Medicine.ppt smedical social work,,,,,,,

medicine medical social work

1. ©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 1
Presented by: Dr. Farhan Ahmad Faiz
Prepared for:
Department of Sociology
The Evolution of Medical
Systems

2. Disease
•Diseasereferstoamedicalconceptionofpathological
abnormalitywhichareindicatedbyasetofsignsand
symptoms.Diseaseisinvariablyusedinafairlylimited
andscientificsenseastheOxforddictionarydefinition
illustrates:‘aconditionofthebody,orofsomepartor
organofthebody,inwhichitsfunctionsaredisturbed
orderanged;amorbidphysicalcondition.
•Withdiseasethefocusismoreontheobjectiveandis
seenintermsofthespecificimpairedstate.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 2

3. Illness
•Illnessisdefinedas‘thequalityorconditionofbeingill(invarioussenses).These
sensesarelistedas:
(1)Badmoralquality,conditionorcharacter.
(2)Unpleasantness,disagreeableness;troublesomeness;hurtfulness,badness.
(3)Badorunhealthyconditionofthebody;theconditionofbeingill;disease,ailment,
sickness,malady.
•Withillnessthefocusismoreonthesubjectiveperceptionofthedisease.Tobeill
isnotsimplytobeinabiologicallyalteredstate,butalsotobeinasociallyaltered
statewhichisseenasbothdeviantand(normally)undesirable.
•Illness,then,referstoanalteredsetoffeelingsmanifestedintermsofwhat
doctorscallsymptoms,butexperiencedbytheillpersonsasreal,diffuseandoften
un-specifiablesubjectivestates.
•Peoplerespondtoillness(notdisease)anddevelopsystematiccategorizations
wherebytheydefinesuchconditions,andthencegainsomesortofcontrolover
them.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 3

4. Indigenous Medical System
•Ataudo(1985)definesindigenousmedicalsysteminsimplewords:“it
isthemedicineofthepeoplebythepeopleandforthepeoplewhich
hasbeenpracticedandhandeddownfromgenerationto
generation”.Soindigenousmedicalsystem‘referstothesystemof
beliefsandpractices,acquiredandtransmittedmainlythrough
practicalexperiencesandobservations,thatisusedinthe
explanation,prevention,diagnosisandtreatmentof“physical,mental
andsocialimbalances”(WHO1976).
•Intheindigenousmedicalsystem,alltheprocessesofillness
managementaresharedbythepatient,hisfamilyaswellasthe
healer.Thismedicalsystemisusuallybasedontheknowledgeand
reasoningregardinghealthandillnessquitefamiliarand
understandableevenatpopularlevel.(ZakriaZakar).
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 4

5. Bio-medicine
•Bishaw(1988)definesthebio-medicalsystemas
cosmopolitaninitsdomainwhichis“aformallyorganized
systemhavinglargelysimilartoolsandtechniquesto
measurethestateofhealthand
•1)aperceptionofillnessasessentiallyphysical,chemical,
andphysiologicalchangestakingplaceinthebodilysystem
oftheindividual,and
•2)ahighlytrainedandprofessionallyorganizedmanpower
withacomplexdivisionoflaboramongphysician,nurses,
andavarietyofothertechnicianstotreatthem.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 5

6. Symbolic co-relation of both the systems
•InthePakistanimedicalsetup,onemayfindanysingle
alternativehealingsystemorablendofallthealternative
systemssimultaneouslyco-existingwiththebio-medical
systemofhealing.Iftheissueisofpreventionorthecure,
decisiontoadoptaparticularhealingmodelliesatthe
handsofthe‘therapymanagementgroup’,notthepatient.
Ontheotherhand,mysecondstanceisthatboththe
medico/healingsystemsarepurelysymbolicinnatureas
wellasinmatter.Theirsymbolismcanbedeconstructedin
thefollowingaspects:
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 6

7. Bio-medical Healing
•White overall
•Stethoscope
•Comfort giving and
appreciative
•Doctors, Physicians,
Orthopedics
•Makes the patient sit in
a comfortable
environment
Alternative Healing
•White overall
•Stethoscope
•Comfort giving and
appreciative
•Humoral Quackers,
Ayurvedic, Islamic,
Unani and others..
•Makes the patient sit in
a comfortable
environment
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 7

8. Cosmopolitan medical system Alternative medical system
It is universal It is local
Based on systematic rules and regulationsIt is based on cultural patterns
Mode of diagnosis is laboratory based Diagnosis is based on body temperature, eye
color and pulse
Complete division of labor is present thereOne person is responsible for all treatment
None of treatment process is shared with patient
or TMG
Every part of treatment is shared with patient and
TMG
Treatment process is object oriented Treatment process is patient oriented
Achieved status is more worthy in this systemHeeling methods are ascribed and transfer from
generation to generation
Physician has specific localized view of a part of
body
Body is comprised of mater and soul and is taken
as a whole
Physician has to follow his professional ethics
which are quite explicit ant written in legislation
Behavioral model is laid down in accordance
with patient, heeler and therapeutic management
group
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 8

9. Physician is not responsible in case of any
disturbance
Heeler is responsible for each part of treatment
System has its own norms Based on cultural normative patterns
Personality and moral character are not considered
in treatment process
Personality and moral character are very much
considered and reason of disease is located within
personality of patient
Surgery is common Usually non-surgical
Interactive patterns are more formal and there is no
friendly relationship between doctor and patient
Interactive pattern is informal, heeler is more
friendly with the patient
Disease is more important Illness and sickness are more considerable
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 9

10. Introduction
Inancienttimes,healthandillnesswasconsidered
incosmologicalandanthropologicalperspective
consistingofmagicalandreligiousbeliefsandhence
playedakeyroleinintegrationandunderstanding
ofancientculturesandcivilizationstoanextent
thatmedicalhistoryassistedalotinstudyingthe
historyofthatparticularculture.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 10

11. Primitive Medicine
• Theunderlyingphilosophyofprimitivemedicineisthatmedicinewas
conceivedinsympathyandbornoutofnecessityandthatthefirstdoctor
wasthefirstmanandthefirstwomen,thefirstnurse.
•Theprehistoricman,thoughlimitedinknowledgeaboutbody,wasalways
theretoprovidemaximumcareandcure.Hisknowledgearticulatedaround
gods,evilspirits,starsandplanets.
•Thissuper-naturaltheoryofdiseaseencircledaroundtheangerofgods,the
invasionofbodybyevilspiritsandtheinterveninginfluenceofstarsand
planets.
•So,itstreatmentmethodologyencircledaroundappeasinggodsbyrituals
andsacrificesmeanttodriveoutevilspiritsfromthebodybywitchcraft
andusingcharmsandamuletstoprotectthemankindagainstsuch
endangeringnaturalelements.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 11

12. •Archeologicalevidencesdenotethatprehistoricmanimprovisedstoneandflint
instrumentswithwhichheperformedcircumcisions,amputationsandtrephining
ofskullscopedwiththeapplicationofcertainherbsanddrugsinaritualistic
manner.
•Thustoday,onemayfinditsprogeny'indigenoushealers'inmanypartsofthe
worldwithoutthedemarcationofdevelopedordevelopingcountriesandeven
alongsidewithstatemonopolized'cosmopolitanmedicalsystem'.Itisthusobvious
thatmedicineintheprehistorictimes(about5000BC)wasintermingledwith
superstition,religion,magicandwitchcraft,themanipulatedshapeofwhicheven
wefindtodayamongthebeliefsystemofIndigenoushealersaswellasamong
thoseseekinghealingeitherfromHealersorDoctors.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 12

13. •Primitivemedicineistimeless.Ifwelookaroundtheworld,wefindthattherudiments
ofprimitivemedicinestillpersistinmanypartsoftheworld–inAsia,Africa,South
America,AustraliaandthePacificislands.Thesupernaturaltheoryofdiseaseinwhich
theprimitivemanbelievedisasnewastoday.Forexample,inIndia,onemaystillhear
thetalkofcuringsnakebitesby“mantras”.DiseasessuchasAIDS(HIVPositive)are
interpretedasbeingpunishmentforone’spastsinsinsomecultures.
•Althoughprimitivemanmaybeextinct,hisprogeny–theso-called“traditionalhealers”
arefoundeverywhereevenwithoutthedemarcationofurbanorrural,thoughwefind
suchhealingmoreactiveinruralareas,esp.inPakistan.Theylive‘close’tothepeople
andtheirtreatmentsarebasedonvariouscombinationsoftheirreligion,theirmagic
andempiricismunderstandabletocommonhealthseekers.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 13

14. Chinese Medicine
•TheemergenceofChinesemedicinecanbetracedbackto
2700BC.
•Itsphilosophicalmodeoftreatmentisbasedontwo
principles--the‘yang’andthe‘yin’.
•Ontheanalogyofthegendersystemsprevailinginanyor
allthecultures,thismedicalsystemarguesthattheyangis
consideredtobeanactivemasculineprincipleandtheyina
negativefeminineprinciple.
•Thebalanceofthesetwoopposingforcesmeantgood
health.Hygiene,dietetics,hydrotherapy,massage,drugs
wereallusedbytheChinesephysicians.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 14

15. •ToaChinese,“thegreatdoctorisonewhotreatsnotsomeonewhoisalreadyill
butsomeonenotyetill”thuspreventivemedicineisgivenmoreimportancethan
thecurativeone.TheChinesehavegreatfaithintheirtraditionalmedicine,which
isfullyintegratedwithmodernmedicine.
•TheChinesesystemof“bare-footdoctors”andacupuncturethroughneedlesand
othercrudemeanshasattractedworld-wideattentioninrecentyearswhichis
reflectedthroughthefactthatachainofChinesehospitalshavecomeonthe
forefronteveninacitylikeMultan.
•“OnemaydrawananalogybetweentheChinesemedicineandtheHumoral
medicineonthebasisofyangandhotwhileyinwiththecoldinwhichallthefood
itemshavebeengivenhotandcoldqualitiestoachieveabalancebetweenhotand
thecold.SecondlyboththeHumoralandChinesemedicalsystemspropose
preventivehealthandnotthecurativehealth.”
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 15

16. Egyptian medicine
•TheemergenceofEgyptianmedicinecanbetracedbackto2800BCandisconsideredtobe
theoneoftheoldestcivilizations.
•Equatingmedicinewithreligion,Egyptianphysicianswereco-equalsofpriests.Theyoften
assistedpriestscareforthesickthatwerebroughttothetemplesfortreatment.
•Theirknowledgecouldnotflourishinthefieldofanatomyduetothefactthatintrudingin
someone’sbodywasconsideredasin.
•EgyptianmedicinereacheditspeakinthedaysofImhotep(2800BC)whowasfamousasa
statesman,architect,builderofthesteppyramidatSaqqarahandphysician.
•TheEgyptiansworshippedmanygods.Imhotepwasconsideredbothadoctoranddivinity.
SpecializationprevailedinEgyptiantimes.Therewereeyedoctors,headdoctorsandtooth
doctors.Allthesedoctorswereofficiallypaidbythestate.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 16

17. •Egyptianmedicinebelievedthatdiseasewasduetoabsorptionfromthe
intestineofharmfulsubstanceswhichgaverisetoputrefactionofbloodand
formationofpus.Theybelievedthatthepulsewas“thespeechofthe
heart”.Diseasesweretreatedwithcathartics,enema,blood-lettinganda
widerangeofdrugs.
•ThebestknownmedicalmanuscriptsbelongingtotheEgyptiantimesare
theEdwinSmithpapyrus(3000-2500BC),andtheEbersPapyrus(1150BC).
•TheEdwinSmithpapyrus,theoldesttreatiseonsurgery,accurately
describespartialparalysisfollowingcerebrallesionsinskullfractures.
•TheEberspapyruswhichwasfoundwithamummyonthebanksoftheNile
isauniquerecordofsome800prescriptionsbasedonsome700drugs.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 17

18. Mesopotamian medicine
•TheemergenceofMesopotamianmedicinecanbetracedbackto6000yearsago
alongwithancientEgyptiancivilization.BetweentheEuphratesandTigrisrivers,
Mesopotamia(nowpartofIraq),oftencalledthe“CradleofCivilization”,medicine
wasequatedwiththereligionfurtherbifurcatedinherbdoctors,knifedoctorsand
spelldoctors–aclassificationthatroughlyparallelsourownIndigenoushealers,
surgeonsandpsychiatrists.
•DuetothefactthatMesopotamiawasthecradleofmagic,medicalstudentswere
busyinclassifying“demons”,thecausesofdiseases.
•Geomancy,theinterpretationofdreams,andhepatoscopicdivination(theliverwas
consideredtheseatoflife)arecharacteristicoftheirmedicalphilosophy.
•Sumerians,BabyloniansandAssyriansweretheauthorsofamedicalastrologyon
tablets.TheoldestmedicalprescriptioncomestousfromMesopotamia,dating
backto2100BC.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 18

19. •Hammurabi,agreatkingofBabylonwholivedaround2000BC
formulatedasetofdrasticlawsknownastheCodeofHammurabi
thatgovernedtheconductofphysiciansandprovidedforhealth
practices.Doctorswhoseproposedtherapyprovedwrongranthe
riskofbeingkilled.Lawsrelatingtomedicalpractice,including
feespayabletophysiciansforsatisfactoryservicesandpenalties
forharmfultherapyarecontainedinthe‘BabylonianCodeof
Hammurabi’,theveryfirstcodificationofmedicalpracticethus
depictingtheveryfactthattheMesopotamianmedicinewas
muchmoreinterestedinregulatingthemoralityandethosofthe
physicians.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 19

20. Greek Medicine
•TheclassicperiodofGreekmedicinewastheyear460-136BC.Anearlyleaderin
GreekmedicinewasAesculapius(1200BC).Aesculapiusboretwodaughters–
HygieaandPanacea.
•HygieawasworshippedasthegoddessofhealthandPanaceaasthegoddessof
medicine.PanaceaandHygieagaverisetodynastiesofhealers(curativemedicine)
andhygienists(preventivemedicine)withdifferentphilosophies.
Aesculapius
Hygiea Panacea
goddessofhealth goddessofmedicine
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 20

21. •ByfarthegreatestphysicianinGreekmedicinewasHippocrates(460–370BC)
whoisoftencalledthe“FatherofMedicine”.Onthebasisofhisobservation
andreasoning,hechallengedthetraditionofmagicinmedicine,andinitiateda
newapproachofscienceandlogictomedicinei-e.,applicationofclinical
methodsinmedicine.Hippocrates’lecturesandwritings,latercompiledby
Alexandrianscholarsintothe“CorpusHippocraticum”,encompassedall
branchesofmedicine.
•SomeofthesayingsofHippocrateslaterbecamefavoriteswithphysicians,such
as“Lifeisshort,theart(ofmedicine)long,opportunityfleeting,experience
treacherousandjudgmentdifficult”,and“wherethereisloveformankind,
thereislovefortheartofhealing”.
•ThusfollowingtheMesopotamianmedicaltraditions,Hippocrategavehis
favoriteoath,the“Hippocraticoath”whichregulatedthemedicalethics.Itsets
ahighmoralstandardforthemedicalprofessionanddemandsabsolute
integrityofdoctors.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 21

22. •Inshort,theGreeksgaveanewdirectiontomedicalthought.They
rejectedthePrimitivemedicalsystems'supernaturaltheoryof
diseaseandlookedupondiseaseasanaturalprocess.
•TheGreeksbelievedthatmatterwasmadeupoffourelements–
earth,air,fire,water.Theseelementshadthecorrespondingqualities
ofbeingcold,dry,hotandmoistandwererepresentedinthebody
bythefourhumors–phlegm,yellowbile,bloodandblackbile–
similartothe“tridoshatheory”inAyurvedaorHumoralmedical
system.
•TheGreekspostulatedthathealthprevailedwhenthefourhumors
wereinequilibriumandwhenthebalancewasdisturbed,disease
wastheresult.Thehumanbodywasassumedtohavepowersof
restorationofHumoralequilibrium,anditwasthephysician’s
primaryroletoassistinthehealingprocess.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 22

23. Roman Medicine
• TheemergenceoftheRomanmedicinecanbetracedbackto
200ADbytheworkofGalen(130–205AD)whowasborninthe
GreekcityofPergomaninAsiaMinor(nowTurkey).Hiswork
contributedalotinthefieldofcomparativeanatomyand
experimentalphysiology.
•Inhisviews,healthprecedesdiseaseinbothinimportanceandin
temporalspan,sopreservingthehealthisofsignificanceandcuring
ofsecondaryimportance.
•Aboutdisease,Galenobservedthatdiseaseisduetothreefactors–
predisposing,excitingandenvironmentalfactors.
•Galen's500treatisesonmedicalsubjectsinfluencedEuropean
medicine.Theywereacceptedasstandardtextbooksinmedicinefor
14centuries,tillhisteachingsandviewswerechallengedbythe
anatomist,Vesaliusin1543,andthephysiologist,WilliamHarveyin
1628,almost1500yearsafterhisdeath.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 23

24. Indian Medicine
•Oneoftheoldandmostpracticedmedicalsystems
intheSouthAsiawasIndianmedicine(Ayurveda
andSiddhamedicalsystems)commencingback
from5000BCwhoserudimentsonemaystillfindin
IndiaandPakistan.
•AyurvedaispracticedthroughoutIndia,butthe
SiddhasystemispracticedintheTamil-speaking
areasofSouthIndia.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 24

25. •Ayurvedabydefinitionimpliesthe“knowledgeoflife”or
theknowledgebywhichlifemaybeprolonged.
•CommencingitsinfluencesinceVedictimes(5000BC)
whenmedicalhistorywasassociatedwithmythological
figures,stagesandseers.
•Accordingtoonephilosophy,Dhanvantari,theHindugodof
medicineissaidtohavebeenbornasaresultofthe
churningoftheoceansduringa‘tugofwar’betweengods
anddemons.
•Ayurvedawitnessedtremendousgrowthanddevelopment
duringtheBuddhisttimes.KingAshoka(226BC)andthe
otherBuddhistkingspatronizedAyurvedaasstate
medicineandestablishedschoolsofmedicineandpublic
hospitals.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 25

26. •ParksfurtherarguesthatAtreya,Charaka,SusrutaandVaghbattwere
consideredtobethefourfoundersofthissystem.
•Atreya(about800BC)isacknowledgedasthefirstgreatIndianphysiciananda
teacher.HelivedintheancientuniversityofTaxila,about20mileswestof
Rawalpindi.
•Charaka(200AD),themostpopularnameinAyurvedicmedicine,wasacourt
physiciantotheBuddhistking,Kaniska.BasedontheteachingsofAtreya,Charaka
compiledhisfamoustreatiseonmedicine,the“CharakaSamhita”.Charakmentions
some500drugs.TheIndiansnakeroot(rauwolfia)wasemployedforcenturiesby
theIndianphysicians,beforereserpinewasextractedfromtherootandfound
spectacularlyeffectiveinthetreatmentofhypertension.
•Susrutaconsideredbeingthe“fatherofIndiansurgery”isappreciatedfor
coprehensivecompilationofthesurgicalknowledgeofhistimeinhisclassic
“SusrutaSamhita”between800BCand400AD.Thoughthisworkismainly
devotedtosurgery,italsoincludesmedicine,pathology,anatomy,midwifery,
ophthalmology,hygieneandbedsidemanners.TheearlyIndianssetfractures,
performedamputations,excisedtumors,repairedherniasandexcelledincataract
operationsandplasticsurgery.
•TheSamhitasofCharakaandsusrutaweretranslatedintoPersianandArabicin800
AD.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 26

27. •Parksarguesthattheunderlyingphilosophicalfoundation
ofAyurvedaliesonthe“tridoshatheoryofdisease”.The
doshasorhumorsare:vata(wind),pitta(gall)andkapha
(mucus).
•Diseasewasexplainedasadisturbanceintheequilibrium
ofthethreehumors;whenthesewereinperfectbalance
andharmony,apersonissaidtobehealthy.
•Thistheoryofdiseaseisstrikinglysimilartothe“theoryof
fourhumors”inGreekmedicineandoftwohumorsin
Humoralmedicine.
•Medicalhistoriansadmitthattherewasfreeexchangeof
thoughtandexperiencebetweentheHindu,Arab,Persian,
GreekandJewishscholars.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 27

28. •HygienewasgivenanimportantplaceinancientIndianmedicine.
ThelawsofManuwereacodeofpersonalhygiene.
•ArcheologicalexcavationsatMohenjo-daroandHarappaintheIndus
valleyuncoveredcitiesofovertwothousandyearsoldwhich
revealedratheradvancesknowledgeofsanitation,watersupplyand
engineering.
•ThegoldenageofIndianmedicinewasbetween800BCand600AD.
DuringtheMughalperiodandsubsequentyears,Ayurvedadeclined
duetolackofStatesupport.
•ItseemsthattheIndianmedicinehasplayedinAsiathesameroleas
theGreekmedicineinthewest,forithasspreadinIndochina,
Indonesia,Tibet,CentralAsia,andasfarasJapan,exactlyasthe
GreekmedicinehasdoneinEuropeandArabcountries.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 28

29. Medical Systems in Pakistan
•Givensaidtheevolutionaryschemesoftheabovementioned
medicalsystems,theresearcherarguesthatinPakistan,onemay
findtheexistenceofanyoftheabovementionedmedicalsystem
independentlyorablendoftwoorallthemedicalsystems
coexistingwithoneorallthemedicalsystems.
•Muslimphysicians/healersundertheinfluenceofPrimitive,
Chinese,Egyptian,Mesopotamian,Greek,Romanandaboveallthe
AyurvedicmedicalsystemlaidthefoundationsofHumoral,Unani
andIslamicmedicalsystemswhicharemostlybasedonthebelief
systemofthenativecommunityinwhichtheparticularmedical
systemisrenderingitsservicesandthatisthereasonthatitis
calledIndigenousmedicalsystem.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 29

30. Humoral Medical System
•SimilartotheGreekmedicalsystemwhichpostulatedthatthematterwas
madeupoffourelements–earth,air,fire,waterwhichhadthequalitiesof
beingcold,dry,hotandmoistandwererepresentedinthebodybythefour
humors–phlegm,yellowbile,bloodandblackbileandtotheAyurvedic
medicalsystemwhopostulatedthe"tridoshatheory"whichconsistsof:
vata(wind),pitta(gall)andkapha(mucus);thehumoralmedicalsystem
referstothehotandcoldclassification.
•Theresearcherarguesthatsuchaclassificationdoesnotrefertothe
empiricalphysicalsymboliccharacteristicssuchastemperaturebuttothe
effectattributedtothequalitiesorpropertiesinherentinthesubstances
themselves.Thiscognitiveclassificationismeanttoclassifyallsortsoffood
andherbsintohotandcold.Thepurposebehindsuchaclassificationisto
exercisehottherapytothecoldpatientandthecoldtherapytothehot
patient,becausehealthcanonlybeachievedbyattainingabalance
betweenthehotandthecoldwhichwasmeanttopreventadisease.
•Thishealingsystemfunctionstoprolongthehealthtoanextentaspossible
throughselfcareandprecautionaryremedies.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 30

31. •Onefurtherelaborationconcerningthe
treatmentmethodologyisthatthe'hot'isnot
givenimmediate'cold'treatmentrather
throughnormalizingthetemperatureofthe
'hot',coldtreatmentisgiven.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 31

32. Unani Medical System
•Unani medicine, also known as yunani tibbor Greco-Islamic medicine, is a therapeutic
system used in South and Southwest Asia that developed through the interaction of
ancient Greek with some Arab and, perhaps, Ayurvedic medical and pharmaceutical
principles. The origin of Greco-Islamic medicine can be traced to Hippocrates, Galen,
and Ibn Sina.
•Thisancientmedicalsystem,withitsoriginsintheMediterraneanworldandits
developmentintheMiddleEast,wasbroughttoIndiansubcontinentwiththespreadof
IslamiccivilizationintheMughalera.SimilartotheGreekmedicineandHumoral
medicine,Unanimedicine'sphilosophicalfoundationsconsistonthefour-humortheory
ofHippocrateswhichpresupposesthepresenceoffourhumorsinthebodynamely
blood,yellowbileandblackbile.
•Zakararguesthatinthismedicalsystem,humanbodyisregardedascomprisingthe
sevenworkingprinciples;
•(1)differentstatesofmatterandmaterialsenteringintoandformingapartof
everythingintheuniverse;
•(2)thebodilytemperament;
•(3)thestructuralcomponents;
•(4)thefullydevelopedandmatureorgans
•(5)thevitalforceoflife;
•(6)thebodilypower;and,
•(7)thecorporalfunctions.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 32

33. •Thesecondprinciple,bodytemperament
isofkeyimportanceindeterminingthe
hotandcoldtemperamentofthebody
sothatasuitableremedy,preparedfrom
localherbs,canbegiventosuitthe
bodilytreatment.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 33

34. Islamic Medicine
•Islamicmedicinethoughnothavinganallencompassing
medicalfoundations,directlyaffectstherestofthemedical
systemsinPakistanbeitHumoral,Unaniorthestate
monopolizedCosmopolitanmedicine.Thissystemenjoys
strongculturalaffiliationandemotionalbondageeven
lackingitsownlaboratoryoraclinic.Itlegitimizesanyother
indigenousmedicalsysteme-gUnaniwhoisusually
equatedwithIslamicmedicinefortheveryfactthatsome
earlyphysicianswhowrotetreatiseonUnanimedicine
referredtotheappliationofProphets'sayingswith
referencetousageofHoneyandotheritems/herbslike
Qalwanji.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 34

35. •IncontrasttomodernWesterncivilization,theclassicalIslamictraditiondoes
notseparatesciencefromreligion.Accordingly,onefindsthatboththeQur'an
andthetraditionsoftheprophetMuhammadaresaturatedwithreferencesto
learning,education,observation,andtheuseofreasoninallrealmsoflife—
medicineandhealthcareincluded.
•Ataphysicallevel,theQur'anandsunnahencouragehealthyeating,andatthe
sametimeforbidallsubstancesthatcausebodilyharm:intoxicants,drugs,and
soforth.Fruitsandvegetables,dates,yogurt,camelmilk,naturalhoney,black
seeds,andthelikeareespeciallyemphasizedfortheirnutritiousqualityand
healthbenefits.TheQur'analsoaddressesvariousdiseases,especiallyofthe
heart,whichoftenleadtodirectorindirectphysicalandmentalailments.It
mentionsblindness,deafness,lameness,andleprosy,aswellasmental
disorders,includingpsychoses,andneuroticdiseases,suchassadnessand
anxiety.Butitsprimaryfocusisonmoralandethicaldiseases.TheQur'anitself
isreferredtoasabookofhealing.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 35

36. •Thelargenumberofpropheticsayingsintheareaof
medicineandhealthledtothedevelopmentofanentire
disciplineknownasal-Tibbal-Nabawi(medicineofthe
Prophet).ImamBukhari,themostauthenticcollectorof
propheticsayings,narrates129hadithsdirectlyrelatedto
medicineanddevotestwobookstomedicineandpatients.
Propheticstatements—suchas"Thereisnodiseasethat
Allahhascreated,exceptthatHealsohascreatedits
treatment"—providedastrongimpetusforMuslim
scholarstoundertakemedicalinvestigations.Fromthe
ninthtothirteenthcenturiesC.E.,Muslimsscholarsmade
numerouscontributionstothefield.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 36

37. •ThetraditionalIslamicmedicalsystemthatdevelopedin
theclassicalperiodcontainsamixtureofspiritualand
physicalelements,includingtheuseofnaturalsubstances
andcertainIslamicsupplicationsforhealingandcures.It
includespreventivemeasures,curativemedicine,mental
healing,surgery,andmostimportantly,spiritualcuresfor
boththebodyandthesoul.Thescientificandmedical
achievementsmadeduringtheclassicalIslamicperiodhad
asignificantinfluenceontheformationanddevelopment
ofmodernmedicineinEurope
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 37

38. •InPakistan,onemayfindtheexistenceofoneoftheabove
mentionedalternativemedicalsystemorablendofthetwoorallthe
alternativemedicalsystems(Humoral,Unani,Islamic),butthe
importantthingisthattheysimultaneouslyco-existwiththenow,
wellestablished,statemonopolizedbio-medicalsystemofhealing
whichclaimstoberational,objectiveandvalue-freeindealingwith
oneorallthediseaseswhetherbeittheissueofcurativeorthe
preventive.Eithertheissueisofhealth,disease,illnessorsickness;
boththeIndigenousaswellasCosmopolitanmedicalsystemscome
onthescenetorendertheirservicesandtocapturethe'market'.
WhentheissueisofSexuality,thattooinSouthPunjaband
particularlyDistrictLodhran,onecaneasilyfindanexistenceoffull
fledgeindustrycuringmalfunctioningofSexuality,whichisdiversein
domainandnarrowinfocus!
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 38

39. Contemporary Islamic Approaches to Medicine
•Muslimstodayapproachmedicineandhealthcareinvariousways.
TherearesomeMuslims,particularlythoseinruralareaswithlimited
accesstomodernmedicalfacilities,whocompletelyrejectmodern
medicine.Manyofthesepeopleprefertorelyonacombinationof
supplicationsandtraditionalmedicaltreatments.Accordingly,itis
quitecommontofindtraditionalhealersworkingtodaywhocontinue
torelyonamixtureofQur'anicverses,water,localherbs,ornaments,
oil,orhoneyfortheirmedicaltreatments.Unfortunately,notallof
thesepractitionershavemedicaltraining,andsomebecomeinvolved
insuperstitiouspracticesthatcontradictIslamicnormsandvalues.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 39

40. •Thelastfewdecadeshavewitnessedarenewedinterestin
revivingtraditionalIslamicmedicalknowledgeand
combiningitwiththelatestadvancementsinmodern
medicine.Manyseminars,conferences,books,
publications,andmedicalassociationshavebeendevoted
tothisrevival,aswellastogeneratingaprecisedefinition
of"Islamicmedicine."Forsome,thetermmeansareturn
toclassicalIslamicmedicine.Accordingly,institutessuchas
theHamdardFoundationinPakistanandtheNational
ResearchCenterandtheDesertInstituteinEgypt,were
establishedtoundertakeclinicalstudiesontheefficacyof
themedicalteachingsfoundinthesunnah.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 40

41. •ForotherMuslims,however,Islamicmedicine
entailsapplyingIslamicvaluesandparadigmstoany
typeofmedicine,thereby"Islamizing"it.Omar
Kasule,thedeputydeanoftheFacultyofMedicine
attheInternationalIslamicUniversityMalaysia,
definesIslamicmedicineasasystemofbasic
paradigms,concepts,values,andproceduresthat
conformto,ordonotcontradict,theQuranand
Prophetictraditions.Itisuniversalandcanbe
definedonlyintermsofvaluesandethics,notas
specificmedicalproceduresortherapeuticagents.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 41

42. Significance of Islamic Medicine for Modern
Medicine
•Whatdothesetraditionalandcontemporaryunderstandingsof
Islamicmedicinehavetooffermodernmedicine?
•TheanswercannotbeseparatedfromwhatIslamhastooffertomankind.
Islamicteachingsofferguidanceonhowtoliveaphysically,mentally,and
spirituallyuprightlife.Manyoftheailmentshumanssufferfromtodayare
diseasesofthesoul,whichstemfromsocietalandenvironmentalfactors
thataredifficultformedicationalonetocure.Drugscanneverremovethe
causesofloneliness,estrangementoffamilymembers,orlackofself-
worth—butIslamicmedicinecan.Insteadofreducinghumans,ailments,
andtreatmentsstrictlytotheirphysicalandmentaldimensions,assecularly
trainedandorientedmedicalpractitionersarepronetodo,Islamic
medicineusesamulti-prongedapproachthatfocusesonthephysical,
mental,andspiritualaspectsoftheproblematbothindividualandsocietal
levels.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 42

43. •Incontrasttocontemporaryviews,diseasedoesnotalwayshavea
negativeconnotationinIslam.AccordingtotheclassicalIslamic
scholarImamal-Ghazzali,"illnessisoneoftheformsofexperienceby
whichmanarrivesataknowledgeofGod."OtherMuslimscholars
arguethatfallingillmaybeAllah'swayofforcingthepersontorest
orcareforthebodybeforeitdeterioratesfurther.
•Bothmedicalpractitionersandpatientsmustknowthelimitsofthe
former'scapabilities.FromaMuslimpointofview,lifeanddeathare
ultimatelyderivedfromGod.Nohumancangivelifeortakedeath
away.Assuch,medicalpersonneldonothavetheprivilegeofsaying
anythingdefinitiveaboutfutureprognosis.Instead,theyareobliged
toassistthepatienttothebestoftheirabilitiesandleavetherestto
Allah.Suchanapproachmayhaveapositiveeffectonreducingthe
numberofmedicallawsuitsthatoccurinsomecountries.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 43

44. •Lastbutnotleast,Islamicmedicinecanprovidea
codeofethicsformedicalpractitioners.Muslim
medicalpersonnelaresubjecttoshariah(Islamic
law),onbothapersonalandprofessionallevel,but
particularlyintermsoftheirobligationstowards
patients,community,andsociety.Assuch,theyare
obligedtobesincere,remainhumble,and
constantlystrivetoseekthepleasureofAllah,with
theconsciousnessthatAllahistheAll-Knowing.
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 44

45. Quiz
©by Farhan Ahmad Faiz 45