Medical Mathematics for Nursing students.ppt

Medical Mathematics for Nursing students
Basic understanding

1. Medical MathMedical Math
for Healthcare for Healthcare
ProfessionalsProfessionals

2. Medical MathMedical Math

All health care workers are required All health care workers are required
to perform simple math calculations to perform simple math calculations
when doing various tasks.when doing various tasks.

Knowing basic math calculations are Knowing basic math calculations are
essential for all health care essential for all health care
professionals to be successful.professionals to be successful.

3. NumbersNumbers

Numbers are expressed in different Numbers are expressed in different
forms:forms:
–Whole numbersWhole numbers: are the counting : are the counting
numbers and zero; they do not contain numbers and zero; they do not contain
decimals or fractionsdecimals or fractions
–Nonwhole numbersNonwhole numbers: are numbers that : are numbers that
have decimals ex: 12.25have decimals ex: 12.25
–Mixed numbers: Mixed numbers: are whole numbers and are whole numbers and
a fraction ex: 12 ½a fraction ex: 12 ½
–Percetages:Percetages: the whole or all of the whole or all of
something ex: 12%something ex: 12%

4. NumbersNumbers

Numbers that have more than one digit Numbers that have more than one digit
are defined by their place value. For ex:are defined by their place value. For ex:
–The number 7777The number 7777

Place value Place value
–7 (thousands)7 (thousands)
–7 (hundreds)7 (hundreds)
–7 (tens)7 (tens)
–7 (ones)7 (ones)
*This number is described by saying “seven thousand, *This number is described by saying “seven thousand,
seven hundred seventy-seven”seven hundred seventy-seven”
*Numbers are written with a comma placed to the left of *Numbers are written with a comma placed to the left of
every third digit. 7,777every third digit. 7,777

5. NumbersNumbers

Numbers indicating less than a whole Numbers indicating less than a whole
number are placed to the right of a number are placed to the right of a
decimal. decimal.
–The number 7,777.255 is given the following The number 7,777.255 is given the following
place valuesplace values

Place valuePlace value
–7, (thousands)7, (thousands)
–7 (hundreds)7 (hundreds)
–7 (tens)7 (tens)
–7. (ones)7. (ones)
–2 (tenths)2 (tenths)
–5 (hundredths)5 (hundredths)
–5 (thousandths)5 (thousandths)
*It is written 7,777.255 and described as “seven *It is written 7,777.255 and described as “seven
thousand, seven hundred seventy-seven and two thousand, seven hundred seventy-seven and two
hundred and fifty-five thousandths”hundred and fifty-five thousandths”

6. NumbersNumbers

AdditionsAdditions- the totaling of two or more - the totaling of two or more
numbersnumbers

SubtractionSubtraction- the opposite of addition; - the opposite of addition;
taking a number away from another taking a number away from another
numbernumber

MultiplicationMultiplication- a quick easy way to - a quick easy way to
add; finding the product of two add; finding the product of two
numbersnumbers

DivisionDivision- the opposite of - the opposite of
multiplication; the process of multiplication; the process of
separating into partsseparating into parts

7. The Metric SystemThe Metric System

The health care worker is expected The health care worker is expected
to measure and calculate weights, to measure and calculate weights,
heights, and volume in metric units heights, and volume in metric units
of measure. of measure.

Understanding how to convert Understanding how to convert
standard and metric units of standard and metric units of
measure is helpful in various measure is helpful in various
settingssettings

8. Metric SystemMetric System

The health care industry uses the The health care industry uses the
metric system for measuring. It is metric system for measuring. It is
used by 90% of the world and is used by 90% of the world and is
known as the International System known as the International System
of Units.of Units.

9. 4 Basic Rules of Metric System4 Basic Rules of Metric System
1.1.Numbers indicating less than one unit are always written Numbers indicating less than one unit are always written
in a decimal form, not as fractions. Ex: 1/10=0.1 in a decimal form, not as fractions. Ex: 1/10=0.1 oror
1/100=0.01 1/100=0.01 oror 1/1000=0.001 1/1000=0.001
2.2.When writing decimals, if there is no number before the When writing decimals, if there is no number before the
decimal, always write a 0. Ex: .1 is 0.1 decimal, always write a 0. Ex: .1 is 0.1 or or .5 is 0.5.5 is 0.5
3.3.Abbreviations for metric terms are never plural; they are Abbreviations for metric terms are never plural; they are
always written in singular form. Ex: grams is g, not gs; always written in singular form. Ex: grams is g, not gs;
liters is L, not Ls. Always capitalize the abbreviation for L liters is L, not Ls. Always capitalize the abbreviation for L
for liter to reduce confusing the lowercase l with the 1.for liter to reduce confusing the lowercase l with the 1.
4.4.Leave a space between the number and the abbreviation, Leave a space between the number and the abbreviation,
as shown in the following ex: 8 g or 0.1 dm.as shown in the following ex: 8 g or 0.1 dm.

10. Metric Terms and AbbreviationsMetric Terms and Abbreviations
TermTerm
AbbreviationsAbbreviations
MeasuresMeasures In Place ofIn Place of
MeterMeter mm lengthlength Inch, foot, Inch, foot,
yard, mileyard, mile
gramgram gg weightweight Ounce, Ounce,
poundpound
literliter LL volumevolume Fluid ounce, Fluid ounce,
cup, pint, cup, pint,
quart, quart,
gallongallon

11. Metric Terms and AbbreviationsMetric Terms and Abbreviations
TermTerm AbbreviationsAbbreviations
What is MeasuresWhat is Measures
kilokilo kk 1,000 units1,000 units
hectohecto hh 100 units100 units

12. Metric Terms and AbbreviationsMetric Terms and Abbreviations
TermTerm AbbreviationAbbreviation
What is MeasuresWhat is Measures
decideci dd 1/10 or 0.1 unit1/10 or 0.1 unit
centicenti cc 1/100 or 0.01 1/100 or 0.01
unitunit
millimilli mm 1/1000 or1/1000 or
0.001 unit0.001 unit

13. Using the Metric System to MeasureUsing the Metric System to Measure

A meter stick can be used to A meter stick can be used to
measure length in the following measure length in the following
units:units:
–Centimeter (cm)Centimeter (cm)
–Millimeter (mm)Millimeter (mm)
–Meters (m)Meters (m)
*1 meter is slightly more *1 meter is slightly more
than 3 ftthan 3 ft

14. MeasurementsMeasurements

Measures of LengthMeasures of Length
–1 hectogram= 100 meters1 hectogram= 100 meters
–1.5 hectogram= 150 meters1.5 hectogram= 150 meters
–1 kilometer= 1,000 meters1 kilometer= 1,000 meters
–1.5 kilometer= 1,500 meteres1.5 kilometer= 1,500 meteres

Measures of WeightMeasures of Weight
–1 hectogram= 100 g1 hectogram= 100 g
–1.5 hectogram= 150 g1.5 hectogram= 150 g
–1 kilogram= 1,000 g1 kilogram= 1,000 g
–1.5 kilogram= 1,500 g1.5 kilogram= 1,500 g

15. Using Metric System to MeasureUsing Metric System to Measure

Liters, Milliliters and Cubic CentimetersLiters, Milliliters and Cubic Centimeters
–A liter (L) is slightly larger than a quartA liter (L) is slightly larger than a quart
–A milliliter (mL) is 1/1000 of a literA milliliter (mL) is 1/1000 of a liter
–Cubic Centimeter (CC) are interchangeable with Cubic Centimeter (CC) are interchangeable with
mLmL
–ScalesScales can be used to measure weight in can be used to measure weight in
grams, hectograms, and kilogramsgrams, hectograms, and kilograms
–Celsius (C) and CentigradeCelsius (C) and Centigrade - the metric - the metric
measure of heat is Celsius or centigrade, which measure of heat is Celsius or centigrade, which
are the same. are the same.

16. Changing Ounces to Millimeters and Cubic Changing Ounces to Millimeters and Cubic
Centimeters (cc)Centimeters (cc)
1 oz medicine1 oz medicine1 oz x 30 cc/mL = 30 cc=30 mL1 oz x 30 cc/mL = 30 cc=30 mL
8 oz water8 oz water 8 oz x 30 cc/mL = 240 cc= 240mL8 oz x 30 cc/mL = 240 cc= 240mL
6 oz soup6 oz soup 6 oz x 30 cc/mL = 180 cc = 180mL6 oz x 30 cc/mL = 180 cc = 180mL
4 oz juice4 oz juice 4 oz x 30 cc/mL = 120 cc = 120mL4 oz x 30 cc/mL = 120 cc = 120mL
12 oz soda12 oz soda
12 oz x 30 cc/mL = 360 cc = 360mL12 oz x 30 cc/mL = 360 cc = 360mL

17. Measuring DevicesMeasuring Devices

Health care workers use various Health care workers use various
types of measuring devices to types of measuring devices to
measure liquid.measure liquid.

18. Changing Pounds to Kilograms and Changing Pounds to Kilograms and
Kilograms to PoundsKilograms to Pounds

110 lb changed to kilograms: 110 lb x 0.45 kg/lb 110 lb changed to kilograms: 110 lb x 0.45 kg/lb
= 49.5 kg= 49.5 kg

200 lb changed to kg: 200 lb x 0.45 x kg/lb = 91 200 lb changed to kg: 200 lb x 0.45 x kg/lb = 91
kgkg

50 kg changed to lb = 50 kg x 2.2 lb/kg = 110 lb50 kg changed to lb = 50 kg x 2.2 lb/kg = 110 lb

91 kg changed to lb = 91 kg x 2.2 lb/kg = 200 lb91 kg changed to lb = 91 kg x 2.2 lb/kg = 200 lb

To change lb to kg, multiply the number of lbs by To change lb to kg, multiply the number of lbs by
0.45 lb/kg0.45 lb/kg

To change kg to lb, multiply the number of kg by To change kg to lb, multiply the number of kg by
2.2 lb/kg2.2 lb/kg

19. Changing Ounces to GramsChanging Ounces to Grams

One ounce (oz) = 30 grams (g). One ounce (oz) = 30 grams (g).

To change ounces to grams, multiply 30 To change ounces to grams, multiply 30
g/oz by the number of ounces. g/oz by the number of ounces.

To change grams to ounces, divide 30 To change grams to ounces, divide 30
g/oz into the number of gramsg/oz into the number of grams

1 oz changed to grams: 1 oz x 30 g/oz = 1 oz changed to grams: 1 oz x 30 g/oz =
30 g30 g

8 oz changed to grams: 8 oz x 30 g/oz = 8 oz changed to grams: 8 oz x 30 g/oz =
240 g240 g

20. 24 hour/Military Time Clock24 hour/Military Time Clock

Medical facilities frequently use the 24-hour clock Medical facilities frequently use the 24-hour clock
system. The 24-hour clock system clearly states system. The 24-hour clock system clearly states
time and eliminates confusion on documentation.time and eliminates confusion on documentation.

Military time is always expressed in four digits Military time is always expressed in four digits
and no colons are used to separate hours and and no colons are used to separate hours and
minutes. minutes.

Always use a 0 to complete the four digit number Always use a 0 to complete the four digit number
ex: for 1:00am = 0100 ex: for 1:00am = 0100

Remember to state the time in hundreds Remember to state the time in hundreds
ex: 1:00 am= 0100= zero one hundred hours; ex: 1:00 am= 0100= zero one hundred hours;
1100= eleven hundred hours (11am)1100= eleven hundred hours (11am)
**Greenwich time-Greenwich time- standard time; a 12-hour clock standard time; a 12-hour clock

21. Military- 24-hour clockMilitary- 24-hour clock