MEASURMENT & EVALUATION PRESENTATION IN DETAIL

DETAIL

1. WELCOME

2. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

3. INTRODUCTION: Education aims at an all-round development of a student and not merely imparting knowledge to him. Measurement and evaluation play an important role in all educational institutions, including nursing educational institution. Student evaluation is a basic process to teaching. Evaluation involves the objective gathering and analyzing of information to aid in decision making.

4. MEANING AND DEFINITIONS   “Measure” means the act or process of ascertaining the extent, dimensions, quantity etc. Of something, especially by comparising with a standard. Measurement is defined as a procedure for assigning numbers to a specified attribute in such a way that the numbers indicate the degree to which the person possess this attribute.(NITKO,1996)

5. MEANING AND DEFINITIONS “To evaluate” means “to ascertain the value or amount to appraise carefully” Evaluation is a value judgement on an observation, “performance test” or indeed any “data” whether directly measured or inferred. (International dictionary of education, 1977)

6. CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT The extent or quatity of something, it has an intimate relationship with human beings .,e.g. height, weight, age, intelligence, and abilities. Any device, e.g. rating scale which allows the students to obtain information in a quantitative form. It is the process of quantifying or assigning numbers to performance. It includes scoring that produces a numerical description of a particular performance.

7. CONCEPT OF EVALUATION Evaluation in a general sense is a process of assessment. It is a continuous process. It is a systematic process. It differs from measurement. It is an integral part of education.

8. PURPOSES OF EVALUATION To promote learning. To identify problems and to diagnose learning deficits. To make decisions to assign grades, to determine merits. To improve products to revise a textbook, to add content to an independent study module. To judge effectiveness of the program to determine whether objectives, goals or standards are being met.

9. Cont… To judge effectiveness to determine a program is self-supporting. To disclose facts, to disclose student’s needs, possibilities, strengths, weakness etc. To estimate the quality of teaching-learning activities. To revise and modify the curriculum as and when required.

10. PURPOSE OF EVALUATION IN EDUCATION LEARNING :- To monitor student’s progress. To diagnose student’s strengths and weaknesses. To improve the quality of learning .

11. Cont… TEACHING :- Assessing the effectiveness of teaching. Teaching strategy. Techniques, methods & materials. CURRICULUM :- Improving Courses of studies Tests. Materials used by teachers. Materials used by students .

12. SOCIETY :- To meet the demands. To meet the needs and aspirations. PARENTS :- To keep the parents informed of their children’s education. To guide the parents.

13. Cont… EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM :- To maintain quality & standards. To diagnose problems and take remedial

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EVALUATION It should show how far the educational objectives have been achieved. It has to measure the knowledge and overall personality development of the individual learner.

15. Cont… It is a continuous process; therefore it should have formative, summative and terminal evaluation. (Semi-final and final test or examination. Evaluation technique should be reliable and valid. To know how far changes have taken place among the students in the teaching learning process.

16. FUNCTION OF EVALUATION

17. 1. Evaluation enhances the quality of the teacher. Through education teachers are able to find out how far they have been successful in achieving the objectives of education. Teachers are able to assess the degree to which they have succeeded in their teaching. Evaluation helps the teachers to adopt appropriate instructional strategies. 2. Evaluation helps in clarifying the objectives. Teacher gets a deeper insight into the various aspects of the topic to be thought. 3. Evaluation motivates learners. Since the teacher continuously evaluation the learner's learning, the student tries to learn the topic well.

18. 4. Guidance can be given on the basis of evaluation. Evaluation makes the individual difference clear. Through evaluation, specific difficulties of the learner can be identified, so evaluation helps to give guidance. 5. Evaluation can help in bringing changes in the curriculum. The educational investigation is presenting principles and strategies. Educational evaluation provides the direction for bringing about such changes. 6. Very much helpful for the pupil In selection, classification, certification of pupils by diagnosing their strength and weakness. To determine the current status of the pupil. Determining the rate at which the individual student is progressing (Using periodic evaluation). To find out the aptitude of a pupil.

19. For the teacher To know how for teaching is successful and methodology is effective. To find out the individual differences. Evaluation implies objective based instruction and continuous assessment of the progress of pupil. This improves teaching and learni For school programmes Evaluation is important in the overall appraisal of the total school programmes. For improvement of public relations Pupil evaluation may also be used as a basis, through reports to parents, for the improvement of public relation and the mobilization of public opinion.

20. PROBLEMS IN EVALUATION- Problems with evaluator Problems with test takers Problems in system

21. COMMON ERRORS IN EVALUATION Common Rater Errors Rater errors are errors in judgment that occur in a systematic manner when an individual (evaluator) observes and evaluates another . Personal perceptions and biases may influence how we evaluate an individual’s performance. What makes these errors so difficult to correct is that the observer is usually unaware that she or he is making them.

22. 1. Halo Effect – The tendency to make inappropriate generalizations from one aspect of a person’s job performance. This is due to being influenced by one or more outstanding characteristics, either positive or negative. 2. Leniency – The tendency to evaluate all people as outstanding and to give inflated ratings rather than true assessments of performance. 3. Central Tendency – The tendency to evaluate every person as average regardless of differences in performance.

23. 4. Strictness – The tendency to rate all people at the low end of the scale and are overly critical of performance. 5. Contrast Effect – The tendency for a rater to evaluate a person relative to other individuals rather than on-the-job requirements. 6. First Impression Error – The tendency for a manger to make an initial favorable or unfavorable judgment about someone, and then ignore subsequent information that does not support this impression. 7. Similar-to-Me Effect – The tendency to more favorably judge those people perceived as similar to the leader.

24. STEPS OF EVALUATION: Define objectives   Provide teaching-learning experience Select measuring instrument   Administer test Score test Analyse result Take decisions

25. PROCESS OF EVALUATION Identifying the purpose of the evaluation :- The purpose of evaluation includes :- To facilitate learning:- Change behaviour of an employee or student. To diagnose problem:- To find learning deficits, ineffective teaching practices etc. . To make decisions:- To assign grades. To judge effectiveness:- To determine whether goals or standards are being met.

26. Cont… Identifying a time frame :- Formative evaluation Summative evaluation Determining when to evaluate :- In determining when to evaluate, the evaluator must also consider the frequency of evaluation. Evaluation can be time consuming, but frequent evaluation is necessary.

27. Selection of evaluator :- An important element in the evaluation process is the evaluator. Selection of the evaluator involves deciding who should be involved in the evaluation process and whether the evaluator should be chosen from the “inside” (internal evaluator) or from the “outside” (external evaluator). The lists of questions to be asked in the selection of an evaluators as given below;-

28. Cont… What is the evaluator’s philosophical orientation? What is the evaluator’s experience? What methods or instruments do the evaluators use? What is the evaluator’s style? Do the evaluator works well with others?

29. Cont… Selecting an evaluation instruments :- Types of instruments of evaluation :- Questionnaire Interview Observation Rating scale Checklist Attitude scale Self-report, journal, diary

30. Cont… Characteristics of instruments :- Appropriate for what is being evaluated. Appropriate for the domain being evaluated. Comprehensive Easy to use. Cost-effective Time efficient Valid & reliable

31. Cont… Collecting data :- Before evaluation, the evaluator must identify sources from which the data will be collected. Amount of data:- The amount of data to be collected must also be determined and specified. All data may be collected, or a sample may be sufficient. Interpreting data : . - This involves putting the data in usable form, organising data for analysis, and interpreting the data against re-established criteria

32. Cont.. Reporting the findings :- In this step of the evaluation process, the results of evaluation are communicated to appropriate persons. The evaluator must know to whom the data should be reported. Using the findings :- Evaluation is a mutual effort between the evaluator and the individual, group or program being evaluated.

33. TYPES OF EVALUATION: Evaluation is classified into various types: 1.Based on the time during which the evaluation is done. A) Formative evaluation B) Summative evaluation 2.Based on the purpose A) Criterion referenced evaluation B) Norm referenced evaluation 3.Based on the person who does evaluation A) Internal evaluation B) External evaluation  

34. UMMERIZATION

35. OPEN DISCUSSION???

36. REFERENCES Basavanthappa BT. Nursing Education.2 nd Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(p) ltd: New Delhi; 2009. Neeraja KP. Text book of Nursing Education. First Edition.Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(p) ltd: New Delhi; 2003. Sudha R.Nursing Education Principles and concepts, 1 st edition, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (p) ltd, 2013. Sharma suresh k.Nursing Research $ Statistics, www.google.com,

37. CONCLUSION Students achievement is profoundly influenced by the evaluation practices used by the teachers in the classroom. It also serves as a basis for guidance and counselling services. the nurse educator is responsible for evaluating students in order to improve their classroom and clinical performance .in every path of our life, we across various stages in our life time like education. On the way to get through the higher education. It is very much important to get evaluated by others like to teachers, peers groups, family get improvement and for further development.

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