Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and Applications Nita H. Shah

Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and
Applications Nita H. Shah install download
https://ebookmeta.com/product/matrix-and-determinant-
fundamentals-and-applications-nita-h-shah/
Download more ebook from https://ebookmeta.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!
Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and Applications
(Mathematical Engineering, Manufacturing, and
Management Sciences) 1st Edition Nita H. Shah
https://ebookmeta.com/product/matrix-and-determinant-
fundamentals-and-applications-mathematical-engineering-
manufacturing-and-management-sciences-1st-edition-nita-h-shah/
Soft Computing in Inventory Management Inventory
Optimization Nita H. Shah (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/soft-computing-in-inventory-
management-inventory-optimization-nita-h-shah-editor/
Elementary Vector Calculus and Its Applications with
MATLAB Programming (River Publishers Series in
Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Modelling
for Engineering) 1st Edition Nita H. Shah
https://ebookmeta.com/product/elementary-vector-calculus-and-its-
applications-with-matlab-programming-river-publishers-series-in-
mathematical-statistical-and-computational-modelling-for-
engineering-1st-edition-nita-h-shah/
Command-Line Rust 1st Edition Ken Youens-Clark
https://ebookmeta.com/product/command-line-rust-1st-edition-ken-
youens-clark/

Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics (8th_Edition)
Fawwaz T. Ulaby
https://ebookmeta.com/product/fundamentals-of-applied-
electromagnetics-8th_edition-fawwaz-t-ulaby/
Intercultural Mediation and Conflict Management
Training A Guide for Professionals and Academics
Claude-Hélène Mayer
https://ebookmeta.com/product/intercultural-mediation-and-
conflict-management-training-a-guide-for-professionals-and-
academics-claude-helene-mayer/
A Beauty for the Beast 1st Edition Bray Emma
https://ebookmeta.com/product/a-beauty-for-the-beast-1st-edition-
bray-emma/
Playing with Fire Small Town Firefighter Instalove
steamy romance 1st Edition Fern Fraser
https://ebookmeta.com/product/playing-with-fire-small-town-
firefighter-instalove-steamy-romance-1st-edition-fern-fraser/
180 Days of Writing for Fifth Grade Practice Assess
Diagnose 1st Edition Torrey Maloof
https://ebookmeta.com/product/180-days-of-writing-for-fifth-
grade-practice-assess-diagnose-1st-edition-torrey-maloof/

Zane 1st Edition Milly Taiden
https://ebookmeta.com/product/zane-1st-edition-milly-taiden/

Matrix and Determinant

Mathematical Engineering, Manufacturing, and Management Sciences
Series Editor: Mangey Ram, Professor, Assistant Dean (International Affairs), Department of
Mathematics, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
The aim of this new book series is to publish the research studies and articles that bring up the latest
development and research applied to mathematics and its applications in the manufacturing and man-
agement sciences areas. Mathematical tool and techniques are the strength of engineering sciences.
They form the common foundation of all novel disciplines as engineering evolves and develops. The
series will include a comprehensive range of applied mathematics and its application in engineering
areas such as optimization techniques, mathematical modelling and simulation, stochastic processes
and systems engineering, safety-critical system performance, system safety, system security, high
assurance software architecture and design, mathematical modelling in environmental safety sci-
ences, finite element methods, differential equations, reliability engineering, etc.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Principles, Methods, and Applications
Sunil Luthra, Dixit Garg, Ashish Aggarwal, and Sachin K. Mangla
Recent Advancements in Graph Theory
Edited by N. P. Shrimali and Nita H. Shah
Mathematical Modeling and Computation of Real-Time Problems: An Interdisciplinary
Approach
Edited by Rakhee Kulshrestha, Chandra Shekhar, Madhu Jain, & Srinivas R. Chakravarthy
Circular Economy for the Management of Operations
Edited by Anil Kumar, Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, and Syed Abdul Rehman Khan
Partial Differential Equations: An Introduction
Nita H. Shah and Mrudul Y. Jani
Linear Transformation
Examples and Solutions
Nita H. Shah and Urmila B. Chaudhari
Matrix and Determinant
Fundamentals and Applications
Nita H. Shah and Foram A. Thakkar
Non-Linear Programming
A Basic Introduction
Nita H. Shah and Poonam Prakash Mishra
For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/Mathematical-E
ngineering-Manufacturing-and-Management-Sciences/book-series/CRCMEMMS

Matrix and Determinant
Fundamentals and Applications
Nita H. Shah
Foram A. Thakkar

First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Nita H. Shah and Foram A. Thakkar
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The right of Nita H. Shah and Foram A. Thakkar to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by
them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publish-
ers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or con-
tact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For
works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Shah, Nita H., author. | Thakkar, Foram A., author.
Title: Matrix and determinant : fundamentals and applications / Nita H.
Shah, Foram A. Thakkar.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Series:
Mathematical engineering, manufacturing, and management sciences |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020038825 (print) | LCCN 2020038826 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367613167 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003105169 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Matrices. | Determinants.
Classification: LCC QA191 .S47 2021 (print) | LCC QA191 (ebook) | DDC
512.9/43--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038825
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038826
ISBN: 978-0-367-61316-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-10516-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

v
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
About the Authors......................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Matrices.................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction................................................................................1
1.2 Types of Matrices.......................................................................1
1.3 Operations on Matrices..............................................................4
1.4 Solution of System of Linear Equations Using Matrices...........6
1.5 Elementary Row Operations, Row Reduced Echelon
Form and Gauss Elimination......................................................9
1.5.1 Elementary Row Operations.......................................10
1.5.2 Row Reduced Echelon Form.......................................10
1.5.3 Gauss Elimination.......................................................13
Multiple-Choice Questions.................................................................14
Exercise 1............................................................................................16
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions..............................................18
Answers for Exercise 1........................................................................19
Chapter 2 Determinants.......................................................................................21
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................21
2.2 Minor and Cofactor of Element................................................22
2.3 Properties of Determinants......................................................23
2.4 Solution of Linear Equations by Determinants
(Cramer’s Rule).........................................................................29
2.4.1 Solution for a System of Linear Equations in
Two Variables..............................................................29
2.4.2 Solution for a System of Linear Equations in
Three Variables...........................................................30
Multiple-Choice Questions.................................................................32
Exercise 2............................................................................................33
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions..............................................36
Answers to Exercise 2.........................................................................37
Chapter 3 More about Matrices...........................................................................39
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................39
3.2 Special Matrices.......................................................................39
3.3 Solution of Linear Equations by Matrices................................42
3.4 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors...............................................44

vi Contents
3.5 Properties of Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors.........................48
3.6 Cayley–Hamilton Theorem......................................................50
Multiple-Choice Questions.................................................................54
Exercise 3............................................................................................55
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions..............................................58
Answers to Exercise 3.........................................................................58
Chapter 4 Application of Matrices and Determinants.........................................61
4.1 Introduction to the Application of Matrix in Real Life............61
4.2 Application of Matrix in Real Life...........................................61
4.3 Introduction to Application of Determinant.............................67
4.4 Application of Determinant......................................................67
Multiple-Choice Questions.................................................................69
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions..............................................70
Bibliography............................................................................................................71
Index.........................................................................................................................73

vii
Preface
In recent years, matrix and determinant have become an essential part of the math-
ematical background required by mathematicians, faculties, engineers, researchers
and many more. It reflects the importance and wide applications of the subject.
This book aims to present an introduction to matrix and determinant, which will be
found helpful to the readers. It has been made more flexible to provide a useful con-
tent and to stimulate interest in the subject. Every chapter begins with clear state-
ments of definitions, principles, and notations along with illustrative examples to
exemplify and amplify the theory and to recall the basic principles which are
important for effective learning. Unsolved questions at the end of the first three
chapters serve as a complete review of the material. We thank the entire team of
CRC Press (A Taylor & Francis Company) for giving us this innovative opportu-
nity to write this book as well as for their unfailing cooperation.

ix
About the Authors
• Prof (Dr) Nita H. Shah
Prof Nita received her PhD in Statistics from Gujarat University in
1994. Since February 1990 she has been the HOD of the Department of
Mathematics at Gujarat University, India. She is also a post-doctoral visit-
ing research fellow of the University of New Brunswick, Canada.
Prof. Nita’s research interests include inventory modelling in the sup-
ply chain, robotic modelling, mathematical modelling of infectious dis-
eases, image processing, dynamical systems and its applications. She has
published 13 monographs, 5 textbooks, and 475+ peer-reviewed research
papers. Four edited books, with Dr Mandeep Mittal as the co-editor, have
been published by IGI Global and Springer. Her papers have been published
in high-impact journals of Elsevier, Inderscience, and Taylor & Francis and
she has authored 14 books. According to Google Scholar, the total num-
ber of citations is over 3057 and the maximum number of citations for a
single paper is over 159. The H-index is 24 up to September 2020, and i-10
index is 77. She has guided 28 PhD students and 15 MPhil students till now
and is mentoring an additional 8 students pursuing research for their PhD
degree. She has delivered presentations to audiences in the United States,
Singapore, Canada, South Africa, Malaysia and Indonesia. Prof Nita is
Vice-President of the Operational Research Society of India and a council
member of the Indian Mathematical Society.
• Dr Foram A. Thakkar
Dr Foram earned her PhD degree in Mathematics in October 2018
from the Department of Mathematics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad.
Her research area includes mathematical modelling for various social and
health issues prevailing in today’s world. She has more than 30 research
publications in well-reputed international journals, with good indexing and
impact factor, and has presented eight research papers at various national
and international conferences. Dr Foram served as an Assistant Professor
at the Department of Mathematics, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat,
India, from December 2018 to June 2019. She has also reviewed two
research articles for the book Mathematical Models of Infectious Diseases
and Social Issues, edited by Nita H. Shah and Mandeep Mittal.

1
1
Matrices
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Matrix provides a clear and concise notation for the formulation and solution of vari-
ables which are assumed to be related by a set of linear equations. The concept of
determinant is based on matrix. Here, we shall first understand a matrix.
A set of mn numbers (or other mathematical objects), arranged in a rectangular
array (formation or table) consisting of m rows and n columns and enclosed within a
square bracket é
ë
ù
û
, is called an mn´ matrix (read as ‘m by n matrix’).
This mn´ matrix is expressed as A
aa a
aa a
aa a
n
m1 m2 mn
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
11 12 1
21 22 2 K
K
MM
KM
K
n
, where a
ij is the
element of the i
th
row and j
th
column of the matrix. Hence, the matrix A is sometimes
represented in a simplified form by (a
ij), [a
ij] or by {a
ij}, i.e. Aa
ij=(), Aa
ij=é
ë
ù
û
or
Aa
ij={}. Usually matrices are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc., and their ele-
ments by small letters a, b, c, etc.
Note that if the elements of a matrix are real numbers, then it is called a real
matrix, and if the elements of a matrix are complex numbers, then it is called a
complex matrix.
The ordered pair having the first component as the number of rows and the second
component as the number of columns is called the order or dimension of matrix. In
general, if there are m rows and n columns of a matrix, then its order is written as
(m, n) or (m × n).
For example,
13 5
24 6
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
,
a
b
c
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
and
11
23
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
are matrices of order 23´(),
31´() and 22´(), respectively.
1.2 TYPES OF MATRICES
1. Row Matrix and Column Matrix
A matrix of the type 1´()n, i.e. consisting of a single row, is called a row
matrix or row vector, whereas a matrix of the type m´()1, i.e. consisting of
a single column, is called a column matrix or column vector.
For example, 84 6é
ë
ù
û
is a row matrix and
1
2
5
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
is a column matrix.
Matrix and Determinant Matrices

2 Matrix and Determinant
2. Zero or Null Matrix
A matrix in which each element is ‘0’ (zero) is called a zero or null
matrix. A zero matrix is denoted by the symbol ‘O’. It is separate from the
real number 0.
For example, O=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
000
000
is a zero matrix of order 2.
3. Square Matrix
A matrix having the same number of rows and columns is called a
square matrix. Hence, if m = n, then it is a square matrix. If a matrix A is
of order m × n, then it can be written as A
mn´. In this case, a square matrix
of order n × n is simply written as A
n.
For example,
86
94
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
and
10 6
98 2
35 4
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
are square matrices of orders
2 and 3, respectively.
Remark: The elements aaaa
nn112233,,,, of a square matrix A
n are called
diagonal elements. These are also known as the main or principal or lead-
ing diagonal.
For example, if A=
-é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
16 9
25 3
86 0
, then the principal diagonal or the
diagonal elements of the given matrix A are 1, 5 and 0.
• Special Cases of Square Matrix
(a) Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix in which all the elements are zero except those
in the diagonal elements (principal diagonal) is called a diagonal
matrix. Some of the elements of the main (principal) diagonal may
be zero but not all.
For example,
10
02
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
and
100
020
000
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
are diagonal matrices.
More general, A
aa a
aa a
aa a
a
n
n
nn nn
ij
nn
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
= ()
´
11 12 1
21 22 2
12
K
K
MM KM
K
is a diagonal
matrix if and only if
af orij
af oratleastonebutnotallij
ij
ij=¹
¹=
ì
í
ï
îï
ü
ý
ï
þï
0
0
;
;
.
(b) Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are the
same is called a scalar matrix, i.e. aa aa
nn11 22 33== == .

3Matrices
Hence,
20
02
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
and
a
a
a
00
00
00
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
are examples of scalar
matrices.
(c) Identity or Unit Matrix
An identity or unit matrix is a scalar matrix in which each diagonal
element is 1 (unity). An identity matrix of order n is represented by
I
n. Hence, I
2=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
10
01
and I
3=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
100
010
001
are matrices of
orders 2 and 3, respectively.
In general, A
aa a
aa a
aa a
a
n
n
mm mn
ij
m
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
=é
ë
ù
û
´
11 12 1
21 22 2
12
K
K
MM KM
K
n n
is an identity
(unit) matrix if and only if
af orij
af orij
ij
ij
=¹
==
ì
í
ï
îï
ü
ý
ï
þï
0
1
;
;
.
4. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrix
In a square matrix Aa
ij
n
=é
ë
ù
û
, if i > j and a
ij = 0, then A is called an upper
triangular matrix.
For example,
15 9
07 1
00 5
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
is an upper triangular matrix.
In a square matrix Aa
ij
n=é
ë
ù
û
, if i < j and a
ij = 0, then A is called a lower
triangular matrix.
For example,
10 0
57 0
91 5-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
is a lower triangular matrix.
5. Equal Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have the
same order (i.e. m = n), and each element of matrix A is equal to the corre-
sponding element of matrix B (i.e. for each ijab
ij ij,,=).
For example, if A=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
21
34
and B=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
41
6
2
4
, then A = B as the order
of matrices A and B is the same and also for each i, j, a
ij = b
ij.

4 Matrix and Determinant
Illustration 1.1: Find the values of a, b, c, d which satisfy the matrix equation

23
14 6
70
3
ba a
cd d
++
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
.
Solution: As per the definition of equality of matrices, compar-
ing the elements of matrices with its corresponding terms, we get
27 30 1346ba ac dd+=-+ =- =- =;; ; .
On solving these four equations we have, ab cd=- =- ==32 42;; ; .
6. Negative of Matrix
The negative of a matrix Aa
ij
mn
=é
ë
ù
û
´
is the matrix formed by replacing
each element in the given matrix with its additive inverse. It is represented
with a negative sign with a given matrix.
For example, if A=
-
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
32 4
12 5
then -=
--
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
A
32 4
12 5
.
Note that for every matrix A
mn´, the matrix -
´A
mn holds the property
that AA AA+-()=-()+=0; where (−A) is the additive inverse of A.
1.3 OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
(a) Multiplication of matrix by a scalar
kA is a matrix whose elements are the elements of matrix A, each mul-
tiplied by a constant (scalar) k.
For example, if k = 2 and A=
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
12 3
12 1
14 3
, then kA=
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
24 6
24 2
28 6
.
(b) Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
If two matrices A and B are of the same order m × n, then their sum A +
B is defined as the sum of corresponding elements of A and B.
For example, A
ab
cd
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
and B
ef
gh
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
, then AB
ae bf
cg dh
+=
++
++
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
.
The difference between the two elements is also carried in a similar
pattern.
For example, A
ab
cd
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
and B
ef
gh
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
, then AB
ae bf
cg dh
-=
--
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
.
Remark
i. Addition of matrices of the same order holds the properties of commu-
tativity and associativity.
ii. Addition of a matrix with the null matrix (O) also holds the property of
commutativity and O has the property that AO OA A+= += .
(c) Product of Matrices
Taking the product of two matrices A and B is possible if the number of
columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. Then the product AB has

5Matrices
the same number of rows as A and the same number of columns as B.
Hence, if two matrices are A
mp´ and B
pn´ with matrix elements a
ij and b
ij,
respectively, then their product is AB
mn
()
´
with matrix elements c
ij deter-
mined by caba ba b
ij ij ij innj=+ ++
11 22 . Hence, if A
aa
aa
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
11 12
21 22
and
B
bb
bb
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
11 12
21 22
, then AB
ab ab ab ab
ab ab ab ab
=
++
++
é
ë
ê1111 1221 1112 1222
2111 2221 2112 2222 ù ù
û
ú
.
Note
i. In general, multiplication of matrices is not commutative, i.e. AB ≠ BA.
ii. A matrix can be multiplied to itself if and only if it is a square matrix.
In this case, if A is a square matrix, then its multiplication with itself
gives the product A·A = A
2
. Similarly, we can define higher powers of a
square matrix such as A·A
2
= A
3
, A
2
·A
2
= A
4
, etc.
iii. A is said to be pre-multiple of B, and B is said to be post-multiple of A.
iv. If a matrix A can be multiplied with an identity matrix (I), then I has the
property that AI = IA = A.
Illustration 1.2: Find AB and BA if A=
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
12
23
and B=
-
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
01
22
.
Solution: AB=
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
-
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
+-
+- -
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
12
23
01
22
04 14
06 26
43
68
ú ú
BA=
-
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
--
-- -
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
--
--
é
ë
ê
01
22
12
23
02 03
24 46
23
62
ù ù
û
ú

Illustration 1.3: Find AB if possible, given A=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
31
10
21
and
B=
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
12 3
11 1
.
Solution: AB is possible as the number of columns of A
32´ is equal to
the number of rows of B
23´, and the resultant matrix AB will be of order
33´. Hence,
AB=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-+ +
++ +
-+
31
10
21
12 3
11 1
31 61 91
10 20 30
21 41 6+ +
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú1
27 10
12 3
15 7
Remark
Matrix multiplication holds the following properties:
i. ABCABC() =() (Associative Law).

6 Matrix and Determinant
ii.
ABCABAC
BCABACA
+() =+
+() =+
(Distributive Law).
1.4 SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS USING MATRICES
Let us consider the following system of equations:
xyz++=30 (1.1)
-+ =20yz (1.2)
-++=xyz0 (1.3)
Now, we write the coefficients and constants of the above system of equations in a
rectangular array. Note that we don’t have to ignore zeroes.
So
xyz
yz
xyz
++=
-+ =
-++=
30
20
0
Û-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 130
02 10
111 0

Hence, when the constants are included, the resulting matrix is referred to as
an ‘augmented matrix’. Augmented matrices can be used to find solutions to linear
equations. Also, one can use shorthand to describe matrix operations as below:
i. R
1 represents row 1; similarly R
2 represents row 2, …
ii. Add row 1 to row 3 and replace row 3 with that sum as RR R
13 3+®
iii. RR
12« means interchanging row 1 and row 2.
iv. Multiplication of row 2 by
1
2
is written as
1
2
22RR®.
Step 1: Equation Form:
xyz
yz
xyz
++=
-+ =
-++=
30
20
0
Matrix Form:
11 130
02 10
111 0
-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
Step 2: Equation Form: Replace equation (1.3) with the sum of equations (1.1) and
(1.3); we get,

xyz
yz
yz
++=
-+ =
+=
30
20
23 0

7Matrices
Matrix Form: Replace row 3 with the sum of row 1 and row 3 RR R
13 3+®() ; we
get,

11 130
02 10
02 230
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Step 3: Equation Form: Multiply equation (1.2) by
-1
2
; we get,

xyz
yz
yz
++=
-=
+=
30
1
2
0
22 30

Matrix Form: Multiply row 2 by
--
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
1
2
1
22
RR
2 ; we get,

11 130
01
1
2
0
02 230
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú

Step 4: Equation Form: Replace equation (1.1) with the sum of −1 times equation
(1.2) and equation (1.1); we get,

xz
yz
yz
+=
-=
+=
3
2
30
1
2
0
22 30

Matrix Form: Replace row 1 with the sum of −1 times row 2 and row 1 -+ ®()RR R
21 1;
we get,

10
3
2
30
01
1
2
0
02 20
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú

Step 5: Equation Form: Replace equation (1.3) with the sum of 2− times equation
(1.2) and equation (1.3); we get,

8 Matrix and Determinant

xz
yz
z
+=
-=
=
3
2
30
1
2
0
330

Matrix Form: Replace row 3 with the sum of −2 times row 2 and row 3
-+ ®()2
23 3RR R; we get,

10
3
2
30
01
1
2
0
00 330
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú

Step 6: Equation Form: Multiply equation (1.3) by
1
3
; we get,

xz
yz
z
+=
-=
=
3
2
30
1
2
0
10

Matrix Form: Multiply row 3 by
1
3
1
3
RR
33®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
; we get,

10
3
2
30
01
1
2
0
00 110
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú

Step 7: Equation Form: Replace equation (1.2) with the sum of
1
2
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
times equation
(1.3) and equation (1.2); we get,

xz
y
z
+=
=
=
3
2
30
5
10

9Matrices
Matrix Form: Replace row 2 with the sum of
1
2
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
times row 3 and row 2
1
2
32 2RR R+®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
; we get,

10
3
2
30
01 05
00 110
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
ú
ú

Step 8: Equation Form: Replace equation (1.1) with the sum of
-æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
3
2
times equation
(1.3) and equation (1.1); we get,

x
y
z
=
=
=
15
5
10

Matrix Form: Replace row 1 with the sum of
-æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
3
2
times row 3 and row 1
-
+®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
3
2
31 1RR R
; we get,

100 15
010 5
001 10
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

The final matrix contains the same solution as the above in the form of equations.
Notice that the first column of our matrices held the coefficients of the variable ‘x’,
the second and third columns hold the coefficients of variables ‘y’ and ‘z’, respec-
tively. Therefore, the first, second and third rows of the matrix can be interpreted as,

xy z
xy z
xy z
x
y
z
ormoreprecisely
++ =
++ =
++ =
=
=
=
00 15
00 5
00 10
15
5
10

1.5 ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS, ROW REDUCED
ECHELON FORM AND GAUSS ELIMINATION
In the earlier section, we saw how the information of a system of equations in a
matrix makes sense by simply replacing the word ‘equation’ above with ‘row’. In the
context of matrices for a given system of linear equations, one can find the solution
using elementary row operations. Elementary row operations give a new linear sys-
tem, but the solution to the new system is the same as the older one. The following
are the points of elementary row operations.

10 Matrix and Determinant
1.5.1 E lementary Row Operations
1. Add a scalar multiple of one row to another and replace the latter row with
that sum.
2. Multiplying one row by a non-zero scalar.
3. Swap the positions of the two rows.
One can use these operations as much as one wants with no change in the solution.
So, the question arises when to stop. Many times, we take the original matrix, and
using the elementary row operations, put it into something called row reduced ech-
elon form. This form helps us to recognize whether or not the solution exists, and
if it exists, what is the solution? In the previous section, when the matrices were
manipulated to find solutions, unintentionally the matrix was put into a row reduced
echelon form. Let’s see what a row reduced echelon form is.
1.5.2 R ow Reduced Echelon Form
A matrix is said to be in row reduced echelon form if it satisfies the following conditions:
1. The first non-zero entry in each non-zero row is 1.
2. If a column contains the first non-zero entry of any row, then every other
entry in that column is zero.
3. The zero rows occur below all the non-zero rows.
4. Let there be r non-zero rows. If the first non-zero entry of the i
th
row occurs
in the column k
i (I = 1, 2, 3, …, r), then kk k
r12<< < .
For example,
10
01
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
,
100 2
010 1
001 1-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
0010
0001
0000
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
13 00
0010
0001
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
0010
0001
0000
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
10 30
01 10
00 01
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
101
012
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
are examples of row reduced
echelon form, whereas
1001
0000
001 3
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
,
120 0
0030
000 4
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
are examples which
are not in row reduced echelon form.
Illustration 1.4: For the following system of linear equations, put the augmented
matrix into a row reduced echelon form:

-- +=
+- =-
-- =-
33 912
22 42
02 48
12 3
12 3
12 3xx x
xx x
xx x

11Matrices
Solution: First, convert the given linear system into an augmented matrix.

--
--
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
33 912
22 42
02 48

Now, we need to change the entry in a box to 1. For this, let us multiply row 1 by
-æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
1
3
.

11 34
22 42
024 8
1
3
--
--
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
RR
11
Now a leading 1 is created, i.e. the first entry in the first row is 1. Now using elemen-
tary row operations, our next step is to put 0 under this 1.

11 34
00 26
024 8
2
12 2
--
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-+ ®
()RR R
Carry out elementary row operations to change the box entry from 0 to 1.

11 34
02 48
00 26
--
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
«()RR
23

11 34
01 24
00 26
1
2
22
--é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
RR
Now a leading 1 has been created in the second row. Again, the box entry needs to be 1.

11 34
01 24
00 13
1
2
--é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
RR
33

This end is referred to as the forward steps. Our next task is to carry out elementary
row operations and go back and put zeroes above our leading 1s. This is referred to
as backward steps which are given below.

110 5
010 2
001 3
3
2
31 1
32 2
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
+®()
-+ ®()
RR R
RR R

12 Matrix and Determinant

100 7
010 2
001 3
21 1-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-+ ®
()RR R
One can easily see from the above matrix that xx x
12 372 3== -=,, .
Illustration 1.5: Prove that the solution of simultaneous linear equations

xyz
xyz
xy z
++=
-+=
+- =
6
23
34

is x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3.
Solution: First, convert the given linear system into an augmented matrix.
=-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 16
21 13
13 14

Now, by RR R
21 2+®() , RR R
31 33-®()
=
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
111 6
30 29
2041 4

By
-
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
1
2
33RR
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 16
3029
1027

By RR R
23 23-®()
=- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 16
0041 2
10 27

By
-
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
1
4
22RR
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
111 6
0013
1027

13Matrices
By RR R
32 32-®()
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
111 6
0013
100 1

By RR
13« and RR
23«
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
100 1
111 6
0013

By RR RR
21 32-- ®
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
1001
0102
001 3

Thus, the solution is x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3.
Hence proved.
1.5.3 G auss Elimination
The Gauss Elimination method is named in honour of the great mathematician
Karl Friedrich Gauss. The basic method of Gauss Elimination is to create leading
1s and then use elementary row operations to put zeroes above and below these
leading 1s. One can do this in any order that pleases, but by following the forward
and backward steps, one can make use of presence of zeroes to make the overall
computation easier. This method is very efficient. It is the technique for finding
the row reduced echelon form of a matrix using the above procedure, which can
be abbreviated to:
1. Create a leading 1.
2. Use this leading 1 to put zeroes under it.
3. Repeat the above steps until all possible rows have leading 1s.
4. Put zeroes above these leading 1s.
Illustration 1.6: Put the given matrix into row reduced echelon form using Gauss
Elimination:
----
-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
2421 00
24 19 2
36 1134
.
Solution: First, we need to make the first row first column entry 1 (a leading 1).

14 Matrix and Determinant

12 15 0
24 19 2
36 1134
1
2
11-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-
®
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
RR
Now, put zeroes in the column below this newly formed leading 1.

12 15 0
00 11 2
00 22 4
2
3
12 2
13 3
-- -
-- -
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-+ ®()
-+ ®()
RR R
RR R

The next aim is to have the leading entry 1 in the second row; i.e. we want 1 where
there is −1 which is indicated in the box.

12 15 0
00 112
00224
22
---
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-®()RR
Put 0 under this leading entry 1.

121 50
00112
00000
2
23 3
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
+®()RR R
As per the procedure, we need to make the leading entry 1 in the third row, but this
is not possible as one can see from the above matrix.
The next aim is to put 0 above each of the leading 1s (in this case there is only one
leading 1 to deal with).

120 42
001 12
000 00
21 1
-é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
-+ ®
()RR R
This final matrix is in a row reduced echelon form.
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The order of a matrix
a
b
c
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
is ____.
(a) 2 × 1
(b) 2 × 2
(c) 3 × 1
(d) 1 × 3

15Matrices
2. The order of a matrix ab cé
ë
ù
û
is ____.
(a) 1 × 3
(b) 3 × 1
(c) 3 × 3
(d) 2 × 3
3. The matrix
00
00
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
is said to be ____.
(a) Identity
(b) Scalar
(c) Diagonal
(d) Null
4. Two matrices A and B are suitable for multiplication if ____.
(a) Number of columns in A = Number of rows in B
(b) Number of columns in A = Number of columns in B
(c) Number of rows in A = Number of rows in B
(d) Number of rows in A = Number of columns in B
5. If the order of matrix A is m × p and the order of matrix B is p × q, then the
order of matrix AB is ____.
(a) m × p
(b) p × m
(c) m × q
(d) q × m
6. In an identity matrix, all the diagonal elements are____.
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) None of these
7. If [a
ij] and [b
ij] are of same order and a
ij = b
ij, then the matrices will be ____.
(a) Identity
(b) Null
(c) Unequal
(d) Equal
8. Matrix a
ij
mn
é
ë
ù
û
´
is a row matrix if ____.
(a) i = 1
(b) j = 1
(c) m = 1
(d) n = 1
9. Matrix a
ij
mn
é
ë
ù
û
´
is rectangular if ____.
(a) i ≠ j
(b) i = j
(c) m = n
(d) m ≠ n

16 Matrix and Determinant
10. Bb
ij
mn
=é
ë
ù
û
´
is a scalar matrix if ____.
(a) bi j
ij=" ¹0
(b) bk ij
ij=" =
(c) bk ij
ij=" ¹
(d) Both (a) and (b)
11. Matrix Bb
ij
mn
=é
ë
ù
û
´
is an identity matrix if ____.
(a) bi j
ij=" =0
(b) bi j
ij="=1
(c) bi j
ij=" ¹0
(d) Both (b) and (c)
12. Which matrix can be a rectangular matrix from the following?
(a) Diagonal
(b) Identity
(c) Scalar
(d) None of the above
13. If Bb
ij
mn
=é
ë
ù
û
´
, then the order of kB is ____.
(a) m × n
(b) km × kn
(c) km × n
(d) m × kn
EXERCISE 1
Q.1. Write the matrix in tabular form: A = [a
ij]; where i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1.
Q.2. Find the sums:
i. -
--
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
+-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
3
42
01
51
2
61
03
12

ii. 12 00 35é
ë
ù
û
+-é
ë
ù
û

Q.3. Find the value of X:
i. X+
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
+
--
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
10
02
26
15
48
20

ii. XI-
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=-
31
12
2
Q.4. Find the products:

17Matrices
i. 32 2
1
2
2
-é
ë
ù
û
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

ii.
22 1
11 2
10 1
12 5
11 3
12 4
--
-
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
--
--
--
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Q.5. If XY andZ=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
14
21
32
40
10
02
, ; find XYZ
2
+.
Q.6. If XY=
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
12
01
10
12
, , then show that XY XX YY+() ¹+ +
2
22
2 .
Q.7. Prove that
coss in
sinc os
coss in
sinc os
qq
qq
qq
qq
0
01 0
0
0
01 0
0
-é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
100
010
001

Q.8. Show that A and B commute for A=
-é
ë
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
22 2
22
and B=
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
22 2
22
.
Q.9. Find x and y, if
21
32
31
33 4-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
+
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
x
y
.
Q.10. Find x and y, if
x
y
y
x
+
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
=
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
31
33 4
1
32
.
Q.11. If A=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
12
34
and B=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
23
45
, then find:
i. A + B
ii. A − B
AB
Q. 12. Find a solution to the following system of linear equations by simul-
taneously manipulating the equations and the corresponding augmented
matrices:

xx x
xx x
xx x
12 3
12 3
12 3 0
22 0
22
++ =
++ =
-+ -=

Q. 13. State whether the following matrices are in a row reduced echelon form
or not:
i.
11
11
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú

18 Matrix and Determinant
ii.
101
012
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú

iii.
11 1
01 1
00 1
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

iv.
100 5
010 7
001 3
-é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Q.14. Put the matrices in a row reduced echelon form using Gauss Elimination.
i.
12
35--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
ii.
-
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
11 4
21 1
iii.
12 1
13 1
13 0--
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
iv.
22 13 14
11 13 14
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Answer 1: (c)
Answer 2: (a)
Answer 3: (d)
Answer 4: (a)
Answer 5: (c)
Answer 6: (c)
Answer 7: (d)
Answer 8: (c)
Answer 9: (d)
Answer 10: (d)
Answer 11: (d)
Answer 12: (d)
Answer 13: (a)

19Matrices
ANSWERS FOR EXERCISE 1
Answer 1:
a
a
a
11
21
31é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Answer 2:
1.
04 0
9137-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
ii. 11 5-é
ë
ù
û
Answer 3:
i.
--
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
12
13
1.
11
10
-é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
Answer 4:
i. -é
ë
ù
û
1
ii.
100
010
001
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Answer 5:
617
89
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
Answer 9: x = (−1), y = 2
Answer 10: x = (−5), y = 2
Answer 11:
i. A + B =
35
79
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
ii. A – B =
--
--
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
11
11
iii. AB =
1013
2229
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú

20 Matrix and Determinant
Answer 12:
x
x
x
1
2
3
1
1
0
=-
=
=
and in the form of matrix
100 1
010 1
001 0
-é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú

Answer 13:
i. No
ii. Yes
iii. No
iv. Yes
Answer 14:
i.
10
01
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú

ii.
103
017
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
iii.
100
010
001
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
iv.
11000 0
00131 4
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú

21
2
Determinants
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The determinant of a matrix, which is the characteristic of a matrix, is a number (a
scalar quantity) obtained from the elements of a matrix by a specified operation. The
determinant can be calculated or defined only for a square matrix. It is represented
as detA or A for a given square matrix A.
The determinant of an order 2 × 2 matrix, A
aa
aa
=
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
11 12
21 22
, is given by
detAA
aa
aa
aa aa== =-
11 12
21 22
1122 1221
The determinant of an order 3 × 3 matrix, A
aa a
aa a
aa a
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
, is given by
detAA
aa a
aa a
aa a
a
aa
aa
a
aa
==
=-
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
11
22 23
32 33
12
21
2 23
31 33
13
21 22
31 32
112233 2332 122133 23
aa
a
aa
aa
aaaa aa aa a
+
=-
() -- a aa aa aa
31 132132 2231()
+-()
Note: Each small determinant in the sum on the RHS is the determinant of a sub-
matrix of A, obtained by deleting the associated row and column of A. These small
determinants are called minors. The sign ‘+’ or ‘−’ is based on -()
+
1
ij
ija, where i and
j represent row and column, respectively.
Illustration 2.1: Find the determinant A if A=
-
é
ë
ê
ù
û
ú
21
13
.
Solution: A=--()=61 7.
Illustration 2.2: Find the determinant A if A=-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
12 3
01 2
32 4
.
Solution: A=+()-+()+-()=- -=-144206 3038 12913.
Matrix and Determinant Determinants

22 Matrix and Determinant
2.2 MINOR AND COFACTOR OF ELEMENT
In a given determinant |A|, the minor M
ij of the element a
ij is the determinant of order
nn-´-()11 obtained by deleting the i
th
row and j
th
column of A
nn´.
For example, in a given determinant
A
aa a
aa a
aa a
=
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
(2.1)
The minor of the element a
11 is M
aa
aa
11
22 23
32 33=
.
The minor of the element a
12 is M
aa
aa
12
21 23
31 33=
.
The minor of the element a
13 is M
aa
aa
13
21 22
31 32=
, and similarly it can be calcu-
lated for the other elements also.
Now, the cofactor of the element a
ij of the given matrix A is the scalar quantity
CM
ij
ij
ij=-()
+
1 .
For example, for a given matrix A
aa a
aa a
aa a
=
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
The cofactor of the element a
11 is CM M
aa
aa
11
11
11 11
22 23
32 33 1=-() ==
+.
The cofactor of the element a
12 is CM M
aa
aa
12
12
12 12
21 23
31 33 1=-() =- =-
+.
The cofactor of the element a
13 is CM M
aa
aa
13
13
13 13
21 22
31 32 1=-() ==
+, and simi-
larly it can be calculated for the other elements.
Note: Using minors or cofactors, the value of the determinant in equation (2.1)
can also be calculated as aM aM aM
1111 1212 1313-+ or aC aC aC
1111 1212 1313++ , respec-
tively. Thus, detA is the sum of any row or column multiplied by their corresponding
cofactors. Also, the value of the determinant can be found by expanding it from any
of the row or column.
Illustration 2.3: Find the minor and cofactor of element 4 for the matrix
12 3
45 6
78 9
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
.

23Determinants
Solution: Minor of 4 =
23
89
18246=- =-()
Cofactor of 4 = -() =-() =--()=
+
11 46 6
21
21
3
MM inorof()
Illustration 2.4: Find the value of
34 1
20 7
13 2
-
--
by expanding the first column.
Solution:
34 1
20 7
13 2
3
07
32
2
41
32
1
41
07
30212831280
-
--
=
--
-
-
--
+
-
=+() ---() ++( ()
=()--()+()
=+ +
=
3212 11128
632228
113
2.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
The following are the properties which are most useful in evaluating determinants:
1. On interchanging the corresponding rows and columns, the value of the
determinant does not change.
For example, consider a determinant
A
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3

=-() --() +-()abccbb accacabba
12 32 31 23 23 1232 3 (2.2)
Now, considering the determinant by interchanging the corresponding
row with the corresponding column of determinant A, we have,
B
aa a
bb b
cc c
=
12 3
12 3
12 3

Expanding over the first column, we get,
=-() --() +-()abccbb accacabba
12 32 31 23 23 1232 3 (2.3)

24 Matrix and Determinant
So from equations (2.2) and (2.3), BA=
2. The sign of the determinant changes if two rows or two columns of a deter-
minant are interchanged.
For example, consider a determinant
A
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3

=-() --() +-()abccbb accacabba
12 32 31 23 23 1232 3
Now, considering the determinant by interchanging two rows of deter-
minant A we get, B
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
22 2
11 1
33 3
Expanding over the second row, we get,

=- -() +-() --()
=- -()
abccbb accacabba
abccb
12 32 31 23 23 12 32 3
12 32 3
- --() +-()()
=-
=-
baccac abba
ab c
ab c
ab c
A
12 32 31 23 23
11 1
22 2
33 3

3. The value of a determinant is zero if every element of a row or a column of
a determinant is zero.
For example, consider a determinant

Aa bc
ab c
bccb acca abba
=
=-
() --()
+-()
=
00 0
00 0
0
22 2
33 3
23 23 23 23 23 23
4. The value of a determinant is zero if two rows or columns of a determinant
are identical.
For example, consider a determinant

25Determinants

A
ab c
ab c
ab c
abccbb accacabb
=
=-
() --()
+-
11 1
11 1
33 3
11 31 31 13 13 11 31a a
abcacbabcbcaacbbca
3
1131 13 1131 13 1131 13
0
()
= -- ++-
=

5. If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by the
same constant k, the value of the determinant is also multiplied by that
same constant k.
For example, consider a determinant
A
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3

Now consider B
kakbkc
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3

=-() --() +-()
=-
kabccb kbaccakcabba
kabccb
12 32 31 23 23 12
32 3
12 32 3( () --() +-()()
=
baccac abba
kA
12 32 31 23 23

6. If each element of any row or column is added to (or subtracted from) a
constant multiple of the corresponding element of any other row or column,
then the value of a determinant is not changed.
For example, consider a determinant
A
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3

Now, consider a determinant, B
akab kbckc
ab c
ab c
=
++ +
12 12 12
22 2
33 3

26 Matrix and Determinant

=+() -() -+() -() ++() -akabccbb kbacca ckcabba
12 23 23 12 23 23 11 2323( ()
=-() --() +-()é
ë
ù
û
+-
abccbb accacabba
kabc
12 32 31 23 23 12 32 3
22 3
c cb kbaccakcabba
ab c
ab c
ab
23 22 32 32 23 23
11 1
22 2
33() --() +-()é
ë
ù
û
=
c c
k
ab c
ab c
ab c
Ak Sincetworowsareidentica
3
22 2
22 2
33 3
0
+
=+() ,
l lsovalueiszero
A
é
ë
ù
û
=

7. The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to the product of its diagonal
elements.
For example, consider a determinant
A=-
20 0
07 0
00 4

=- -() -+2280 00
= −56 (which is also the product of diagonal elements).
8. The determinant of the product of two matrices is equal to (the same as) that
of the product of the determinant of two matrices.
Here, mathematically we need to show that ABAB= .
For this, let us consider A
aa
aa
=
11 12
21 22
and B
bb
bb
=
11 12
21 22
.
Then, AB
ab ab ab ab
ab ab ab ab
=
++
++
1111 1221 1112 1222
2111 2221 2112 2222
AB ab ab ab ab ab ab ab a=+() +() -+() +
1111 1221 2112 2222 1112 1222 2111 22221 b()é
ë
ù
û

On simplification, we get,
ABabab abab abab abab=+ --
11112222 12212112 11122221 12222111 (2.4)
Also, Aaaa a=-
1122 1221 and Bbbb b=-
1122 1221
Therefore, AB aa aa bb bb=-() -()é
ë
ù
û
1122 1221 1122 1221

27Determinants
ABabab abab abab abab=+ --
11112222 12212112 11122221 12222111 (2.5)
Hence, from equations (2.4) and (2.5) we have obtained,
ABAB=
9. The determinant can be expressed as the sum of two other determinants
if the determinant in each element in any row or column consists of two
terms.
For this, let us consider the determinant
ab c
ab c
ab c
11 11
22 22
33 33
+
+
+
a
a
a
.
Here, we need to show that
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
bc
bc
11 11
22 22
33 33
11 1
22 2
33 3
11 1
22+
+
+
=+
a
a
a
a
a
2 2
33 3
a
bc
.
To prove this, we will expand the LHS by the first column,
LHSa bccb ab ccba bccb=+() -() -+() -() ++() -
11 23 23 22 13 13 33 12 12aa a( ()

=-() --() +-()é
ë
ù
û
+-
abccba bccbabccb
bccb
12 32 32 13 13 31 21 2
12 32 3
a( () --()
+-()é
ë
ù
û
aa
21 31 33 12 12bccb bccb

=+
=
ab c
ab c
ab c
bc
bc
bc
RHS
11 1
22 2
33 3
11 1
22 2
33 3 a
a
a

Hence proved.
Similarly, one can also prove the following results,
i.
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
11 11 1
22 22 2
33 33 3
11 1
22 2
33 3
1++
++
++
=+
ab
ab
ab
a bbc
bc
bc
ac
ac
ac
c
c
c
11
22 2
33 3
11 1
22 2
33 3
11 1
22 2
33 3a
a
b
b
b
ab
ab
ab
++

28 Matrix and Determinant
ii. ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
ab c
11 11 11
22 22 22
33 33 33
11 1
22 2++ +
++ +
++ +
=
ab g
ab g
ab g
a ab c
sumofsixdeterminants
33 3
11 1
22 2
33 3++
ab g
ab g
ab g
Illustration 2.5: Show that
63 2
428
21 4
0-
-
= without expansion.
Solution: 2
63 2
21 4
21 4
-
-
(since 2 is taken common from the second row of the
given determinant)
= 0 (as two rows of the above determinant are identical)
Illustration 2.6: Prove that
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
abc
bca
cab
aa
bb
cc
=
Solution: LHS =
1
1
1
abc
bca
cab
=
1
2
2
2
abc
aa abc
bb abc
cc abc
(multiplying the first row by a, second row by b, third row
by c)
=
abc
abc
aa
bb
cc
2
2
2
1
1
1
(taking abc common from the third column)
= -
1
1
1
2
2
2
aa
bb
cc
(interchanging columns 1 and 3)
=
1
1
1
2
2
2
aa
bb
cc
(interchanging columns 2 and 3)
= RHS
Hence proved.

29Determinants
Illustration 2.7: Verify that
1
1
1
2
2
2
aa
bb
cc
ab
bcca=-() -() -().
Solution: LHS =
1
1
1
2
2
2
aa
bb
cc
=
0
0
1
22
22
2
ab ab
bc bc
cc
--
-- (first row minus second row and second row minus third
row)
=
0
0
1
2
ab ab
ab
bc bcbc
cc
--() +()
--() +()
=abbc
ab
bc
cc
-() -()
+
+
01
01
1
2
(since a − b and b − c are taken as common from the first and second row in the
above determinant)
= abbcbcab-() -() +--() (expanding by the first column)
= abbcca-() -() -()
= RHS
Hence proved.
2.4 SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATIONS BY
DETERMINANTS (CRAMER’S RULE)
2.4.1 S olution for a System of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Let us consider a system of linear equations in two variables x and y,
axbyc
11 1+= (2.6)
axbyc
22 2+= (2.7)
Multiplying equation (2.6) by b
2 and equation (2.7) by b
1 and subtracting, we get,
ababxbbbbybcbc
12 21 12 21 2112-() +-() =-

30 Matrix and Determinant
\-() =-ababxbcbc
12 21 21 12
Note: ‘∴’ indicates ‘therefore’.
\=
-
-
x
bcbc
abab
2112
12 21
(2.8)
Again, multiplying equation (2.6) by a
2 and equation (2.7) by a
1 and subtracting, we
get,
aaaaxababyacac
12 21 21 12 2112-() +-() =-
\-() =-ababyacac
21 12 21 12
\=
-
-
y
acac
abab
2112
21 12

\=
-
-
y
acac
abab
1221
12 21
(2.9)
From equations (2.8) and (2.9), it is observed that both x and y have the same denom-
inators. Hence, the system of equations (2.5) and (2.6) has a solution only when
abab
12 210-¹ .
The solutions x and y of the system of equations can also be written in the form
of determinant as x
cb
cb
ab
ab
=
11
22
11
22
and y
ac
ac
ab
ab
=
11
22
11
22
.
This result is known as Cramer’s Rule.
Here,
ab
ab
A
11
22
=
is the determinant of the coefficient of x and y in the given
equations (2.5) and (2.6).
If
cb
cb
A
x
11
22=
and
ac
ac
A
y
11
22=
, then x
A
A
x
=
and y
A
A
y
=
.
2.4.2 S olution for a System of Linear Equations in Three Variables
Let us consider a system of linear equations in three variables x, y and z,
axbyczd
1111++ =
axbyczd
2222++ =

31Determinants
axbyczd
3333++ =
Thus, the determinant of coefficients is A
ab c
ab c
ab c
=
11 1
22 2
33 3
if A¹0.
Then by Cramer’s Rule, the value of variables x, y and z is,
x
db c
db c
db c
A
A
A
x
==
11 1
22 2
33 3
,
y
ad c
ad c
ad c
A
A
A
y
==
11 1
22 2
33 3
and
z
ab d
ab d
ab d
A
A
A
z
==
111
222
333

Illustration 2.8: Solve the following system using Cramer’s Rule:
xy-=2
xy+=45
Solution: By Cramer’s Rule,
A
x=
-
=+=
21
54
8513
A
y== -=
12
15
523
A=
-
=+=
11
14
415
Hence, x
A
A
x==
13
5
and y
A
A
y
==
3
5

32 Matrix and Determinant
So the solution set is
13
5
3
5
,
æ
è
ç
ö
ø
÷
ì
í
î
ü
ý
þ
.
Illustration 2.9: Solve the following system using Cramer’s Rule:
xyz++=9
25 752xyz++ =
20xyz+-=
Solution: By Cramer’s Rule,
A
x=
-
=- ()--()+=-+ =-
911
5257
01 1
9125 2521081044
A
y=
-
=--- ()+-() =-+- =-
19 1
2527
20 1
52916 1045214410412
A
z== --- () +-()=-+- =-
11 9
25 52
21 0
5210498 521047220
A=
-
=--- ()+-()=-+- =-
11 1
25 7
21 1
1216 8121684
Hence, x
A
A
x
==
-
-
=
4
4
1, y
A
A
y
==
-
-
=
12
4
3
and z
A
A
z
==
-
-
=
20
4
5
So the solution set is 135,,(){} .
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. If two rows of a determinant are identical, then its value is ____.
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) −1
(d) None of these
2. The cofactor of 4 in the matrix
23 4
01 1
20 1
-
é
ë
ê
ê
ê
ù
û
ú
ú
ú
is ____.

33Determinants
(a) −2
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
3. If all the elements of a row or a column are zero, then the value of the deter-
minant is ____.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) None of these
4. The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to the ____ of its diagonal
elements.
(a) Sum
(b) Difference
(c) Product
(d) None of these
5. The value of the determinant
10 0
02 0
00 4
is ____.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 8
6. The value of the determinant
12
34
is ____.
(a) −2
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
EXERCISE 2
Q.1. Expand the determinants:
i.
-
-
1000
0100
00 10

ii.
xy
xy
1
1
11 1

34 Matrix and Determinant
iii.
12 0
31 4
21 3
-
-
iv.
12 2
11 3
24 1
-
--
-
Q.2. Verify the following without expansion:
i.
12 1
02 3
21 2
121
02 3
05 0-
=
-

ii.
-
-
=
21 0
35 4
840
0
iii.
ab bc ca
bc ca ab
ca ab bc
-- -
---
-- -
=0
iv.
xx x
xx x
xx x
++ +
++ +
++ +
=
12 3
45 6
78 9
0
v.
bccaab
ab c
ab c
33 3
11 1
0=

vi.
ab c
de f
gh k
eb h
da g
fc k
=
vii.
12 3
45 6
78 9
0=

Other documents randomly have
different content

made, the matter terminated amicably. Doctor Thom received a contusion on the
leg.”
One of the latest instances in which a duel was fought in Upper
Canada, occurred some forty years ago. The event resulted in the
death of one of the combatants, the other, who was tried for his life,
has now for some years adorned the bench of the Province.
Patriotism.—In no country upon the face of the Globe, and at no
period in the history of any country, has appeared a higher or purer
order of patriotism, than is written upon the pages of the history of
British America. British connection is to mostly every son of the land
dearer even than life itself. At least it has been so in respect to those
of whom we write, the U. E. Loyalists. Co-equal with the love they
have to the British Crown, is the hearty aversion they bear to
Republicanism. Neither the overtures of annexation, nor the direct
and indirect attempts to coerce, has produced a momentary
wavering on the part of the descendants of the ancient stock.
Americans in our midst have vainly tried to inoculate the minds of
the people with the principles of Republican Government; but the
Canadian mind was too free, the body politic too healthy, the system
too strong to imbibe any lasting feeling of desire to change the tried
for the untried. The few annexationists who have, from time to time,
existed, were but the fungoid offshoot of a healthy plant. From the
time Franklin and his coadjutors vainly essayed to draw the French
Canadian into their rebellious cause, until the present there has been
a frequently manifested desire, on the part of the United States, to
force us into the union. The contemptible duplicity of Webster, who
concealed from Ashburton the existence of a second map, whereby
he tricked Canada, Yankee like, out of a valuable portion of territory
along the Atlantic coast, with a view of cutting us off from the
ocean. The declaration of war in 1812, and the repeated but
unsuccessful invasions of our Province. The proclamations issued to
Canadians, by the would be conquerors, Hull, Wilkinson, and others.
Their sympathy and aid to turbulent spirits in 1836–7. The attempts
at bullying England when she was at war with Russia. The
organization of the Fenian association, with the publicly avowed

purpose of seizing some portion of our Province. The abrogation of
the Reciprocity Treaty, the object of which was proclaimed by Consul
Potter—all along the eighty years’ history of the United States, is to
be seen a disreputable attempt, by all possible means, to bully a
weaker neighbor. All this does not become a great and honorable
nation, a nation so extensive, whose people are so loud-tongued
upon the principles of liberty—Liberty! The name with the United
States is only synonymous with their government. They cannot
discover that a people should be free to choose their own form of
government, always excepting those who rebelled in 1776. Oh yes!
we have liberty to choose; but then we must choose in accordance
with Yankee ideas of liberty. Egotistic to the heart’s core, they cannot
understand how we entertain views dissimilar to their own. How
applicable the words of the immortal Burns:—
“O wad some power the giftie gie us,
To see oursels as others see us:
It wad frae monie a blunder free us
An’ foolish notion.”
Without detracting from the well-known loyalty of the other sections
of the Province, it may be safely said that the inhabitants of the Bay
Quinté and St. Lawrence, and Niagara, have proved themselves
devotedly attached to British institutions. The U. E. Loyalists have
been as a barrier of rock, against which the waves of Republicanism
have dashed in vain. It has been the refugee-settlers and their
descendants, who prevented the Province from being engulfed in its
dark waters. In 1812, in ‘37, and at all times, their loyalty has never
wavered. It has been elsewhere stated, that settlers from the States
came in at a later date. Those were found likewise truly loyal. Says
McMullen, speaking of the war of 1812, “But comparatively few
Canadians joined the American standard in the war, and throughout
which none were more gallant in rolling back the tide of unprincipled
avarice than the emigrant from New England and New York, who
aside from the U. E. Loyalist, had settled in the country.” There were
a few renegades who forsook the country, not so much to join the

enemy as because they had no soul to fight. In this connection it will
be desirable to refer to one notable case; that of “Bill Johnson.”
The following will sufficiently shew how intense were the feelings of
loyalty many years ago. The writer’s father was present at a
meeting, which was conducted by a minister lately from the United
States, and who was unaccustomed to pray for the King. The good
man thought only of his allegiance to the King of Kings, and omitted,
in the extemporaneous prayer, to pray for the King of England.
Whereupon Mr. T. arose and requested the preacher either to pray
for his Majesty, or leave his territories. The minister did not again
forget so manifest a duty. In this connection, we cannot forbear
inserting another instance of Canadian loyalty, which exhibited itself
not long ago in the loyal city of Toronto.
“Canadian Loyalty.—A very extraordinary manifestation of feeling took place on
Thursday night last in Toronto, at the closing meeting of the Sabbath School
Convention. A gentleman from New York delivered a parting address, on behalf of
the American visitors who had attended the Convention; at the conclusion of
which he referred to our Queen as a “model woman,” and said that from the
fulness of his heart he could say, ‘Long live Her Majesty Queen Victoria!’ When he
gave expression to this sentiment there was such an outburst of enthusiastic
loyalty that every one seemed carried completely away. The immense audience
immediately commenced such a cheering, and clapping of hands, as is seldom
seen, and kept it up till there was an accidental “change of exercise.” Under the
powerful excitement of the moment, a gentleman near the platform commenced
singing “God Save the Queen,” when the entire audience rose to their feet and
joined in singing it through. That was singing with a will! Several persons were
quite overpowered, and even wept freely. It was simply an unpremeditated
expression of the warm devotion of the Canadian heart to the best Queen that
ever sat on the British throne.”
Longevity.—The climate of Canada, even of Ontario, is by some
considered very severe. The months of unpleasant weather which
intervene between summer and winter, and again between winter
and summer; and the snowy months of winter itself are not, it must
be admitted, so agreeable as in other climates. And, occasionally,
even the summer itself is comparatively cold. For instance, in 1817,
snow fell at Kingston in the month of June. But, notwithstanding the
occasional severity, and the general unpleasantness, (although all do

not so consider it) the climate of Canada seems conducive to
longevity. Both in Upper and Lower Canada, among the French and
English may be found a great many instances of wonderfully
extended age. There is a school of naturalists, who entertain the
belief that the races of men are strictly indigenous; that if removed
from the land of their birth, they will degenerate, and unless
intermixed with constantly flowing recruits, will ultimately die out.
They assert that the European races transplanted to America are
doomed to degeneration and death so soon as emigration shall
cease to maintain the vitality brought by the original settlers. To this
view we have ventured to give very positive dissent, and have
supported this position in another place with the following language:
“In Canada are to be seen quite remote descendants of the most
prominent people of Europe, the British and French, and, I am
prepared to assert, with no marked signs of physical degeneration,
the French of Lower Canada, even under many adverse
circumstances, have fully maintained their ancient bodily vigor, and
can compare favorably with the present inhabitants of old France,
while their number has increased.” Yet their ancestors, many of
them, emigrated two hundred years ago; and, since the colony
became a part of Britain, no replenishment has been received from
the old stock.
“Turning to Upper Canada, we find a fact no less important, and
quite as antagonistic to the theory. In consequence of the American
Revolutionary war, some twenty-five or thirty thousand United
Empire Loyalists were forced, or induced, to seek a home in the
Canadian wilderness. Many of these were descendants of those who
had first peopled New Holland. A large number settled along the St.
Lawrence and the Bay of Quinté. In the main, indeed, almost
altogether, until very recently, these old settlers have intermarried.
The great-grandchildren of those American pioneers now live on the
old homestead, and are found scattered over the whole Province.
And although I have no positive data upon which to base my
assertion; yet, from careful observation, I have no hesitation in
declaring that in physical development, in slight mortality among the

children, in length of life, in powers of endurance, not to say in
bravery and patriotism, they cannot be excelled by any class of
emigrants.”—(Principles of Surgery).
Since the above was written, we have become more intimately
acquainted with regard to the longevity, both among the French and
Anglo-Canadians; and the opinion then expressed has been greatly
strengthened. Respecting the latter class, personal observation has
aided us. In our frequent visits to different parts, made during the
last few years, we have enjoyed the opportunity of conversing with
many persons who had much over-ran the period allotted to man;
and others who had exceeded their three score years and ten. Some
of them have been spectators of the very scenes of the settlement
of the country, and retain a vivid recollection of the events attending
that trying period. Venerable, with hairs blossoming for the grave,
and chastened by the long endured fire of affliction, they are happy
in their old age. They connect the present with the past, and remind
us how great the heritage they have secured to us from a vast,
untrodden wilderness. Notwithstanding the toils, the privations in
early life, ere the tender child had merged into the adult, when the
food was limited, and often inferior in quality, they yet have had iron
constitutions that in the earnest contingency of life served them
well. Of course, the plain and regular habits of the settlers, with
plenty of out-door exercise, assisted to promote long life, and give
them a hardy nature. We have knowledge of a vast number who
attained to a great age. Of those who lived to an old age, “A
Traveler,” writing in 1835 says of Upper Canada, “I often met the
venerable in years.”
The children and grand-children of the early settlers live, in many
cases, to as great an age as their fathers.
Descendants.—While there were some among the first settlers of European birth,
the majority were of American birth, and possessed the characteristics of the
colonists of that day. But, separated from the people and the scenes intimate to
them in their youth, and living in the profound shades of the interminable
wilderness, they gradually lost many of their characteristic features and habits,
and acquired others instead.

The Canadian immigrant, be he English, Irish, or Scotch, or even
German or French, will, as time gives lines to his face, and gray hair
to his head, insensibly lose many of the peculiarities of his race, and
in the end sensibly approximate to the character and appearance of
the people among whom he has settled. The children of the
emigrant, no matter what pains the parents may take to preserve in
their children what belongs to their own native country, will grow up
quite unlike the parents. So much is this the case that any one on
entering a mixed school, high or low, or by noticing the children at
play, as he passes along the street, whose parents are both natives
and foreigners, would find it quite impossible to point out one from
the other, whether the child was of Canadian parentage, or whether
its parents were of another country. The fact at which it is desired to
get is that emigrants to Canada, no matter how heterogeneous, are
gradually moulded into a whole more or less homogenous. That this
is observable somewhat in the emigrant himself, but decidedly so in
the children. The fact being admitted that a transformation is slowly
but certainly effected, it may be inquired by what influence it is
accomplished. It cannot be due solely, to the climate, nor to dress,
nor diet, nor the original habits of the people, although each has its
influence. Must we not search for a more powerful cause of
peculiarity as a people, in some other channel. A natural one
seemingly presents itself. The growth of a nation, as the growth of a
tree will be modified by its own intrinsic vitality, and at the same
time by external circumstances. Upper Canada was planted by
British heroes of the American Revolution. It arose out of that
revolution. The first settlers were U. E. Loyalists. The majority of the
original settlers were natives of America, and brought up in one or
other of the provinces that rebelled. They were Americans in all
respects, as much as those who took sides with the rebels, yet to-
day the descendants of the U. E. Loyalists are as unlike the
descendants of the rebels, as each is unlike a full blooded
Englishman. The pure Yankee and the Canadian of the first water
may trace their ancestors to a common parentage, and have the
same name. As Canadians we are not afraid to institute a
comparison between ourselves and the natives of New England or

New York, or Pennsylvania. Let the comparison refer to any question
whatever, either of the body or mind, of society or of government.
The external influences which have operated have been elsewhere
indicated. The circumstances of the U. E. Loyalists as settlers in a
wilderness, were widely different from those of the States after the
Independence was secured. Incessant toil and privations, without
opportunities for acquiring education, on the one hand; on the other
there was all the advantages of civilization. And so it continued for
nearly half a century. It is to be desired that we had statistics to
show the difference as to longevity, and general health. Suffice it to
say that scientific men are debating the cause of gradual decline
among the New Englanders, while Upper Canada overflows with
native population. Another influence of an external nature, which
must not be omitted as operating upon the loyalists, is that derived
from the emigrants from Great Britain and the officers from the army
and navy, and other gentlemen who became part of the first settlers.
That they had a wholesome effect cannot be doubted, and gave a
healthy tone to the provincial mind. From these internal and external
influences the Upper Canadian has been developed into an individual
singular in some respects, but yet constituting a middle link between
the Englishman, and the “Englishman intensified,” as the American
has been called.
The difference in the character between the British American and
those who have lived under Republican Government is a striking
commentary upon the effects of social and political institutions.
Canadians may not have excelled in making wooden nutmegs, and
basswood hams; but they have succeeded in converting a wilderness
into a splendid Province. And although eighty years behind in
commencing the race with those who robbed them of their homes,
they have even now caught up in many respects, and to-day a
young State with great breadth and resources presents itself at the
threshold of nations. It has for a population a stable people. Canada
has no long list of cruel charges against her for aggression. Her
escutcheon is clean as the northern snow against which she rests,

from the stains of blood— blood of the Indian, the African, the
Mexican, or of a neighbor.
After all, notwithstanding this bright record of loyalty on the part of
settlers and their descendants, yet the Bay of Quinté inhabitants
were not permitted to receive the heir to the Crown of England, to
support which, their sires suffered so much. They spilled their blood,
they suffered starvation; and yet by the advice of one who held in
higher consideration the Roman Catholic Church, than the grand-
children of the U. E. Loyalists. The Prince of Wales passed up and
down the bay without landing. They waited with burning enthusiasm
to receive the Prince, but he passed and repassed without gratifying
their desire. Notwithstanding this there were some who followed him
to Toronto, determined to pay their respect to the Prince,
notwithstanding the Duke of Newcastle.
“The U. E. List.”—It will be remembered that a certain number of
Americans who had remained in the States, were induced to remove
to Canada by a proclamation issued by Simcoe; many of these were
always loyalists in heart, some had become tired of republicanism,
and others were attracted by the offer of lands, free grants of which
were offered upon paying fees of office, some $30. By this means a
new element was added to the Province. At the same time the first
settlers were to be placed in a position to which the newcomers,
however loyal, could never attain.
Distinct from the general class is here meant those whose names
were entered upon a list ordered to be prepared by Government. “To
put a mark of honor,” as it was expressed in the orders of Council,
“upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire and
joined the royal standard in America, before the treaty of separation
in the year 1783, to the end that their posterity might be
discriminated from the then future settlers. From the initials of two
emphatic words, the unity of the empire, it was styled the “U. E.
List,” and they, whose names were entered on it, were distinguished
as the U. E. Loyalists, a distinction of some consequence, for, in
addition to the promise of such loyalty by themselves, it was

declared that their children, as well as those born hereafter, as those
already born, should, upon arriving at the age of twenty-one years,
and females upon their marriage within that age, be entitled to
grants of 200 acres each, free from all expense.” Upon arriving at
age, the descendant petitioned the Governor, stating the facts upon
oath, and accompanied with the affidavit of one person. The order
was issued, and land in one of the newer townships was duly
allotted and the patent issued free of cost.
The following is the order of Council referring to the grants of land
to the U. E. Loyalists:
“Quebec, Monday, 9th Nov. 1789.”
Present, Lord Dorchester and thirteen Councillors.
“His Lordship intimated to the Council, that it remained a question upon the
regulations for the disposition of the waste lands of the Crown, whether the board
constituted for that purpose, were authorized to make locations to the sons of
loyalists, on their arriving to full age, and that it was his wish to put a mark of
honor upon the families who had adhered to the unity of the empire, and joined
the Royal standard in America, before the treaty of separation in the year 1783.”
“The Council concurring with his Lordship, it is accordingly ordered, that the
several land boards take course for preserving a registry of the names of all
persons falling under the description aforementioned, to the end that their
posterity may be discriminated from future settlers, in the parish registers, and
rolls of the militia of their respective districts, and other public remembrances of
the Province, as proper objects, by their persevering in the fidelity and conduct so
honorable to their ancestors, for distinguished benefits and privileges.”
“And it is also ordered that the said land boards may, in every such case, provide
not only for the sons of the loyalists, as they arrive at full age, but for their
daughters also, of that age, or on their marriage, assigning to each a lot of 200
acres, more or less, provided, nevertheless, that they respectfully comply with the
general regulations, and that it shall satisfactorily appear that there has been no
default in the due cultivation and improvement of the lands already assigned to
the head of the family of which they are members.”
In the first days of the Upper Canadian Militia, instructions were
given to the Captains in each battalion that in the roll of members,
all of the U. E. Loyalists enrolled should have the capitals U. E.
affixed to their names.

After the war of 1812, it became necessary for the applicant to
present a certificate from a Clerk of the Peace that he retained his
loyalty. The following is the order of the Executive Council:
York, 27th June, 1816.
“Public notice is hereby given by order of His Excellency Governor in Council, that
no petition from sons and daughters of U. E. Loyalists will be hereafter received
without a certificate from the Magistrate in Quarter Sessions, signed by the
chairman and Clerk of the Peace, that the parent retained his loyalty during the
late war, and was under no suspicion of aiding or assisting the enemy. And if a son
then of age, that he also was loyal during the late war, and did his duty in defense
of the Province. And if a daughter of an U. E. L. married, that her husband was
loyal, and did his duty in defense of the Province.” (Signed) John Small, Clerk of
the Executive Council.
The steps taken by Government to prevent persons not actually
upon the U. E. List from enjoying the peculiar privileges operated
sometimes against the U. E. Loyalists unpleasantly, which led to
some agitation, as the following will show:
In the year 1832, a meeting was held at Bath. Referring to this
meeting the Kingston Herald, of April 4, says:
The alleged injustice of the Government with regard to the sons and
daughters of U. E. Loyalists has been a fruitful source of complaint
by the grievance-mongers. At the late Bath meeting Mr. Perry offered
the following amendment to a resolution, which was negatived by a
large majority,
“Resolved, That a free grant of 200 acres of the waste lands of the
Crown, by His Majesty the King, to the U. E. Loyalists and their sons
and daughters, was intended as a mark of His Majesty’s Royal
munificence towards those who had shown a devotedness to His
Majesty’s person and government during the sanguinary struggle at
the late American Revolution, and that the settlement duty required
of late to be performed by the above description of persons and
others equally entitled to gratuitous grants, and also their not being
allowed the privilege of locating in any, or all townships surveyed

and open for location, appears to this meeting to be unjust, and
ought therefore to be abolished.”

CHAPTER LXXI.
Contents—Notice of a Few—Booth— Brock—Burritt—Cotter—
Cartwright—Conger—Cole— Dempsey—Detlor—Fraser—Finkle—
Fisher—Fairfield— Grass—Gamble Hagerman—Johnson’s—“Bill”
Johnson— Macaulay—The Captive, Christian Moore—Parliament
—Morden— Roblins—Simon—Van Alstine—Wallbridge— Chrysler
—White—Wilkins—Stewart—Wilson— Metcalf—Jayne—McIntosh
—Bird—Gerow—Vankleek—Perry—Sir William Johnson’s
children.
INDIVIDUAL NOTICES— CONCLUSION.
The noble band of Loyalists have now almost all passed away. Their
bodies have long since been laid in the grave; their children also
have almost all departed, and the grand-children are getting old.
Their last resting places— resting from war, famine, and toil—are to
be found upon beautiful eminences, overlooking the blue waters of
the Bay and River and Lake. All along their shores may be seen the
quiet burying-places of those who cleared the land and met the
terrible realities of a pioneer life.
The present work cannot embrace a history of the many noble ones,
deserving attention, who laid the foundation of the brightest colony
of Great Britain. Yet it would be incomplete without giving the names
of a few representative persons. They are such as we have been
able to procure, and while there are others, not referred to, well
worthy of a place in history, these are no less worthy. We have,
under “The Combatants,” referred to others of the first settlers, and
would gladly have introduced the names of all, could they have been
obtained.

Booth—“Died—At Ernesttown, on Saturday, Oct. 31, 1813, very
suddenly, Joshua Booth, Esq., aged 54 years. He was one of the
oldest settlers in that place, and ever retained the character of a
respectable citizen. Left a widow and ten children.”
The Brock Family.—William Brock was a native of Scotland; born in
1715. Was taken by a press-gang when eighteen, and forced upon a
man-of-war. Served in the navy several years, when he was taken
prisoner by the French. Afterward was exchanged at Boston. Being
set at liberty from the service, he settled at Fishkill, New York, where
he married, and became the father of a large family, two sons, Philip
and John, by the first wife; and eight children by a second, named
William, Ruth, Naomi, Isabel, Deborah, Catherine, Samuel, Garret,
and Lucretia. In consequence, of the rebellion, he became a refugee,
and, at the close, settled in Adolphustown; lived for a short time
near the Court House, upon his town lot, two of his neighbors gave
him theirs, and he continued to live upon the three acres for some
time. He drew land near the Lake on the Mountain, and in the west,
to which his sons went when they grew old enough. One of them
was Captain of Militia during the war of 1812. He received at that
time a letter from Gen. Brock, who claimed relationship; the letter
was written a few days before Gen. Brock fell. This letter still exists.
The youngest of the children married Watterberry, and still lives,
(1867) aged 82, with her daughter, Mrs. Morden, Ameliasburgh.
Cartwright .—One of the most noted of the refugees who settled at
Kingston, was Richard Cartwright. He was a native of Albany, and
was forced to leave his home because of his loyalty. He found an
asylum with others at Carleton Island, or Fort Niagara. Some time
after the conclusion of the war he was in partnership with Robert,
afterward Honorable Hamilton, at Niagara. But sometime about
1790, he settled in Kingston, where, as a merchant he acquired
extensive property. The Government mills at Napanee came into his
possession. Those who remember his business capacity, say it was
very great. He was a man of “liberal education and highly esteemed.
Suffered at last calmly and patiently, and died at Montreal, 27th July,
1815, aged fifty years.”

The estimation in which this gentleman was held is sufficiently
attested by the following, which we take from the Kingston Gazette:
York, March 13, 1816.
A new township in the rear of Darlington, in the district of Newcastle, has been
surveyed, and is now open for the location of the U. E. Loyalists and military
claimants. We understand that His Excellency, the Lieutenant-Governor to testify in
the most public manner the high sense which he entertained of the merit and
services of the late Honorable Richard Cartwright, has been pleased to honor this
township with the name of Cartwright , a name ever to be remembered in Canada
with gratitude and respect. Dignified with a seat in the Legislative Council, and
also with a high appointment in the militia of the Province, Mr. Cartwright
discharged the duties incident to those situations, with skill, fidelity, and attention.
Animated with the purest principle of loyalty, and with an ardent zeal for the
preservation of that noble constitution which we enjoy, he dedicated, when even
struggling under great bodily infirmity, the remains of a well spent life to the
service of his country. Nor was he less perspicuous for his exemplary behaviour in
private life; obliging to his equals—kind to his friends—affectionate to his family,
he passed through life, eminently distinguished for virtuous and dignified propriety
of conduct, uniformly maintaining the exalted character of a true patriot, and of a
great man.
He was a good type of the old school, a tall, robust man, with a
stern countenance, and a high mind. He had sustained the loss of
one eye, but the remaining one was sharp and piercing. As the first
Judge of Mecklenburgh, he discharged his duties with great
firmness, amounting, it is said, often to severity. As an officer of the
militia, a position he held in 1812, he was a strict disciplinarian, and
often forgot that the militiamen were respectable farmers. Mr.
Cartwright left two sons, the late John S. Cartwright, and the Rev.
Robert Cartwright. It is unnecessary to say that the descendants of
Judge Cartwright are among the most respectable, influential and
wealthy, living in the Midland District.
Mr. James Cotter, was by profession, a farmer, residing in
Sophiasburgh in good circumstances. He was universally respected;
decided, and well informed in political matters; and as a proof of the
public confidence was elected M.P.P. In Parliament he served his
constituents faithfully, and maintained a reputation for consistency

and uprightness. In 1819, when party spirit animated the two
political parties, he became a candidate for re-election, but after a
close contest was defeated by James Wilson, Esq.
Conger.—“At West Lake, Hallowell, on the 27th May, 1825, died
Dengine Conger, in the 60th year of his age. He held a commission
in the First Battalion of the Prince Edward Militia, during twenty-
three years. He resided in Hallowell forty years, and lived a very
exemplary life, and died regretted by all who knew him.”
Cole.—In the history of Adolphustown, reference is made to Daniel
Cole, the very first settler in that township. The writer in the summer
of 1866, took dinner with John Cole, of Ameliasburgh, son of Daniel.
John was then in his 92nd year. He has since, 1867, passed away.
Born in Albany before the rebellion, he, with his family during the
war, found their way as loyalists to the city of New York, where they
remained until the leaving of VanAlstine’s company. The old man
could remember many of the events of that exciting period, being,
when they came to Canada, about ten years old. The brigade of
batteaux from Sorel, was under the supervision of Collins, he says:
“Old Mother Cook kept tavern in Kingston, in a low flat hut, with two
rooms.” There were four or five houses altogether in the place.
Landed in fourth township in June. Saw no clearings or buildings all
the way up from Kingston, nor tents; a complete wilderness.
Remembers an early settler in second township, named Cornelius
Sharp, from the fact that he injured his knee, and that Dr. Dougall
desired to amputate; but his father cured it. His mother’s name was
Sophia de Long, from Albany. She lost property. A hogshead of
spirits was brought up from New York. The settlers were called
together every morning and supplied with a little on account of the
new climate. His father had been a spy and carried despatches in a
thin steel box, which was placed between the soles of the boot.
Before resorting to this mode he had been caught, and sentenced to
be hanged immediately. The rope was around his neck, and the end
thrown over the limb of a tree, when he suddenly gave a spring from
their grasp, and ran, while shot after shot was leveled at his flying
figure; but he escaped, “God Almighty would not let the balls hit

him.” Remembers the Indians when first came, were frequently
about, would come in and look at the dinner table; but refused to
eat bread at first; afterward would, and then brought game to them
in abundance at times. Remembers landing at Adolphustown, he
hauled the boat to a block oak tree, which overhung the water, his
father built a wharf here afterwards. It was in the afternoon. They
all went ashore. There were three tents of linen put up. His father
brought a scythe with him, with which they cut marsh hay, or flags.
This was used to cover the houses, and they kept out the rain well.
His father’s family consisted of twelve persons, two died at Sorel.
The settlers used to meet every Sunday to hear the Bible read,
generally by Ferguson; sometimes had prayer. Remembers, Quarter
Sessions met at his father’s, Cartwright was Judge. The Grand Jury
would go to the stable to converse. Says he once saved Chrys.
Hagerman’s life, who was bleeding at nose, after Drs. Dougall and
Dunham had failed. His father lived to be 105, his sister died last
year, aged 101. Remembers the man that was convicted of stealing
a watch, and hanged. Has seen the gallows on Gallows Point,
Captain Grass’ farm. The gallows remained there a dozen years. The
man it turned out, was innocent.
Died.—“On Friday the 5th of August, at his residence in
Adolphustown, Mr. Daniel Cole, at the very advanced age of 105
years, 1 month and 12 days. He was a native of Long Island, N. Y.,
and the oldest settler in this township; he was respected and
beloved by all who knew him—having long performed his duty as a
loyal subject, a faithful friend, a kind husband, an indulgent parent,
and an obliging neighbor. Born in the fifth year of the reign of
George II, he lived under four Sovereigns, and saw many changes
both in the land of his birth, and this of his adoption. He has beheld
the horrors of war, and has tasted of the blessings of peace; he has
seen that which was once a wilderness, “blossom and flourish like
the rose,” where formerly was nothing to be seen but the dark
shadow of the lofty pine, oak, and maple, here and there broken by
the thin blue vapor curling above the Indian wigwam, he has seen
comfortable dwellings arise; out of the superabundance of nature

man has supplied his necessity. Beneath the untiring efforts of
human industry, the dark woods have disappeared and waiving fields
of grain have taken their place. Where once was seen nought but
the light birch bark canoe of the “son of the forest,” he has beheld
the stately steamboats sweep majestically along—where formerly
resounded the savage howl of the panther, the wolf and bear, he has
seen towns and villages spring up, as it were by magic; in fact the
very face of the country seems changed since he first sat down
upwards of 52 years ago, as a settler on the place where he died.
“But after all he saw, he too is gone, his venerable age could not
save him, for we are told “the old must die.” The friends of his early
days were all gone before him; he was becoming “a stranger among
men,” generations had arisen and passed away, still he remained like
a patriarch of old, unbroken by the weight of years. After witnessing
the fifth generation, he died universally lamented by all his
acquaintances, leaving behind him 8 children; 75 grandchildren, 172
great-grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren’s children; in all 268
descendants.”
Adolphustown, August 9, 1836. T. D.
Demésey .—“Mark Dempsey was sent out by the British Government as
Secretary to General Schuyler. Married about 1746 to Miss Carroll.
Thomas, their youngest son, was born in New Jersey, 9th January,
1762. His father died while he was young, and he was left in a part
of the country which was held by the rebels, when he had attained
to an age to be drafted, Thomas Dempsey did not like to fight in the
rebel ranks, and consequently escaped and joined the loyalists. Was
in the service when New York was evacuated. Married 1782 to Mary
Lawson, whose father, Peter was imprisoned by the rebels, and his
property all plundered and confiscated. Came to Canada by Oswego,
1788, accompanied by his wife and her parents. Tarried at Napanee
till 1789, when they came to Ameliasburgh, and settled on lot 91,
which had been purchased from John Finkle. Dempsey’s worldly
effects then consisted of a cow, which they brought with them,

seven bushels of potatoes, and a French crown, and a half acre of
wheat which Finkle had sowed. They drew land in Cramahe. During
the first years they were in great distress. A tablespoonful of flour,
with milk boiled, or grain shelled by hand, formed their daily meals.
Their clothing consisted of blankets obtained of the Indians for the
women, and buckskin pants and shirts for the men. Dempsey was
the second settler in the township, Weese having settled two years
before. Margaret Dempsey, born October 24, 1790, was the third
child born in the township.”
Detlors.—The Detlors are of the Palatine stock. Says G. H. Detlor,
Esq., of the Customs Department, Kingston:
My grandfather, John V. Detlor, emigrated with my grandmother from
Ireland, to New York; directly after his marriage in the City of New
York, they removed to the town of Camden, where they resided with
their family—and at the close of the Rebellion (having joined the
Royal standard)—he with two or three of his sons and sons-in-law
came to Canada, and finally located on lands in the Township of
Fredericksburgh, Lot No. 21, 6th concession, where he and his sons
lived and died. My father removed to the town of York (now City of
Toronto), in 1802, and at the invasion of that place by the
Americans, in April, 1813, my father lost his life in defense of the
place. There is now but one of my grandfather’s children living, an
aunt of mine, Mrs. Anne Dulmage, resides in the village of
Sydenham, Township of Loughboro’, County of Frontenac.
They sacrificed their lands, and suffered great privations. The
Detlors have ever been universally esteemed, not alone in the
Midland District, but in all parts of Canada, and have been found
worthy occupants of many responsible positions.
Isaac Fraser.—“Among the prominent men who resided in
Ernesttown, near the Bay of Quinté, was Isaac Fraser, Esq., for many
years M.P.P. for the Counties of Lennox and Addington. Mr. Fraser
was a man of great decision of character, and during the active part
of his life, probably wielded a great influence, and his opinions
always commanded great respect. In his political opinions, he was

identified with the Conservative or Tory party; and when he arrived
at a conclusion on any particular point, he adhered to it with all the
tenacity which a clear conviction of its justice could inspire. With him
there was no wavering, no vacillation. He was always reliable, and
his friends always knew where to find him. There is no doubt, he
acted from conscientious motives, and from a clear conviction of
duty; and, so far as I know, no man ever charged him with acting
corruptly. In his religious views, Mr. Fraser sympathized with the
Presbyterians, and, if I mistake not, was a member of the church
organized, and watched over by the late Rev. Robert McDowall, of
Fredericksburgh.”
Finkle.—The late Geo. Finkle, of Ernesttown, says, “My grandfather,
Dr. Geo. Finkle, left Germany when a young man; and bought two
estates, one at Great, and one at Little Nine Partners. In adhering to
the British, he had all his estates, which were valuable at Nine
Partners, Duchess Co., confiscated to the Rebel Government. My
father, Henry, made his way to Quebec shortly after the war began,
being sixteen years old. Entered the Engineer’s Department, where
he learned the use of carpenter’s tools. In settling, this knowledge
was of great use to him, and he became the builder of the first
framed building in Upper Canada. His wife was a sister of Capt. John
Bleeker. He settled on the front of Ernesttown, lot six.” Finkle’s Point
is well known.
The First court held in Upper Canada, it is said, was at Finkle’s
house, which being larger than any at Kingston, or elsewhere on the
Bay, afforded the most convenience. Mr. Finkle records the trial of a
negro for stealing a loaf of bread, who, being found guilty, received
thirty-nine lashes. The basswood tree, to which he was tied, is still
standing; Mr. Finkle had slaves and was the first to give them
freedom. One of the brothers, of which there were three, John,
George, and Henry, served seven years in Johnson’s regiment.
Mr. Finkle wrote us, Dec. 11, 1865; he says, “Being in my 74th year,
and in impaired health, I am unable to write more.” The kind man

soon thereafter was called away, at a good old age, like his father
and grandfather.
Geo. Finkle, son of Henry, had three sons, Gordon William, Roland
Robinson, and Henry. The Finkle’s, as we have seen elsewhere, were
actively engaged in the construction of the first steamboats the
‘Frontenac’ and ‘Charlotte,’ having had an interest in the ‘Charlotte,’
and his eldest son, Gordon, is now one of the oldest captains upon
the Bay, being attached to the steamer ‘Bay Quinté.’ The old place
granted to the grandfather, still belongs to the family, Roland R. still
residing there, and the youngest, Henry, is Postmaster at Bath.
Fisher.—Judge Alexander Fisher, a name well known in the Midland
District, was a native of Perthshire, Scotland, from whence his
parents, with a numerous family, emigrated to New York, then a
British province. At the time of the rebellion they had accumulated a
considerable amount of both real and personal property; but at the
defeat of Burgoyne, near the place of whose defeat they lived, the
Fisher family, who would not abandon their loyalty, left their all, and
endured great hardships in finding their way to Montreal. Alexander
was subsequently employed in the Commissariat, under McLean, at
Carleton Island; while his twin-brother obtained the charge of the
High School at Montreal, which situation he held until his death, in
the year 1819. At the close of the war the family obtained their
grants of land as U. E. Loyalists.
Alex. Fisher was appointed the first District Judge and Chairman of
Quarter Sessions for the Midland District, to the last of which he was
elected by his brother magistrates. He was also for many years a
Captain of Militia, which post he held during the war of 1812. The
family took up their abode in Adolphustown, upon the shores of Hay
Bay. A sister of Judge Fisher was married to Mr. Hagerman, and
another to Mr. Stocker, who, for a time, lived on the front of Sidney.
He was related, by marriage, to McDonnell, of Marysburgh. His
parents lived with him at the farm in Adolphustown. They were
buried here in the family vault, with a brother, and the Judge’s only
son.

Judge Fisher was short in stature, and somewhat stout, with a
prominent nose. He was, as a judge, and as a private individual,
universally esteemed. “He was a man of great discernment, and
moral honesty governed his decisions.”—(Allison.) He died in the
year 1830, and was buried in the family vault. As an evidence of the
high esteem in which he was held, there was scarcely a lawyer or
magistrate in the whole District, from the Carrying Place to
Gananoque, who did not attend his funeral, together with a great
concourse of the settlers throughout the counties.
Fairfield .—The Kingston Gazette tells the following:
“Died.—At his house, in Ernesttown, on the 7th Feb. 1816, in the
47th year of his age, W. Fairfield. His funeral was attended by a
numerous circle of relatives, friends and neighbors. He left a widow
and seven children. The first link that was broken in a family chain of
twelve brothers and three sisters, all married at years of maturity.
His death was a loss to the district, as well as to his family. He was
one of the commissioners for expending the public money on the
roads. Formerly a member of the Provincial Parliament; many years
in the commission of the Peace. As a magistrate and a man, he was
characterized by intelligence, impartiality, independence of mind and
liberality of sentiments.”
Grass.—Captain Michael Grass, the first settler of Kingston township,
was a native of Germany. The period of his emigration to America is
unknown. He was a saddler and harness-maker by trade, and for
years plied his trade in Philadelphia. It would seem that he removed
from Philadelphia to New York, for his son Peter was born in this city
in 1770. According to the statement of his grandson who often
heard the facts from his father, Peter Grass, soon after the
commencement of the rebellion, Michael Grass was taken prisoner
by the Indians, who were staying at Cataraqui. In this he is probably
mistaken. We learn from another source that it was during the
previous French war, which is more likely to be correct. It would
seem that Grass and two other prisoners were not confined in the
fort, but held in durance by a tribe of Indians, who permitted them

to hunt, fish, &c. They made an effort to escape, but were caught
and brought back. Again they attempted, carrying with them
provisions, which they had managed to collect, sufficient to last
them a week. But it was nine weeks before they reached an English
settlement, one having died by the way from hunger and exposure.
It was the knowledge which Grass had acquired of the territory at
Cataraqui, while a prisoner, which led to his appointment to the
leadership of a band of refugees at the close of the war.—(See
settlement of Kingston.)
It does not appear that Captain Grass occupied any office in the
army during the war. His captaincy commenced upon his leaving
New York with the seven vessels for Canada. By virtue of his
captaincy, he was entitled to draw 3000 acres. Beside lot twenty-five
in Kingston, he drew in fourth concession of Sidney nearly 2000
acres in one block.
Captain Grass had three sons, Peter, John, and Daniel, and three
daughters. Daniel, some years after, went sailing and was never
heard from. Peter and John settled in the Second Town and became
the fathers respectively of families. The land drawn by the captain,
and the 600 acres by each of his children, has proved a lasting
source of wealth and comfort to his descendants.
Captain Grass naturally took a leading part at least during the first
years of the settlement at Kingston. He was possessed of some
education, and was a man of excellent character, with a strict sense
of honor. Although opportunities presented themselves to
accumulate property at the expense of others, he refused to avail
himself of all such. He was appointed a magistrate at an early
period, and as such performed many of the first marriages in
Kingston. In religion, he was an adherent to the Church of England.
Probably he had been brought up a Lutheran. His old “Dutch” Bible
still is read by an old German in Ernesttown; but it seems a pity that
although none of the Grass family can read its time worn pages, it
should be allowed to remain in other hands than the descendants of
the old captain.

In connection, it may be mentioned that some time before the war, a
poor German, a baker by trade, came to New York. Michael Grass
assisted him into business, and even gave him a suit of clothes.
When the refugees came to Canada, this baker accompanied them.
He settled in Quebec, where he amassed eventually great wealth,
and the P— — family are not unknown to the public.
Gamble.—The subjoined somewhat lengthy notice is taken from the
Toronto Colonist:—“Dr. Gamble and family were for many years
residing at Kingston, and he was intimately associated with the first
days of Upper Canada, as a Province, while his offspring as will be
seen, form no indifferent element of the society of the Province,” we
therefore insert the notice in extenso. “Isabella Elizabeth Gamble,
the third daughter of Dr. Joseph Clark and Elizabeth Alleyne, was
born at Stratford, in Connecticut—then a colony of Great Britain— on
the 24th October, 1767. In the year 1776, her father, faithful to his
allegiance, repaired to the British army in New York, to which place
his family followed him. At the peace of 1783, Dr. Clark removed
with his family to New Brunswick (then known as the Province of
Acadia) and took up his residence at Mangerville. There his
daughter, the subject of this memoir, then in her seventeenth year,
was married on the 18th of May, 1884, to Dr. John Gamble, the
eldest son of William Gamble and Leah Tyrer, of Duross, near
Enniskillen, Ireland. Mr. Gamble was born in 1755, studied physic
and surgery at Edinburgh; emigrated to the British colony in 1779,
and landed in New York in September of that year. Immediately on
his arrival, he entered the King’s service as Assistant-Surgeon to the
General Hospital; subsequently he was attached to the “Old Queen’s
Rangers,” and for some time did duty with that regiment as surgeon.
At the peace of 1783, he, with other American Loyalists, went to
New Brunswick. After his marriage Dr. Gamble practised his
profession at St. John’s, and resided in New Brunswick until 1793,
when having been appointed Assistant-Surgeon to the late regiment
of Queen’s Rangers, by General Simcoe, then Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada, he joined his regiment at Niagara, where it was then
quartered, having left his wife and five daughters at Mangerville.

Mrs. Gamble continued to reside with her father until 1798, when
her husband, having in the meantime, been promoted to the
surgeoncy of his regiment; she, with her five daughters, the eldest
then but thirteen years of age, accompanied by her father and a
sister (afterwards married to the Hon. Samuel Smith), ascended the
river St. John in a bark canoe, crossed the portage by Temi conata
to the Rivierie du Loup, came up the St. Lawrence, and joined Dr.
Gamble then with his regiment in garrison at York.
“In 1802, the Queen’s Rangers were disbanded, and Mrs. Gamble
accompanied her husband and family to Kingston, where he
practised his profession until his death, in the fifty-sixth year of his
age, on the 1st December, 1811. She remained in Kingston till the
year 1820, when with the portion of her family then at home, she
removed to Toronto, and there remained surrounded by her
offspring until her death on the 9th March, 1859.
“Mrs. Gamble had thirteen children, nine daughters and four sons;
Isabella, the eldest, married to Robert Charles Home, Esq., Assistant-
Surgeon, Glengary Light Infantry; Mary Ann, married to Colonel
Sinclair, Royal Artillery; Sarah Hannah Boyes, to James Geddes, Esq.,
Assistant-Surgeon, Medical Staff; Leah Tyrer, to the Hon. William
Allen; Catharine, who died unmarried; Jane, married to Benjamin
Whitney, Esq.; Rachel Crookshank, to Sir James Buchannan
Macaulay; Magdaline, to Thomas William Birchall, Esq.; and Mary
Ann unmarried; John William, of Vaughan, William, of Milton,
Etobicoke; Clarks, of Toronto, and Joseph who died in infancy; of
these thirteen, six only survive, but Mrs. Gamble’s descendants have
already reached the large number of 204, and some of her children’s
children are now upwards of thirty years of age.
“The remarkable longevity of a large number of the American
Loyalist emigrants who came to the British Provinces after the
American Revolution, has been noticed by the Lord Bishop of New
Brunswick, as a striking instance of the fulfilment of the promise
contained in the fifth commandment, embracing, as that
commandment unquestionably does, the duty of obedience to civil

rulers. Mrs. Gamble may well be counted among that number,
having, in October last, entered upon her ninety-second year.”—
Colonist.
Among the company of refugees which followed VanAlstine’s lead to
Canada, was Nicholas Hagerman.
He settled in the village of Adolphustown, almost in front of the U. E.
burying ground. The point of land here between the Bay and the
Creek is still known as Hagerman’s Point. The whole of the land
except the burying ground was cleared by Hagerman. His house was
situated a short distance west of the road leading from the wharf up
to the village. It was built near the water’s edge. The short period
which has elapsed since that building was erected has not only
consigned the builder to a grave almost unknown, and the building
to the destructive tooth of time, but the very land on which the
house stood, where he and his family daily passed in and out, is now
washed away by the ceaseless waves of the bay.
Mr. Hagerman was a man of some education, and it is said had
studied law before leaving New York. At all events he became one of
the first appointed lawyers in Upper Canada, probably at the time
McLean, of Kingston, was appointed. He continued to live and
practice law in Adolphustown until his death. “He was the first
lawyer to plead at these Courts. He was a self-made man.”—Allison.
The writer’s parents lived at, and near the village of Adolphustown
when young; they knew the Hagerman’s well, and for many a day
and year attended school with Nicholas Hagerman’s children. There
were at least two brothers, David and Christopher, and two
daughters, Betsy and Maria. Daniel was a sedate person, but “Chris.”
was a saucy boy. They were both elected to Parliament at the same
time, but Daniel died before the meeting of Parliament. Christopher
studied law with his father at first, was a pupil of Dr. Strachan’s, and
completed his legal studies in McLean’s office in Kingston. The father
and son were sometimes employed by opposing clients; at one time
in Kingston, the son won the suit, much to the annoyance of the
father. The father exclaimed, “have I raised a son to put out my

eyes.” “No”, replied the son, “to open them father.” At the
commencement of the war in 1812, Christopher went as Lieutenant
with a Company from Adolphustown to Kingston. Shortly after he
was chosen Aide-de-Camp to the Governor General. Thenceforth his
way to preferment was steady. At the close of the war he was
appointed Collector of Customs at Kingston. The Gazette of 5th
September, 1815, says that Christopher Alexander Hagerman, Esq.,
Barrister-at-Law, was appointed to His Majesty’s Council in and for
the Province of Upper Canada.
On the 26th March, 1817, he was married to Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of James Macaulay, Esq., Kingston.
Johnsons .—Henry Johnson was born at New Jersey, 1757, where he
lived till the rebellion, when he removed to Poughkeepsie. In June,
1788, being a loyalist, he came with his brother Andrew to Canada,
enduring many privations and hardships. He settled in Hallowell,
where he lived until his death, which took place 28th May, 1829,
being in his 73rd year. “He was noted for his hospitality—charitable
to the poor without ostentation, a pious Christian. For the last five
years he suffered much.”
Andrew Johnson .—Among the combatants, we have given the name
of James Johnson; here we design to give a place to some account
of his two sons, Andrew and William, or “Bill,” as he was commonly
called, a name yet remembered by many.
Perhaps there is not now living a more interesting historic character
than Andrew Johnson, residing in the vicinity of Belleville. A native of
New York State, Gainesborough, he came in with his father at the
first settlement of Upper Canada. He was an eye witness of the first
days of Ernesttown, and Kingston. At the beginning of the present
century he was known as an unusually rapid walker. Andrew was
engaged in carrying the mail from Kingston to York. Mr. Stuart was
his employer. His route was by the Bay shore to Adolphustown,
across the Bay, at the Stone Mills, by Picton and Wellington, to the
Carrying Place; and thence along the Lake shore, fording streams as
best he could, often upon a fallen tree, or by swimming. He would

spend five hours in York and then start back. These trips were
generally made once a fortnight. He subsequently lived at Bath for
forty years, where he kept a tavern, and strangely enough, as he
avers, he never drank liquor in his life.
His father’s log house was used by Rev. Mr. Stuart to preach in for
three years, before the frame building was erected on the hill, which
would hold thirty or forty persons. It was a story and a-half high.
Andrew Johnson is now upwards of a hundred. Although his memory
is somewhat defective, he retains a great deal of bodily vigor; and
eats and sleeps well. He rarely converses unless spoken to. He is a
man of somewhat low stature, small frame, with spare limbs. Mr.
Lockwood, who has known him a long time, says, “He was
remarkably quick in his movements.” During the war, the two started
to walk from Prescott to Kingston, but Lockwood says that Johnson
could walk three miles to his one. His brother, “Bill,” had a fast
horse, which could outrun anything. Andrew offered to bet a
hundred dollars that he could travel to York quicker than the horse.
Of course there was but an imperfect path, with no bridges. His offer
was not accepted. Andrew was a loyal soldier in 1812, and belonged
to the same companies as his brother. The old man is yet very quick
in his movements, retaining that peculiar swinging gait by which he
formerly so rapidly traveled long distances. His days are passing
away in a quiet dream, tenderly cared for by his son, with his wife.
Bill Johnson .—William Johnson, brother of the foregoing, was one of
six sons of James Johnson, born in Ernesttown. His youthful days
were spent in the vicinity of what is now the village of Bath. About
the time of the commencement of the war of 1812, he was engaged
in Kingston, in trading, and had a store of general merchandize.
When the first draft for men was made, Johnson was one of the
conscripts. For a very short time, he did service, and then procured
his brother (not Andrew) as a substitute. There was not at this time
any doubt of his loyalty. It was natural he should desire to attend to
his business in Kingston, which at this time was lucrative. And there
does not appear that he employed his brother in other than good
faith. But some time after his brother entered the service, he

deserted to the United States’ shore. Even now it does not appear
that the authorities of Kingston suspected his loyalty, for they
desired that he should take his place in the ranks which his brother
had forsaken. This, however, “Bill” would not do. The result was that
a file of soldiers commanded by Sergeant Lockwood, (our principal
informant) was sent to arrest Johnson, by order of the captain,
Matthew Clark of Ernesttown.
Upon the approach of the soldiers, Johnson shouted to Sergeant
Lockwood, who had been his life long playmate, “I know what you
are after; but you won’t get me yet,” and immediately shut the door
and turned the key. Lockwood, without hesitation, raised his musket,
and with the butt knocked the door open, in time to see Bill escaping
by the back door. A close chase ensued into a back enclosure, and
Lockwood succeeded in catching him by the leg as he was passing
through a window. Johnson then submitted, and was conveyed a
prisoner to the guard house within the jail. After being confined for
sometime he escaped by breaking the jail; probably aided by
sympathizers, for a good many thought he was badly treated.
Whatever may have been Johnson’s feelings towards the British
Government before, he now became a most determined enemy of
his native country. He vowed he should “be a thorn in Great Britain’s
side;” and his goods and some property at Bath, a few town lots,
being confiscated, he declared he would get back all he lost. The
foregoing occurence took place sometime during the fall of 1812. It
would appear that Bill Johnson set to work in a systematic manner
to carry out his threats.
Being well acquainted with the country and people, and, withal, a
bold, determined and fearless man, he did not hesitate to visit the
Canadian shore, and was even seen at Bath in day light. He built
several small boats, light and trim, and he would at times
unhesitatingly voyage upon the broad lake in bold undertakings. His
operations consisted in privateering, in inducing American
sympathizers to accompany him to the States, and in acting as a
spy. During the war there were frequently boat loads of goods,

consisting of liquors and other valuable articles passing up the bay,
and across the Carrying Place, thence to York. On one occasion
Thomas Parker, who was engaged in the business, left Kingston with
a batteau laden with valuables for York. Johnson, who watched such
events, saw Parker depart. While the latter made his way up the bay,
Johnson proceeded in his craft around by the lake, and awaited
Parker off Presqu’isle. In due time the batteau was seized by
Johnson and his comrades, and taken to the other side. Parker being
landed on Point Traverse, off Marysburgh.
Another exploit was the seizure of Government despatches near
Brighton. A company of Dragoons, Captain Stinson, were on duty to
carry despatches between the River Trent and Smith’s Creek, Port
Hope. On a certain occasion when a dragoon, by the name of
Gardner, was pursuing his way with despatches, he was suddenly
seized by Johnson, who deliberately took him with his horse to the
lake shore, where he shot the horse, placed the despatch bag in his
boat, and then permitted the man to find his way on foot through
the woods to report himself to his captain.
“Bill Johnson still lives at French Creek upon the American shore of
the St. Lawrence. He was an active participant in the events of 1837,
and it is supposed had much to do in recruiting for the army of
sympathizers.” There is so much of fiction to be found respecting
him in connection with that time, that it is difficult to say what part
he did take. It has been generally supposed that he was one of the
few who escaped from the Windmill, but while, no doubt, he was
engaged at the time, there is nothing to rest a decided statement
upon. We suspect that “Bill,” in his later days, was given to boasting
a little, and took pleasure in catering to the taste of his Yankee
friends, in relating what he and his daughter Kate did, (in
imagination.)
Macaulay, “the father of the Honorable John, and the Rev. William
Macaulay, settled during the Revolutionary war on Carleton Island,
then a British station and fortification, where he supplied the
commissariat and garrison, and carried on business. In 1794, Mr.

Macaulay removed to Kingston, where he amassed considerable
property. When he removed to Kingston, he had rafted over from
Carleton Island his log dwelling house, and placed it where it now
stands at the corner of Princess and Ontario Streets. It has since
been clap-boarded over and added to, and having been kept painted
and in good repair is still a very habitable building.”—(Cooper.)
Mr. Macaulay had come to New York shortly before the
commencement of the Colonial troubles, and as a loyalist had his
house pillaged and burnt, by the rebels, and became a refugee at
the military post at Carleton Island. About 1785, he settled at
Kingston, where he married, and remained until his death, in
September, 1800, being fifty-six years old. He was at no time
connected with the service, but engaged his time in commercial
business, and was on most intimate terms with those in authority,
being a particular friend of the Duke of Albano. His sons continued
his business and in time were called to occupy honorable and
responsible situations under Government, as Legislative Councilor,
Surveyor General, Provincial Secretary, Inspector General, Chaplain
to Legislative Assembly, and Commissioners on various important
matters.
THE CAPTIVE CHRISTIAN MOORE.
Upon the 19th March, 1867, the writer was privileged, through the
kindness of the Rev. Mr. Anderson, to visit an individual who, of all
others, possesses historic interest. About half a mile north of the
Indian Church upon the old York road, Tyendinaga, lives Christian
Moore. Beside the stove, in a low Indian chair, sat a woman whose
shrunken and bent appearance made her appear no larger than a
girl of sixteen. But the face, with its parchment-like skin— the deeply
wrinkled features, bespoke the burden of many winters. Yet, the eye
still flashed looks of intelligence, as the face was upturned from her
hands on which she almost incessantly rested her head, as if the
shoulders had wearied in their long life duty. Christian is about a

hundred years old, during eighty of which she has remained a
captive with the Mohawks. Although a white woman, she knows not
a word of English. Long, long years ago, in becoming the wife of an
Indian, and the mother of Indians, she became to all purposes one
of themselves. She is a living relic of the American Revolution, as
well as of the customs of the Mohawk Indians a hundred years ago.
In the first days of the rebellion, in an encounter between the
Indians and a party of rebels in the Mohawk valley, one of the
Indians, by the name of Green, was killed. The custom among the
several tribes, or families, when one of their number had been lost in
war, was to take the first captive they could, and adopt him or her,
into the tribe, to keep up the number. A party of Indians, under John
Green, a chief and brother of the one killed, called in after days
Captain Green, in the course of their foray, caught a little girl about
ten years of age. That little girl is the old person of whom we are
speaking. The old woman yet recollects the fact that her father’s
family, on the approach of the Indians, made haste to escape; she
by accident was left alone or behind. She remembers to have been
running along the road, when she was taken. She says there were a
good many Indians. After this there is a blank in her memory, until
the period of the Indians leaving their homes to escape. This was
the time when they buried their Communion Plate. Christian says
she was carried upon an Indian’s back, as they fled to Lachine. She
recollects that they were staying three years at Lachine, when the
tribe set out to take possession of the land which Government was
to give them. It was about a year from the time they started from
Lachine, until they, under Brant, reached their destination, the Grand
River. Captain Green was with this party, and stayed with them at
Grand River for six years, when, becoming dissatisfied, he, with his
family, came to the Bay Quinté. Christian remembers all this. She
was living with Captain Green’s sister. They came in a batteau, down
the north shore of the lake, and crossed at the Carrying Place at the
head of the bay.
Christian in time became the wife of an Indian, by the name of
Anthony Smart, who, she says, has been dead now thirty-eight

Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and Applications Nita H. Shah

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Tags

Categories

Download

Quick Actions

Statistics

Related Slideshows

Matrix and Determinant: Fundamentals and Applications Nita H. Shah

About This Presentation

Slide Content

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 14

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

Slide 27

Slide 28

Slide 29

Slide 30

Slide 31

Slide 32

Slide 33

Slide 34

Slide 35

Slide 36

Slide 37

Slide 38

Slide 39

Slide 40

Slide 41

Slide 42

Slide 43

Slide 44

Slide 45

Slide 46

Slide 47

Slide 48

Slide 49

Slide 50

Slide 51

Slide 52

Slide 53

Slide 54

Slide 55

Slide 56

Slide 57

Slide 58

Slide 59

Slide 60

Slide 61

Slide 62

Slide 63

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

Slide 67

Slide 68

Slide 69

Slide 70

Slide 71

Slide 72

Slide 73

Slide 74

Slide 75

Slide 76

Slide 77

Slide 78

Slide 79

Slide 80