Measurement Error and Research Design 1st Edition Madhu Viswanathan

Measurement Error and Research Design 1st Edition Madhu Viswanathan
Measurement Error and Research Design 1st Edition Madhu Viswanathan
Measurement Error and Research Design 1st Edition Madhu Viswanathan

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6. FM-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 12:26 PM Page i

7. Dedicated to
Sidanth,
Deepa,
Amma (Mother),
&
Appa (Father)
For being my best friends
FM-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 12:26 PM Page ii

8. FM-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 12:26 PM Page iii

9. Copyright © 2005 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
For information:
Sage Publications, Inc.
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Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
Sage Publications Ltd.
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United Kingdom
Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
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Post Box 4109
New Delhi 110 017 India
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Viswanathan, Madhu.
Measurement error and research design / by Madhu Viswanathan; foreword by
Richard Bagozzi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-4129-0642-3 (pbk.)
1. Social sciences—Research—Methodology.
2. Measurement. I. Title.
H62.V54 2005
001.4′2—dc22
2004022908
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
050607080910987654321
Acquisitions Editor:Lisa Cuevas Shaw
Editorial Assistant:Margo Crouppen
Production Editor:Tracy Alpern
Copy Editor: Liann Lech
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: Gloria Tierney
Cover Designer: Glenn Vogel
Cover Concept: Sidanth Madhubalan
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10. Contents
Foreword xi
Richard Bagozzi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
1. What Is Measurement? 1
Overview 1
What Is Measurement Error? 1
Overview of Traditional Measure Development Procedures 5
Conceptual and Operational Definitions 5
Domain Delineation 11
Measure Design and Item Generation 16
Internal Consistency Reliability 18
Test-Retest Reliability 28
Dimensionality—Exploratory Factor Analysis 29
Dimensionality—Confirmatory Factor
Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling 35
Validity 61
General Issues in Measurement 75
Summary 77
Appendices 81
2. What Is Measurement Error? 97
Overview 97
Random Error 98
Systematic Error 99
Types of Random and Systematic Error 100
Idiosyncratic Versus Generic Random Errors 101
Random Error Within Versus Across
Administrations 104
Additive Versus Correlational Systematic Error 105
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11. Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 110
Across-Measure Systematic Error 111
Illustrations of Measurement Error
Through Response Patterns 114
Patterns of Responses in Measurement Error 117
Summary 119
Appendix 123
3. What Causes Measurement Error? 135
Overview 135
Sources of Measurement Error 135
Taxonomy of Error Sources 143
Idiosyncratic Individual-Related Factors 144
Generic Individual-Related Factors 144
Item Content-Related Factors 145
Response Format-Related Factors 145
Administration-Related Factors 146
Sample Interactions 147
Summary 148
4. Can Empirical Procedures Pinpoint
Types of Measurement Error? 149
Overview 149
Internal Consistency Reliability Procedures 150
Random Error 151
Additive Systematic Error 151
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 152
Summary 152
Test-Retest Reliability Procedures 153
Random Error Within Administrations 153
Additive Systematic Error 153
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 155
Random Error Across Administrations 156
Summary 156
Factor Analysis Procedures 157
Validity Tests 158
Summary 159
5. How Can Measurement Error Be Identified
and Corrected For in Measure Development? 161
Overview 161
Guidelines for Identifying and
Correcting For Error in Measure Development 162
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12. Step 1: Computing and
Evaluating Relevant Diagnostics 163
Step 2: Identifying Types of
Error From Psychometric Diagnostics 178
Step 3: Correcting for Specific
Types of Errors in Measure Development 178
Generic Issues in Designing Psychometric Tests 180
Item-to-Total Correlations
(Internal Consistency Procedures) 180
Low Item-to-Total Correlations:
Generic Random Error Within an Administration 180
High Item-to-Total Correlations:
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 180
Item Means 181
Extreme Item Means (All Psychometric
Procedures): Additive Systematic Error 181
Different Item Means (Test-Retest Reliability):
Generic Random Error Across Administrations 182
Test-Retest Correlations (Test-Retest Reliability) 183
Low Item-Level Test-Retest Correlations:
Generic Random Error Across Administrations 183
Low Item-Level Test-Retest Correlations:
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 184
High Item-Level Test-Retest Correlations:
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 184
Factor Loadings (Exploratory Factor Analysis) 185
High Loadings on Secondary Factors:
Within-Measure Correlational Systematic Error 185
Loadings Across Dimensions: Within-Measure
Correlational Systematic Error 186
Residuals (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) 186
Residuals Within Dimensions: Within-Measure
Correlational Systematic Error 187
Residuals Across Dimensions: Within-Measure
Correlational Systematic Error 187
Residuals Across Measures: Across-Measure
Systematic Error 187
Cross-Construct Correlations (Validity Tests) 187
Design of Validity Tests:
Across-Measure Systematic Error 188
Interpreting Outcomes of Validity Tests:
Across-Measure Systematic Error 191
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13. Specification of Structural Equation
Models: Across-Measure Systematic Error 191
Conditions of Future Use of Measures 192
Discussion 193
Summary 193
6. How Can Error Be Identified
Through Innovative Design and Analyses? 197
Overview 197
Using Internal Consistency and Test-Retest
Reliability in Conjunction 197
Using Correlations Across Item-Level Correlations 198
Empirical Assessment of Item-Sequencing Effects 202
Summary 211
7. How Do Measures Differ? 213
Overview 213
Stimulus-Centered Versus Respondent-Centered Scales 213
Formative and Reflective Indicators of Constructs 228
Summary 237
8. What Are Examples of Measures and
Measurement Across Various Disciplines? 239
Overview 239
Types of Measures 240
Types of Response Formats 242
Specific Examples of Scales From Different Disciplines 247
Scales of Individual Traits and Attitudes 247
Scales of Emotion 249
Scales for Children 251
Gender-Related Scales 253
Projective Measures 254
Medical Scales 256
Neuropsychological Measures 258
Weight Management, Eating, and Body-Related Scales 259
Occupational Interest Scales 261
Employee and Workplace Scales 262
Organizational Scales 263
Sociological Scales 266
Measures of Macrolevel Phenomena 267
Quality-of-Life Scales 268
Measures of Ability and Achievement 269
Individual Performance Measures 278
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14. Physiological Scales 278
Physical Measurement 279
Cross-Cultural Measurement 280
Overview 280
Translation 283
Emic Versus Etic Perspectives 283
Measurement Properties Across Cultures 284
Summary 285
Summary 286
9. What Are the Implications of Understanding
Measurement Error for Research Design and Analysis? 289
Overview 289
Implications for Using Measures in Research Design 290
Using Validated Measures 290
Using Unvalidated Measures 294
Designing Collection of Data on Multiple Measures 295
Illustrative Scenarios on Using
Measures in Research Design 297
Implications for Using Structural Equation Modeling 300
Implications for Applied Research 304
Summary 306
10. How Does Measurement Error Affect Research Design? 307
Overview 307
Types of Research Designs 308
Measurement Error in Survey Design 310
Measurement Error in Experimental Design 315
Overview of Experimental Design 315
Measurement and Manipulation
Error in Experimental Design 322
Research Design and Measurement Error 329
Strength of Tests of Hypotheses 329
Methodological Replications 330
Parallels Between Measure
Validation and Research Design 331
Summary 334
Appendices 337
11. What Is the Role of Measurement in Science? 347
Overview 347
Assumptions of Measurement 347
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research 350
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15. Measuring the “Measurable” 365
From Physical to Psychological Measurement 369
Informal Measurement 376
Ethics in Measurement 380
Summary 381
12. What Are the Principles and
Guiding Orientations of This Book? 383
Overview 383
Summary of Chapters 383
Implications for Measurement and Research Design 386
Summary of Orientations 390
Measurement-Related Issues 390
Generic Issues in Research Methodology 391
References 393
Index 413
About the Author 433
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16. Foreword
T
heory and method have been treated typically as distinct aspects of
science in the basic and applied social sciences. This can be seen in three
senses. Academic researchers tend to see themselves as either theorists or
substantive inquirers on one hand, or as methodologists on the other hand.
Coursework is segregated into theory or methods classes. And fields of
inquiry promote a favorite method to test their theories with alternative
methods given secondary status, if treated at all. All too often, the net result
is theories that are tested inadequately or are tested in narrow ways or
methods in search of applications to phenomena without proper attention
given to the mechanisms behind, and boundary conditions of, the theories
and phenomena under investigation. We lack a dialogue between theorists
and methodologists and a balance between conceptual and empirical foun-
dations of research so as to promote valid and useful scientific knowledge.
Madhu Viswanathan presents a thoroughly integrative and original
approach to the theory-method gap in contemporary basic social science and
applied research. The central theme of the book, which is grounded in the
best of technical and philosophical practice, is that measurement is at the
heart of scientific research, and researchers must be mindful of measurement
error as they test theories and search for valid empirical evidence.
Viswanathan provides a subtle, scientifically grounded framework for the
conduct and interpretation of empirical research. Special attention is given
to the conceptualization of measurement error and decomposition of it into
unique components. He meticulously shows us how to identify and correct
for measurement error with the aim of better designing measures and meth-
ods. His analytical framework for measure development and validation,
summarized in Chapter 5, is a contribution of far-ranging import and one
that is sure to guide researchers for years to come and accelerate the gener-
ation of new knowledge in the fields it informs.
This is a splendid book as well for students in the sense of constantly rein-
forcing technical learning with concrete examples. Moreover, the presentation
xi
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17. explicitly links measurement to broader methodological, philosophical, and
interpretive issues, a feature missing in contemporary methodological books.
In sum, Viswanathan takes us on a journey of discovery where measure-
ment is shown to fundamentally link our ideas and speculations found in our
theories to empirical evidence as manifested in the world of experience. In
the process, we reach a new level of scientific maturity and come ever closer
to achieving things heretofore beyond our grasp.
Richard P. Bagozzi
Rice University
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18. Preface
A
ccurate measurement is central to scientific research. Minimizing
measurement error is a central goal in empirical research. Reliability
and validity are considered the foundations of measurement because they
represent attempts to reduce measurement error. Although it is impossible
to eliminate all errors, it is possible to use a fuller understanding of mea-
surement error in designing research, analyzing and interpreting data, and
acknowledging limitations. This book evolved from teaching a research
methods course at the doctoral level and research courses at the undergrad-
uate and graduate levels at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign,
for more than a decade. It is written for present and future empirical
researchers in the social sciences. This book will show how researchers can
identify and correct for error in the process of developing measures, using
measures in substantive studies, and designing methods. Through an under-
standing of the issues involved in measuring one “thing,” this book lays a
foundation for understanding the issues inherent in measuring many
“things” (i.e., in designing research methods).
In describing the approach taken in this book, it is useful to understand
what this book is not. This book is not a primer on statistical analyses in
measurement. Basic statistical analyses are described and illustrated
throughout, but the reader interested in a thorough treatment of this subject
matter should perhaps look elsewhere. This book does not provide exhaus-
tive coverage of recent measurement techniques, such as generalizability
and item response theory. This book is not a comprehensive primer on mea-
surement theory; classics on this topic are available elsewhere. Rather, this
book takes an approach that is different from current and past offerings in
this area.
This book is organized around the meaning of measurement error. It
begins with a brief overview of measurement principles that is supplemented
with many examples to provide necessary background to the reader. The
book then explores the meaning of measurement error, the different sources
xiii
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19. that could cause different types of measurement error, the nature of
responses that would characterize each type of error, and the pattern of
empirical outcomes that would be observed. Various sources of error lead
to different types of error, which are reflected in response patterns that are
assessed through empirical procedures. A detailed examination of this
interplay provides the foundation for this book. Such an approach provides
guidance in developing and editing items and measures and designing
methods. It is also useful in analyzing data and interpreting empirical
results in light of measures and methods used.
This book attempts to answer many questions: What is measurement?
What are the steps in the measure development process? What is the mean-
ing of measurement error? What are the types of measurement error? What
are the causes of each type of error? What are the response patterns that
follow from each type of error? What are the effects of each type of error on
empirical outcomes? Given the understanding obtained from these ques-
tions, how can error be minimized in the design of items? Of measures? Of
methods? How can innovative design and analyses be used to minimize
error in the design of items? Of measures? Of methods? How do measures
differ or how can measures be classified? How should different types of
measures be developed, validated, and used? What are examples of measures
and measurement across the disciplines? What are the implications of under-
standing measurement error for research design and analysis—that is, for
using existing measures in research designs? For structural equation model-
ing? For measurement in applied research? How does an understanding of
measurement error enhance the design of experiments and surveys? What is
the role of measurement in science? And finally, what are the orientations
underlying the material in this book?
This book is of particular value in designing measures and methods in
the social sciences. It delves into the “soft,” intangible aspects of research
design that the researcher confronts constantly when designing items, mea-
sures, and methods. Other books on measurement typically have presented
a more statistical orientation or an orientation toward measurement theory.
Although these approaches are invaluable, this book was motivated by the
lack of literature that enhances understanding of measurement error, its
sources, and its effects. Through the understanding provided here, the aim is
to enhance the design of research, both of measures and of methods.
For the budding researcher, this book will facilitate understanding of
the basic principles of measurement required to design measures and meth-
ods for empirical research. For the experienced researcher, this book will
provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the essence of measurement
error and procedures to minimize it, as well as the interrelationship between
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20. measurement and research design. This book aims to “push the envelope”
by handling a host of issues in measurement heretofore not discussed explic-
itly. If the reader has no intention of developing a measure, the principles
covered here are very relevant for usingexisting measures in empirical meth-
ods and in the design of research methods. A variety of issues of relevance to
research methodology in day-to-day research are also discussed.
The unique treatment of measurement error in this book should become
evident in the first few pages. Depth of understanding of measurement error
is provided through the treatment of the subject matter at a nuts-and-bolts
level with numerous concrete examples of errors and empirical procedures.
The need for this book arose from the nature of treatment of measurement
error in the literature primarily in terms of empirical analyses without
sufficiently in-depth conceptual examination of measurement error. The
approach taken here is to subject measurement procedures and measurement
error to the same conceptual and operational examination that is involved
in conceptualizing and operationalizing any construct. In other words,
measurement error involved in operationalizing the concepts of measure-
ment error in traditional empirical procedures is examined here! Hence, the
level of treatment of subject matter traverses the linkage between conceptual
notions of error and patterns of responses. Numerous examples of measures
from a variety of disciplines are discussed to provide the reader with concrete
instances and to stimulate creative measure development. Many figures,
tables, and exhibits are used to illustrate concepts, procedures, and empirical
outcomes. This book is also unique in using a measurement framework to
examine a variety of issues in research methodology, both quantitative and
qualitative. This book is about the design of measures and methods through
understanding measurement error. In this context, statistical procedures are
discussed at an intuitive level rather than in distant terms. Numbers analyzed
through statistical procedures can be precise, concrete, and sometimes illu-
sive. What numbers mean and where they came from is a central focus in
this book.
A figure provides an overview of the chapters. Chapter 1 is an intro-
duction to measurement that covers current knowledge in a succinct form
with extensive use of examples. Chapter 2 provides a detailed discussion of
measurement error and develops a taxonomy of measurement errors. The
aim here is to provide clear understanding of types of measurement error.
Chapter 3 develops a taxonomy of different sources of measurement error
based on a detailed review of literature in the social sciences and cross-listed
with a taxonomy of measurement errors. Thus, this chapter relates common
error sources to errors, providing researchers with a framework to consider
sources of error and their effects. Chapter 4 discusses traditional empirical
Preface—— xv
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21. procedures used in assessing reliability and dimensionality in terms of the
types of measurement errors that are captured by these procedures. Using
Chapters 2–4 as a basis, Chapter 5 presents guidelines for identifying and
correcting for measurement error. Chapter 6 presents some innovative
design and analyses, in light of earlier chapters, that can be used to identify
error.
Chapters 1–6 provide the basic foundation in measurement. Chapters 7–8
expand the discussion to several issues. Chapter 7 discusses how measures
differ and how they can be classified, covering issues in measurement that
lack coverage in the literature but are faced by researchers in day-to-day
research. Fundamental differences in the nature of measures have implica-
tions for their development, validation, and usage. Chapter 8 provides exam-
ples of measures and measurement from a range of disciplines that will assist
researchers in thinking outside the box.
The book then moves from discussing measurement as measuring a single
measure to measurement as developing an entire research method where
several variables are measured. The discussion moves from issues pertaining
to measurement as in the operationalization of a single construct to mea-
surement as in the operationalization of a complete research method. For
example, a survey method could be thought of as a set of measures that
involves measuring one thing (where issues such as item wording and
response scale formats are germane) as well as measuring many things
(where issues such as sequencing of measures are germane). An experiment
involves manipulating independent variables (i.e., generating levels of mea-
surement) and measuring dependent variables. Chapters 9–11 broaden the
discussion to cover issues in research design and, more broadly, research
methodology, using measurement concepts as the basic building blocks.
Chapter 9 discusses the implications of understanding measurement error
for research design and analysis—that is, the use of existing measures in
research designs and the use of structural equation modeling in data analysis—
as well as for applied research. Chapter 10 uses the foundation of measure-
ment to discuss issues in research methods such as designing experiments and
surveys. Chapter 11 provides a broad discussion of the role and nature of
measurement in scientific research. Chapter 12 summarizes the orientations
of the book.
For the reader unfamiliar with the measurement literature, Chapter 1 is
an ideal place to start. For the reader more familiar with measurement,
Chapter 1 could be skimmed. The initial chapters, specifically Chapters 1–5,
develop terminology and present detailed examples of a few measures that
are used in later chapters. However, several of the subsequent chapters could
be read independently, such as Chapter 8 on examples of measures.
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22. Preface—— xvii
Chapter 12
What are the orientations underlying the material in this book?
Chapter 9
What are the implications of understanding measurement error for using measures in research
design? For structural equation modeling? For measurement in applied research?
Chapter 8
How can examples of measures and measurement from across disciplines
provide creative ideas on developing measures?
Chapter 7
How do measures differ or how can they be classified?
Chapter 6
How can error be identified and corrected through innovative
design and analysis?
Chapter 5
How can error be identified and corrected for in developing measures?
Chapter 4
What are the effects of each type of error on empirical outcomes in psychometric
procedures?
Chapter 2
What is the meaning of measurement error? What are the types of measurement error?
What are the response patterns that follow from each type of error?
Chapter 1
What is measurement? What are the steps in the measure development process?
Chapter 10
How does understanding measurement error enhance
methodological design of experiments and surveys?
Chapter 11
What is the role of measurement in science?
Chapter 3
What are some common sources of each type of error?
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23. Wherever possible, data are presented from my own work, and data sets
and instructions are available at the Web site for this book (http://www
.sagepub.com/viswanathan). Suggestions for using this book in courses are
also provided at the Web site http://www.business.uiuc.edu/~madhuv/msmt
.html.
I have tried to appropriately cite past literature, old and new, and to give
due credit. However, the measurement and methodology literature is vast
and spans a long period of time. Despite my best efforts, I hope there are no
oversights. I have also sometimes employed the adjective “methodological”
in a narrower sense than suggested in dictionaries, for lack of a better
descriptor, although I have employed the noun “methodology” more appro-
priately. In closing, I hope this book delivers what is promised here.
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24. Acknowledgments
A
book of this sort can rarely be the work of one person. Many people
have contributed to its writing. In a broader sense, I have been truly
fortunate to benefit from the encouragement and support of many individu-
als. The names of some of these individuals are listed at the end of the
acknowledgments.
This book evolved from teaching a research methods course at the
doctoral level and research courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels
at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, for more than a decade.
I have learned from many students who contributed to discussions in these
classes over the years. Several doctoral students at Illinois contributed directly
to this book. Hila Riemer, Tianjiao Qiu, and Carlos Torelli devoted consid-
erable effort to the illustrations and references in the book. Ashok Lalwani,
Kyoungmi Lee, Hila Riemer, Kevin Rock, and Linda Tuncay provided help-
ful comments on earlier drafts of chapters of the book. I also thank my
present and past colleagues in the marketing area, the Department of Business
Administration, and the College of Business for their encouragement and sup-
port. I hope this effort is fitting and worthy of the great interdisciplinary tra-
ditions of the University of Illinois, where I have had the opportunity to learn
from and work with great scholars such as the late Seymour Sudman. I espe-
cially thank Sheila Loudermilk at the Department of Business Administration,
who tirelessly typed many parts of the manuscript. In characteristic fashion,
she went through drafts with attention to the most minute of details.
I thank Sage Publications for this unique opportunity. Lisa Cuevas, the
acquisitions editor, provided thoughtful and professional guidance and
encouragement at every stage of the publication process, essentially making
the entire authorship experience most enjoyable. I thank Liann Lech for her
careful and thorough efforts in copyediting the manuscript. Tracy Alpern, the
production editor, enabled a timely, efficient, and responsive process that
readied the manuscript for publication. I thank Margo Crouppen and Janet
Foulger for their efforts in the publication process. Several reviewers of the
proposal and manuscript provided helpful comments that enabled important
xix
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25. improvements: Robert DeVellis, University of North Carolina; Richard
Netemeyer, University of Virginia; Arturo Olivarez, Texas Tech University;
Richard Sudweeks, Brigham Young University; Dennis Jackson, University
of Windsor; and Dougal Hutchison, National Foundation for Educational
Research.
James Anderson, Northwestern University; Joe Cote, Washington
State University; James Hess, University of Houston; Ujwal Kayande,
Pennsylvania State University; Terry Shimp, University of South Carolina;
and Brian Wansink, University of Illinois, provided comments on a paper
that forms the basis for a chapter.
I especially thank Rick Bagozzi for providing me with invaluable advice
and encouragement. He has written the foreword to this book, an over-
whelming gesture that made the entire endeavor worthwhile.
I consider two individuals to be my mentors and role models in acade-
mics. They have had considerable influence in developing my interests in
measurement and research design to the point of writing a book. Terry
Childers, my dissertation advisor at the University of Minnesota, taught an
excellent seminar in the area of measurement during my doctoral educa-
tion. He was influential in developing my early interests in this area. He has
encouraged my endeavors for almost two decades now, since my early days
as a befuddled doctoral student. Kent Monroe, my senior colleague at the
University of Illinois, had the vision more than a decade ago to ask me to
teach a doctoral-level course on measurement and research methods. This
experience has culminated in my writing this book. I cannot express in
words what his support and guidance over the years have meant to me.
This book is dedicated to four people who are the best friends one could
ask for. I count my son, Sidanth, as my best friend. He is everything a parent
could dream of in a child and the biggest source of joy in my life. I have
learned immensely from his wisdom, goodness, talent, and drive. My
wife, Deepa, with her characteristically quiet, constant, and unconditional
support, encouraged me during all the times of soul-searching. She has
enabled my endeavors by taking care of the important things in life that are
often unnoticed or underappreciated. What I have learned from my parents,
who have been role models of excellence in all their endeavors, is immea-
surable. I count them among my best friends, ever-supportive and proud of
their son’s endeavors.
Thank you!
xx——Measurement Error and Research Design
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26. Ramesh Arunachalam
Terry Childers
Rosy Diwakar
V. N. Diwakar
Chinnammal Dorairajan
S. E. Dorairajan
Kanchana Dore
Shantanu Dutta
Manoj Hastak
Curtis Haugtvedt
R. Jaikumar
Meera Krishnamurthy
T. S. Krishnamurthy
Kausalya Madavan
Deepa Madhubalan
Sidanth Madhubalan
Krishnanand Maillacheruvu
Kent Monroe
Radha Nagaraj
T. S. Nagarajan
T. V. Narayanan
T. T. Narendran
Rajeswari Niranjan
Atul Prasad
Shashikala Raghunathan
Kalpana Rao
Malathy
Lakshmana Rao
V. N. Lakshmana Rao
Jose Antonio Rosa
C. S. Sivaraman
Jaya Sitaram
Shashidhar Sitaram
Vijayan Sitaram
Alamelu Srinivasan
C. R. Srinivasan
Ganesh Subramaniam
L. Subramanian
Padma Subramanian
T. K. Subramanian
Subbaraman Vaidyanathan
Anita Viswanathan
Mahesh Viswanathan
Niranjan Viswanathan
Saradha Viswanathan
S. D. Viswanathan
Acknowledgments—— xxi
FM-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 12:26 PM Page xxi

27. FM-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 12:26 PM Page xxii

28. 1
What Is Measurement?
Overview
This chapter covers the basics of measurement. The chapter aims to provide
understanding of measurement and measure development procedures cur-
rently discussed in the literature. Measurement error is introduced, and the
steps in the measure development process and empirical procedures to assess
error are described. The chapter uses many examples based on data to illus-
trate measurement issues and procedures. Treatment of the material is at an
intuitive, nuts-and-bolts level with numerous illustrations.
The chapter is not intended to be a statistics primer; rather, it provides
sufficient bases from which to seek out more advanced treatment of empiri-
cal procedures. It should be noted that many issues are involved in using
appropriately the statistical techniques discussed here. The discussion in this
chapter aims to provide an introduction to specific statistical techniques, and
the references cited here provide direction for in-depth reading.
What Is Measurement Error?
Measurement is essential to empirical research. Typically, a method used to
collect data involves measuring many things. Understanding how any one
thing is measured is central to understanding the entire research method.
Scientific measurement has been defined as “rules for assigning numbers to
objects in such a way as to represent quantities of attributes” (e.g., Nunnally,
1978, p. 3). Measurement “consists of rules for assigning symbols to objects
1
01-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 2:51 PM Page 1

29. so as to (1) represent quantities of attributes numerically (scaling) or
(2) define whether the objects fall in the same or different categories with
respect to a given attribute (classification)” (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994,
p. 3).
1
The attributes of objects, as well as people and events, are the under-
lying concepts that need to be measured. This element of the definition of
measurement highlights the importance of finding the most appropriate
attributes to study in a research area. This element also emphasizes under-
standing what these attributes really mean, that is, fully understanding the
underlying concepts being measured. Rules refer to everything that needs to
be done to measure something, whether measuring brain activity, attitude
toward an object, organizational emphasis on research and development, or
stock market performance. Therefore, these rules include a range of things
that occur during the data collection process, such as how questions are
worded and how a measure is administered. Numbers are central to the def-
inition of measurement for several reasons: (a) Numbers are standardized and
allow communication in science, (b) numbers can be subjected to statistical
analyses, and (c) numbers are precise. But underneath the façade of precise,
analyzable, standardized numbers is the issue of accuracy and measurement
error.
The very idea of scientific measurement presumes that there is a thing
being measured (i.e., an underlying concept). A concept and its measurement
can be distinguished. A measure of a concept is not the concept itself, but
one of several possible error-filled ways of measuring it.
2
A distinction can
be drawn between conceptual and operational definitions of concepts.
A conceptual definition describes a concept in terms of other concepts
(Kerlinger, 1986; Nunnally, 1978). For instance, stock market performance
is an abstract notion in people’s minds. It can be defined conceptually in
terms of growth in value of stocks; that is, by using other concepts such as
value and growth. An operational definition describes the operations that
need to be performed to measure a concept (Kerlinger, 1986; Nunnally,
1978). An operational definition is akin to rules in the definition of mea-
surement discussed earlier in the chapter, and refers to everything that needs
to be done to measure something. The Dow Jones average is one measure
of stock market performance. This operational definition involves tracking
the stock value of a specific set of companies. It is by no means a perfect
measure of stock market performance. It is one error-filled way of measur-
ing the concept of stock market performance.
The term construct is used to refer to a concept that is specifically defined
for scientific study (Kerlinger, 1986). In Webster’s New World Dictionary,
constructmeans “to build, form or devise.” This physical meaning of the
word constructis similar to the scientific meaning: Constructs are concepts
2——Measurement Error and Research Design
01-Viswanathan.qxd 1/10/2005 2:51 PM Page 2

30. Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics

31. LP27257.
Charley the tiger. © 29Nov62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27277.
Christmas story. © 7Nov63; LP30521.
The country squires. © 7Jul63;
LP30514.
Danny's English friend. © 8Nov62;
LP27262.
Danny's replacement. © 2Aug62;
LP27254.
Here's the fifty dollars back.
© 8Aug63; LP30518.
The hex. © 19Sep63; LP30520.
The homecoming. © 10Jan63; LP27263.
Howdy neighbors. © 12Dec63 (in
notice: 1964); LP30540.
Jose the dog sitter. © 15Nov62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27276.
Jose's guided tour. © 20Dec62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27280.
Jose's rival. © 31Jan63; LP27266.
Kathy the secretary. © 21Nov63 (in
notice: 1964); LP30538.

32. The leprechaun. © 23Jan64; LP30534.
Linda and the new dress. © 29Aug63;
LP30517.
Linda the grown-up. © 13Dec62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27279.
Linda's crush. © 31Oct63; LP30511.
Lost French boy. © 8Jun62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27273.
Louise to the rescue. © 7Feb63;
LP27267.
Million dollar dress. © 1Jun62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27272.
My fair uncle. © 5Sep63; LP30512.
Oh the Clancys. © 4Oct63; LP30513.
The ould sod. © 29Jun62; LP27253.
Peaceful co-existence. © 26Sep63;
LP30515.
The perfect crime. © 15Aug63; LP30522.
The persistent cop. © 19Mar64;
LP30532.
Pupa from Italy. © 30Jan64; LP30535.

33. Pupa loves Rusty. © 13Feb64; LP30530.
Pupa's pooch. © 6Feb64; LP30526.
The quiz show. © 5Dec63 (in notice:
1964); LP30536.
The Roman patriot. © 25May62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27271.
Rusty & the chorus girl. © 12Mar64;
LP30533.
Rusty drives a car. © 21Aug63;
LP30516.
Rusty for president. © 30Aug62;
LP27258.
Rusty's birthday. © 25Oct62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27274.
Sense of humor. © 9Jan64; LP30527.
Shy Alfie. © 12Sep63; LP30523.
Ten years ago today. © 20Sep62;
LP27259.
That old feeling. © 24Jan63; LP27265.
Tonoose gets a Job. © 16Jan64;
LP30529.
Tonoose, life of the party.
© 27Sep62; LP27260.

34. Tonoose needs glasses. © 1Nov62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27275.
Tonoose's brother. © 17Jan63; LP27264.
The two musketeers. © 14Nov63 (in
notice: 1964); LP30537.
Venetian melody. © 11May62 (in
notice: 1963); LP27269.
What are friends for. © 16Aug62;
LP27256.
When in Rome. © 18May62 (in notice:
1963); LP27270.
The woman behind the Jokes. © 1Aug63;
LP30524.
DANNY WAS A MILLION LAUGHS. See
I SPY.
DANNY/DANNY'S.
For other titles beginning with Danny
or Danny's See THE DANNY THOMAS SHOW.
DANNY'S DOUBLE LIFE. See
WENDY AND ME.
DANTE. Four Star-Satyr. 1 reel each,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. © Four Star-Satyr.

35. Aces and eights. © 13Feb61; LP19700.
Around a dark corner. © 10Apr61;
LP19708.
The Bavarian barbarians. © 28Nov60;
LP19690.
Dante in the dark. © 13Mar61; LP19704.
Dante rides again. © 30Jan61; LP19698.
Dante's dilemma. © 31Oct60; LP19686.
Dante's fickle fate. © 6Feb61;
LP19699.
The devil to pay. © 23Jan61; LP19697.
Dial D for Dante. © 16Jan61; LP19696.
Don't come on'a my house.
© 2Jan61; LP19694.
The feline traveler. © 17Oct60;
LP19685.
Friendly assassin. © 27Mar61; LP19706.
Hunter with a badge. © 20Mar61;
LP19705.
The Jolly Roger cocktail.
© 19Dec60; LP19692.
Light lady, dark room. © 20Feb61;

36. LP19701.
The misfortune cookie. © 7Nov60;
LP19687.
My pal, the bullseye. © 5Dec60;
LP19691.
Not as a canary. © 27Feb61; LP19702.
One for the birds. © 3Oct60; LP19683.
Opening night. © 10Oct60; LP19684.
Pick a peck of diamonds. © 6Mar61;
LP19703.
A punch from Judy. © 26Dec60; LP19693.
San Quentin quill. © 14Nov60; LP19688.
The sesame key. © 3Apr61; LP19707.
The unclean green. © 21Nov60; LP19689.
Wine, women and Willie. © 9Jan61;
LP19695.
DANTINI THE MAGNIFICENT. Chris Buchman,
Jr. 28 min., sd., color and b&w.
© Chris Buchman, Jr.; 24Feb69; MU7999.
THE DANUBE. Walt Disney Productions.
Released by Buena Vista Film Distribution
Co. 28 min., sd., Technicolor,
35 mm. (People and places) © Walt

37. Disney Productions; 1Aug58; LP15644.
THE DANUBE: THE VALLEY AND ITS PEOPLE.
Encyclopaedia Britannica Films.
14 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Eastman
color. © Encyclopaedia Britannica
Films, Inc.; 17Sep64; MP14506.
DANZAS REGIONALES ESPANOLAS. (Regional
dances of Spain) Encyclopaedia
Britannica Films. 14 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (El Espanol por el
mundo) © Encyclopaedia Britannica
Films, Inc.; 21Mar66 (in notice:
1965); MP16145.
DANZE CROMATICHE. Ugo Torricelli.
1 reel, sd., color, 16 mm.
© Ugo Torricelli; 10Jun63; MP13943.
DAPHNE, GIRL DETECTIVE. See
SURFSIDE 6.
THE DARE DEVIL RESCUE RAID. See
RAT PATROL.
DARING DIEPPE RAID. See
GREATEST HEADLINES OF THE CENTURY.
THE DARING DUO VS. THE INCREDIBLE
CAPTAIN KILL. See
HEY LANDLORD.

38. THE DARING DURANDOS. See
FRONTIER CIRCUS.
THE DARING ESCAPE. See
THE JOHN FORSYTHE SHOW.
THE DARING GAME. Ivan Tors Films.
Released by Paramount Pictures Corp.
103 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
© Ivan Tors Films, Inc.; 31Dec67;
LP35690.
A DARING STEP BACKWARD. See
THE ROGUES.
DARING THE DARIEN! THE GAP BETWEEN THE
AMERICAS. Chevrolet Motor Division.
Made by Jam Handy Organization.
18 min., sd., Ektachrome, 16 mm.
© Chevrolet Motor Division, General
Motors Corp.; 17May62; MU7186.
THE DARK AT THE TOP OF THE STAIRS.
Warner Bros. Pictures. 123 min.,
sd., Technicolor, 35 mm. Based on
the play by William Inge. © Warner
Bros. Pictures, Inc.; 8Oct60; LP21318.
THE DARK BEYOND THE DOOR. See
RUN FOR YOUR LIFE.

39. DARK CHALLENGE. See
THE VIRGINIAN.
DARK CIRCLE. See
WHISPERING SMITH.
DARK DAY AT NORTH FORK. See
THE RIFLEMAN.
DARK DECISION. See
THE CHEYENNE SHOW.
DARK DESTINY. See
THE VIRGINIAN.
THE DARK DIVIDE. See
CHECKMATE.
DARK ENOUGH TO SEE THE STARS. See
BONANZA.
DARK FEAR. See
THE DU PONT SHOW WITH JUNE ALLYSON.
Production no. 3410.
THE DARK FILE. See
AWARD THEATRE.

40. THE DARK GATE. See
BONANZA.
DARK INTRUDER. Shamley Productions.
Released by Universal Pictures Co.
59 min., sd., b&w, 35 mm. © Universal
Pictures Co., Inc. & Shamley
Productions, Inc.; 6Nov65; LP33833.
THE DARK LABYRINTH. See
FRED ASTAIRE'S PREMIERE THEATRE.
DARK LEGACY. See
THRILLER.
DARK LINES TO THE PLANETS. Pennsylvania
State University. 19 min., sd., color,
16 mm. © Pennsylvania State University;
15Sep64; MP15217.
DARK MOMENT. See
THE TALL MAN.
DARK MORNING. See
THE DU PONT SHOW WITH JUNE ALLYSON.
Production no. 2202.
DARK NIGHT FOR BILLY HARRIS. See
BEN CASEY.

41. DARK OF THE SUN. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
101 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Panavision.
Based on a novel by Wilbur
A. Smith. © Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,
Inc.; 31Dec67; LP35101.
THE DARK PAST. See
BONANZA.
DARK POOL. See
ALFRED HITCHCOCK HOUR.
DARK RETURN. See
STAGECOACH—WEST.
DARK REWARD. See
THE DEPUTY.
DARK RIDER. See
CASEY JONES. 24.
CHEYENNE.
DARK ROAD. See
MAN WITHOUT A GUN.
THE DARK SIDE OF THE MIRROR. See
DR. KILDARE.

42. DARK STAR. See
BONANZA.
THE DARK SUNRISE OF GRIFF KINCAID,
ESQ. See
THE OUTLAWS.
THE DARK TRAIL. See
LARAMIE.
DARK TROPHY. See
JOHNNY MIDNIGHT.
DARK VENGEANCE. See
77 SUNSET STRIP.
DARK VERDICT. See
LARAMIE.
DARK VICTORY. See
STOLEN HOURS.
THE DARK WOOD. See
77 SUNSET STRIP.
A DARK WORLD. See

43. THE NURSES.
DARLING, I AM GROWING OLD. See
LIFE OF RILEY.
THE DARLINGS ARE COMING. See
THE ANDY GRIFFITH SHOW.
DARN BARN. Terrytoons. Released by
Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.
1 reel, sd., color, 35 mm. (A Terrytoon
cartoon) Color by DeLuxe.
© Terrytoons, a division of CBS Films,
Inc.; 1Sep65; LP31713.
THE DART GUN WEDDING. See
MCHALE'S NAVY.
DARVON-COMPOUND 65. Eli Lilly & Co.
Made by Jam Handy Organization.
15 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. © Eli Lilly
& Co.; 12Jan67; MU7773.
DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION. Coronet Instructional
Films. 13 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
© Coronet Instructional Films, a
division of Esquire, Inc.; 17May67;
MP17193.
DARWIN'S FINCHES. Film Associates of
California. 11 min., sd., color,
16 mm. Eastman color. © Film

44. Associates of California; 24Jul61;
MP14584.
DARWIN'S MAN. See
HAVE GUN—WILL TRAVEL.
DASH RIPROCK, YOU CAD. See
THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS. Computer Methods
Corp. 3 reels, sd., color, 16 mm.
(Tutorial film series) © Computer
Methods Corp.; 1Apr68; MP18478.
DATA PROCESSING. American Management
Assn. 4 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Developing supervisory leadership
skills, case study no. 8) © American
Management Assn., Inc.; 3Jan67;
MP17238.
DATA PROCESSING PRINCIPLES. Edutronics.
Made by EMC Corp. Approx. 8 min.
each, sd., color, Super 8 mm.
© Edutronics, Inc.
Lesson
511. Basic file concepts. © 15Mar69;
MP19881.
512. Basic file maintenance.
© 15Mar69; MP19882.

45. 513. Sequential and direct files.
© 15Mar69; MP19883.
DATA TYPES AND I/O REVIEW. International
Business Machines Corp.
50 min., sd., b&w. Videotape.
(Basic PL/I topics) © International
Business Machines Corp.; 1Jul69;
MP19568.
THE DATE BUREAU. See
MY THREE SONS.
A DATE FOR BUDDY. See
WESTINGHOUSE PLAYHOUSE.
A DATE FOR GOMER. See
THE ANDY GRIFFITH SHOW.
A DATE FOR THE COLONEL'S DAUGHTER. See
GOMER PYLE-USMC.
A DATE FOR WALTER. See
MANY HAPPY RETURNS.
DATE WITH DEATH. See
MICHAEL SHAYNE.
A DATE WITH JET SCREAMER. See

46. THE JETSONS.
A DATE WITH MISS CAMP HENDERSON. See
GOMER PYLE-USMC.
A DATE WITH MRS. CREAVY. See
THE ED WYNN SHOW. 8.
DATELINE. See
COMBAT!
DAUGHTER, AM I IN MY FATHER'S
HOUSE? See
NAKED CITY.
THE DAUGHTER COMPLEX. See
THE DONNA REED SHOW.
DAUGHTER FOR A DAY. See
MY THREE SONS.
THE DAUGHTER OF CASEY O'GRADY. See
WILD BILL HICKOK.
DAUGHTER OF THE DRAGON. See
MAN WITHOUT A GUN.
DAUGHTER OF THE SARGE. See

47. GOMER PYLE-USMC.
DAUGHTER OF THE SIOUX. See
OVERLAND TRAIL.
THE DAUGHTERS OF ORANGE. National
Broadcasting Co. 51 min., sd.,
b&w, 16 mm. Presented by NBC News.
© National Broadcasting Co., Inc.;
16Feb66; MP16412.
DAUGHTER/DAUGHTER'S.
For other titles beginning with
Daughter or Daughter's See GILLETTE
CO. TELEVISION COMMERCIALS.
DAVEY AND GOLIATH. United Lutheran
Church in America. Approx. 15 min.
each, sd., b&w, 16 mm. © United
Lutheran Church in America.
All alone. © 23Feb61; LP20436.
The big apple. © 19Sep62; LP25476.
Boy lost. © 31Jul61; LP20747.
The bridge. © 26Sep62; LP25477.
Bully up a tree. © 12Sep62; LP25475.
Cousin Barney. © 14Feb61; LP20430.
Diller a dollar. © 30Oct62; LP25482.

48. Dog show. © 28Dec62; LP25470.
Editor-in-chief. © 5Sep62; LP25473.
The gang. © 3Oct62; LP25478.
Good neighbor. © 24Oct62; LP25481.
Happy landing. © 30Aug62; LP25472.
Hokus pocus. © 18Oct62; LP25480.
Jeep in the deep. © 7Nov62; LP25484
The kite. © 14Feb61; LP20431.
Lemonade stand. © 10Oct62; LP25479.
Lost in the cave. © 1Feb61; LP20425.
Man of the house. © 5Sep62; LP25474.
The mechanical man. © 27Feb61; LP20432.
The new skates. © 3Jan61; LP20429.
Not for sale. © 19Oct61; LP20735.
Officer Bob. © 27Nov61; LP20738.
On the line. © 14Feb61; LP20434.
The parade. © 19Dec62; LP25469.
Pilgrim boy. © 23Feb61; LP20437.

49. The polka-dot tie. © 14Feb61; LP20435.
Rags and buttons. © 6Dec62; LP25483.
The runaway. © 6Nov61; LP20737.
The shoemaker. © 25Oct61; LP20736.
The silver mine. © 17Jul61; LP20745.
Stranded on an island. © 1Feb61;
LP20426.
Sudden storm. © 14Sep61; LP20748.
Ten little Indians. © 17Jul61;
LP20746.
The time machine. © 14Feb61; LP20433.
The water fall. © 14Feb62; LP25471.
The wild goat. © 1Feb61; LP20427.
The winner. © 3Jan61; LP20428.
THE DAVEY BAXTER STORY. See
WAGON TRAIN.
DAVEY MOORE VS. ... See
TURN OF THE CENTURY FIGHTS.
DAVID AND BETSEY TROTWOOD. Desmond

50. Davis, England. Released in the
U.S. by Coronet Films. 25 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Tales from
Dickens) From David Copperfield.
Produced with the cooperation of the
Dickensian Society. © Transcription
Holdings, Ltd.; 1Oct59; LP32062.
DAVID AND DORA. Desmond Davis, England.
Released in the U.S. by Coronet
Films. 25 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
(Tales from Dickens) From David
Copperfield. Produced with the
cooperation of the Dickensian Society.
© Transcription Holdings, Ltd.;
1Oct59; LP32064.
DAVID AND DORA MARRIED. Desmond Davis,
England. Released in the U.S. by
Coronet Films. 25 min., sd., b&w,
16 mm. (Tales from Dickens) From
David Copperfield. Produced with the
cooperation of the Dickensian Society.
© Transcription Holdings, Ltd.;
1Oct59; LP32067.
DAVID AND GOLIATH. Beaver-Champion
Attractions. Released by Allied
Artists Pictures Corp. 95 min.,
sd., Eastman color, 35 mm. An Ansa
production. Totalscope. Freely
adapted from the Bible. © Beaver-Champion
Attractions, Inc.; 16May61; LP19430.
DAVID AND HIS MOTHER. Desmond Davis,
England. Released in the U.S. by

51. Coronet Films. 25 min., sd., b&w,
16 mm. (Tales from Dickens) From.
David Copperfield. Produced with the
cooperation of the Dickensian Society.
© Transcription Holdings, Ltd.;
1Oct59; LP32069.
DAVID AND MR. MICAWBER. Desmond Davis,
England. Released in the U.S. by
Coronet Instructional Films. 25 min.,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. (Tales from Dickens)
From David Copperfield. Produced in
cooperation with Dickensian Society.
© Transcription Holdings, Ltd.;
1Oct59; LP26771.
DAVID BEN-GURION. See
BIOGRAPHY.
DAVID COPPERFIELD. McGraw-Hill Book
Co. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
Produced by McGraw-Hill Text-Films
in collaboration with Argyle Enterprises
in association with Telemated
Motion Pictures. © McGraw-Hill,
Inc.; 28Dec67; MP18226.
DAVID COPPERFIELD. See
DAVID AND BETSEY TROTWOOD.
DAVID AND DORA.
DAVID AND DORA MARRIED.

52. DAVID AND HIS MOTHER.
DAVID AND MR. MICAWBER.
THE OLD SOLDIER.
URIAH HEEP.
THE DAVID GARNER STORY. See
WAGON TRAIN.
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT ,
DEC. 27, 1944. See
ALMANAC NEWSREEL. Dec. 27, 1960.
THE DAVID NIVEN SHOW. Four Star Films.
1 reel each, sd., b&w, 16 mm.
© Four Star-Amalfi Productions.
6902. Fortune's folly. © 7Apr59;
LP17036.
6904. Lifeline. © 14Apr59; LP17037.
6906. Backtrack. © 21Apr59; LP17038.
6908. Maggie Malone. © 9Jun59;
LP17044.
6910. The promise. © 5May59; LP17039.
6912. A day of small miracles.
© 19May59; LP17041.

53. 6914. The twist of the key.
© 12May59; LP17040.
6916. The last room. © 2Jun59;
LP17043.
6918. The lady from Winnetka.
© 26May59; LP17042.
6920. Portrait. © 16Jun59; LP17045.
6922. Sticks and stones. © 23Jun59;
LP17046.
6924. The vengeance. © 30Jun59;
LP17047.
6926. Good deed. © 7Jul59; LP17048.
DAVY'S FRIEND. See
DEATH VALLEY DAYS.
DAWN OF A NEW ERA: AMERICA ENTERS THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY. S-L Productions.
19 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm. © Gerald
A. Schiller; 31Dec65; MP16133.
DAWN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: A
LEXINGTON FAMILY. Coronet Instructional
Films. 16 min., sd., b&w,
16 mm. © Coronet Instructional Films,
a division of Esquire, Inc.; 14Oct64;
MP14615.
DAWN TO DAWN. Cameron Macpherson Productions.

54. 94 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
© Cameron Macpherson Productions;
1Nov33; LP20390.
DAWNS AN EVIL DAY. See
87TH PRECINCT. The last stop.
THE DAY A TOWN SLEPT. See
THE RIFLEMAN.
THE DAY ALL MARRIAGES WERE
CANCELLED. See
DEATH VALLEY DAYS.
THE DAY AND THE HOUR. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
104 min., sd., b&w, 35 mm.
CinemaScope. Based on a story by
Andre Barret. © Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,
Inc.; 31Dec63.(in notice: 1962);
LP29210.
A DAY AT THE BEACH. See
LIFE OF RILEY.
MISTER MAGOO.
A DAY AT THE DERBY. Uplinger-Verna
Sports. 8 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
Appl. author: Anthony J. Verna.
© Uplinger-Verna Sports, Inc.;
3Dec69; MP19897.

55. THE DAY BEFORE TOMORROW. Newsweek.
Made by VPI Films. 26 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. © Newsweek, Inc.;
15May69; MP19494.
THE DAY BEGAN. Chevrolet Motor Division.
Made by Campbell-Ewald Co. 2, min.,
sd., b&w. Author of script, Merrill F.
Sproul, Jr. Appl. author: Campbell-Ewald
Co., employer for hire. © General
Motors Corp., Chevrolet Motor Division;
12Oct60; MU6919.
THE DAY BLUE BLEW. See
NO TIME FOR SERGEANTS.
THE DAY BOOKS OF EDWARD WESTON. See
U.S.A.: PHOTOGRAPHY.
A DAY CALLED 4 JAGUAR. See
I SPY.
THE DAY CHIVALRY DIED. See
CORONADO 9.
A DAY FOR REMEMBERING. See
THE DONNA REED SHOW.
DAY IN COURT. See
HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE.

56. DAY IN COURT PROLOGUE. Cate &
McGlone Films. 5 min., sd., color,
16 mm. © Cate & McGlone Films;
17Jul69; MP19512.
A DAY IN JUNE. See
COMBAT!
DAY IN THE SUN. See
HAWAIIAN EYE.
THE DAY IT RAINED MINK. See
NAKED CITY.
THE DAY MARS INVADED EARTH. Associated
Producers. Released by Twentieth
Century-Fox Film Corp. 70 min.,
sd., color, 35 mm. CinemaScope.
© Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.;
6Dec62; LP23852.
THE DAY NOTHING HAPPENED. See
FAMILY AFFAIR.
DAY OF A STRIPPER. American Art Films.
67 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
© American Art Films, Inc.; 14Apr64;
LP28743.
DAY OF BATTLE. See

57. WICHITA TOWN.
DAY OF DARKNESS. See
LASSIE.
DAY OF DEVOTION. See
LASSIE.
DAY OF FEAR. See
THE DEPUTY.
DAY OF JUDGEMENT. See
TALES OF WELLS FARGO.
DAY OF RECKONING. See
ALFRED HITCHCOCK HOUR.
BONANZA.
MAVERICK.
THE RIFLEMAN.
WALT DISNEY PRESENTS. Show no. 15.
DAY OF REST. See
THE LORETTA YOUNG SHOW.
A DAY OF SMALL MIRACLES. See

58. THE DAVID NIVEN SHOW. 6912.
DAY OF THE ARROW. See
EYE OF THE DEVIL.
DAY OF THE BADMAN. See
HAVE GUN—WILL TRAVEL.
DAY OF THE BIGHORN. See
LASSIE.
THE DAY OF THE BULLET. See
ALFRED HITCHCOCK PRESENTS.
DAY OF THE DRAGON. See
BONANZA.
DAY OF THE EVIL GUN. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
94 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
Panavision. © Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,
Inc.; 20Feb68; LP35456.
THE DAY OF THE HANGING. See
GENERAL ELECTRIC THEATER.
DAY OF THE HERO. See
THE DONNA REED SHOW.
DAY OF THE HUNTER. See

59. THE RIFLEMAN. 2438.
DAY OF THE SAVAGE. See
LARAMIE.
DAY OF THE SCORPION. See
THE VIRGINIAN.
THE DAY OF THE SHARK. See
FLIPPER.
THE DAY OF THE TRIFFIDS. Security Pictures.
Released by Allied Artists
Pictures Corp. 93 min., sd., color,
35 mm. Eastman color. CinemaScope.
From the novel of the same title by
John Wyndham. © Security Pictures,
Ltd.; 18Feb63 (in notice: 1962);
LP23722.

60. THE DAY OF THE YOUNG. German Information
Center. Made by Marathon International
Productions. 27 min., sd.,
b&w, 16 mm. © Marathon International
Productions, Inc.; 1Nov64; MP14946.
DAY OF VENGEANCE. See
LARAMIE.
DAY OF VIOLENCE. See
TWO FACES WEST.
THE DAY RAMON FELL. See
CORONADO 9.
THE DAY THE BICYCLES DISAPPEARED.
AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
15 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl.
author: Gene Starbecker. © AAA
Foundation for Traffic Safety;
3Jan67; MP16551.
THE DAY THE CREW PACED THE DECK. See
THE WACKIEST SHIP IN THE ARMY. No. 4.
THE DAY THE DEVIL HID. See
AWARD THEATRE.

61. THE DAY THE EARTH CAUGHT FIRE. Melina
Productions, London. Released in the
U.S. by Universal-International.
90 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Eastman
color. CinemaScope. A Val Guest
production in association with Pax
Films. © Melina Productions, Ltd.;
5Oct61; LP24723.
THE DAY THE EMPIRE STOOD STILL. See
EMPIRE. No. 1.
THE DAY THE FISH CAME OUT. Michael
Cacoyannis Productions. 109 min.,
sd., color, 35 mm. © Michael
Cacoyannis Productions, Ltd.;
2Oct67; LP35251.
THE DAY THE INDIANS WON. See
F TROOP.
THE DAY THE ISLAND ALMOST SANK. See
NAKED CITY.
THE DAY THE MOUNTAIN SHOOK. See
LASSIE.
THE DAY THE PLAY GOT AWAY. See
PLEASE DON'T EAT THE DAISIES.
THE DAY THE ROOF FELL IN. See

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