify the difference between delusions and facts, and assist realistic judgment. Teach the patient to divert attention through ward activities, such as watching TV and reading, when symptoms interfere.

23. Conti.. Planning The patient can apply new coping skills under the guidance. If disturbed by delusions, she can try to cope by using the behavior control skills to divert delusions . Implementation Encourage the patient practice of muscle relaxation and deep breathing techniques to reduce the patient's tension out of the interaction with others . Observe the situation of interacting with people and help to identify inappropriate interaction behaviors that cause others to stay away, such as inappropriate verbal expressions and physical touching . When the patient shows good social interaction behavior, give her verbal praise.

24. Conti.. Planning Family members can understand and use appropriate interaction patterns to deal with the symptoms and emotions of the patient . Family members can express their feelings about getting along with the patient. Implementation Establish a relationship of trust with the family members of the patient and express concern for the patient . Listen to the family members' emotions, help guide the expression of emotions, and understand the family members' feelings towards the patient . Guide the family members to express the conflicts, thoughts and catharsis of negative emotions brought about by the patient’s illness.

25. References Basavanthappa BT : “ NURSING THEORIES ” ; 1 ST Edition 2007 ; jaypee brothers publication ; New delhi . page no : 273-285 Navdeep kaur brar , “ ADVANCE NURSING PRACTICE ”; 1 st edition, 2015; jaypee brothers publications, New delhi ; p.p-615 – 623.