Memory and Types - Psychology

Memory Psychology and its types.

1. Memory Group presentation Psychology

2. Akash Amreem Introduction to memory Roll No. 16

3. Definition “Memory is the mental capacity to store, recall or recognize the events that were previously experienced.” Remembring Retaining experiences or recalling them.

4. According to cognitive psychologists Mental system that receives, encodes, modifies or retrieves information. According to BEHAVIOURISTS: We should be unaware of our own likes and dislikes. ( Vorauel and Ross’1993) We would have no idea of who we are in any meaningful sense. ( Khilstrom , 1993)

5. Selective perception Memory is selective like perception. People retain a great deal of information. They also lose a great deal. Importance Define ourselves. Library of our personal experiences. Prepare a meaningful future. Factors Affecting Memory Physical health ❖ Attention ❖ Emotion ❖ Prejudice etc

6. HUMAN MEMORY VS COMPUTER Human memory Storage capability but not permanent deletion. Types Sensory memory 2. Short term memory 3. Long term memory Computer memory Storage capability and have permanent deletion. Types RAM 2. ROM

7. Hassan raza stages of memory Roll No. 30

8. Definition Process of maintaining information overtime. Stages Encoding Storage Retrieval Memory Encoding: Information is converted for storage. Example: Currency change A word in book

9. Ways in which info. Is stored: 1. Visual (picture) 2. Acoustic (sound) 3. Semantic (meaning) Memory Storage: Information Is retained in memory. 3. Memory Retrieval: Information is retrieved from memory.

10. Sonia sadaf Types of memory Roll No. 22

11. Definition Memory is the faculty of the brain by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. Types of Memory • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory

12. Sensory Memory The part of memory where any information is first registered is called Sensory Memory. Example: Looking at an item and remembering it. Types: Iconic memory ▪ Echoic Memory ▪ Haptic Memory

13. Short-Term Memory It’s a primary or active memory that is capable of holding small amount of information for a brief period of time. Example: Memorizing a phone number. Long-Term memory This form of memory is a memory store capable of storing large quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration. Example: What happened last week, Where and how?

14. Types Long-term memory is usually divided into two types: 1. Explicit or Declarative Memory ▪ Episodic Memory ▪ Semantic Memory ▪ Autobiographical Memory ▪ Visual Memory 2. Implicit or Non-Declarative Memory ▪ Procedural Memory ▪ Priming Memory

15. Usmara ashraf sensory memory Roll No. 15

16. definition Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. Part of memory where any information is first registered. Has large capacity. Example: Trying to remember an object with just a second of observation or memorization. Characteristics Storage of information is irrelevant of attention to the stimulus. Information in SM is stored in specific modality. Info. is detail oriented. Different SM store might have different durations

17. How does sensory memory works: During every moment of your existence, your senses are constantly taking in an enormous amount of information about what you see, feel, hear, and taste. sensory memory creates something of a quick "snapshot" of the world around you, allowing you to briefly focus your attention on relevant details. Types 1. Iconic memory 2. Echoic memory 3. Haptic memory

18. Iconic Memory Sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory. Echoic memory: Echoic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system. Haptic memory: Haptic memory is the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch.

19. Aatika Shaikh Short-term memory Roll No. 14

20. Definition: Short term memory takes over when the information in our sensory memory is transferred to our consciousness or our awareness. This is the information that is current active such as reading this page, talking to a friend or writing a paper. Example: It used to remember a phone number that has just been recited. Ghajini

21. Characteristics: Short term memory can definitely last longer than sensory memory (up to 30 seconds or so). Also known as working memory. Intermediate memory. Displacement: Means that new information will push out part of the old information.

22. Functions: It has two major functions: It allows us to construct a continually updated working model of the world. Second it makes possible to think and solve problems. Theories and applications: Primary Effect Receny Effect Distinctiveness Frequency Effect Association Reconstruction

23. Maira raza Long-term memory Roll No. 21

24. Definition The long-term memory refers to unlimited capacity memory store that hold information over lengthy periods of time. By saying “ lengthy period of time” we mean that it is possible for memories in LTM to remain there for an entire lifetime. Example: Like we can recall some specific past events very easily such as how many marks I got in 1 st grade class or how I first rode my bike.

25. Significance Imagine how difficult it would be to forget the day you graduated. Now think about how easy it is to forget information that has no significance, the color of the car you parked next to at the store or which shirt you wore last Thursday. Types Declarative Memory Non-Declarative Memory

26. Declarative memory Declarative memory consists of facts and events that can be consciously recalled or "declared." Also known as Explicit memory. Example: let's say that you know that your favorite restaurant is only open until 6 PM on Sundays. Types: Episodic memory Semantic memory.

27. Non-Declarative memory Implicit memory (also called "non declarative" memory) is a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. Example: When a skilled typist is typing on a keyboard, she does not need to look at each key. Instead, she is able to type without recalling the placement of each key.

28. M. Hassaan masood Explicit memory Roll No. 27

29. Definition It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. Requires conscious thought, unlike Implicit memory Example: you might hear an annoying pop song, Days later, you find yourself still humming that same tune. How are Explicit memories made? Step 1: Encoding Step 2: Storage Step 3: Retrieval

30. Explicit Memory VS Implicit Memory Implicit memory, sometimes called non-declarative memory, involves the way experiences affect our behaviors. Unlike explicit memory, which requires making a conscious effort to recall information, implicit memory operates unconsciously. Example: Driving a car, you just do it. You can’t teach them hoe much pressure to put on gas por break pedal.

31. Types: ❖ Episodic memory ❖ Semantic memory Further Division: ▪ Autobiographical memory ▪ Spatial memory

32. Episodic memory Episodic memory consists of the storage and recollection of observational information attached to specific life-events. Example: Remember the trip to London Recall a great dinner you had at your favorite restaurant Think about your high school graduation ceremony

33. Semantic Memory Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience. Example : Know that the word “boat” refers to a watercraft of varying sizes Recall that Washington, D.C., is the capital of the U.S. Recognize the distinguishing features that classify an animal as a dog

34. Autobiographical memory Spatial memory Disorders Amnesia Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia

35. Nighat shafqat Implicit memory Roll No. 32

36. Definition: Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. It doesn’t require any conscious thought. Also known as Unconscious Memory or Automatic Memory. Example: Keyboard typist Bike rider Singing ABC Cooking recipie

37. Types: Procedural memory Priming PROCEDURAL MEMORY Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and long term memory which aids the performance of particular type of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences, such as walking, talking and riding a bike.

38. Example: 1: Playing piano 2: skiing 3: Ice skating 4: Playing baseball 5: Swimming Etc.

39. PRIMING MEMORY Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influence responses to a later stimulus. It is a technique in psychology used to train a person’s memory both in positive and negative ways. ASSOCIATING WORDS AND PICTURES: In Priming there is no need for researchers to ask subjects to memorize certain sequences of words because they take advantage of word association when they “prime” subjects. Example: For example, “school” relates to “student” and “bus”.

40. Positive priming: Positive priming uses involves using sketches or words or other stimuli to help an individual recognize another word or phrase in the future. Example: Words “Sky” to remember Blue color. NEGATIVE PRIMING While positive priming speeds up the memory process, negative priming naturally slows at down. The mind can be negatively primed by exposing the person to various stimuli before ignoring these stimuli completely.

41. PERCEPTUAL VS. CONCEPTUAL Perceptual priming relates to the stimuli’s form and is increased by matches between early and late stimuli, while Conceptual priming on the other hand relies on the meaning of stimuli. Example: Chair and table.

42. Ishrat parveen Fogetting and intelligence Roll No. 17

43. Fogetting Inability to remember is called forgetting. An apparent loss or modification of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long-term memory. Causes of Forgetting: Forgetting memory process: Sometimes we listen to many details but remember only a portion in the form of gists . Interference: One important cause is interference of learnt materials.

44. Types of Interference (a) Proactive interference: (b) Retroactive interference: Proactive interference: Earlier learning interferes with later learning and inhibits recall of new material. Retroactive interference: Inhibition of earlier learning and recall of later learning.

45. Retrieval problems. Motivational forgetting Amnesia Loss of memory. Types: Psychological amnesia Childhood dream defense Biological amnesia

46. intelligence “the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. Human intelligence Mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment. Cognitive processes: Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving.

47. Theories Of Intelligence: Psychometric theories: Biological theories Hemispheric studies

48. Khadija shehzadi relaxation and hypnosis Roll No. 05

49. Relaxation: Definition: State of low tension in absence of arousal from sources like anger and anxiety. Relaxation techniques: Breath focus Body Scan Guided Imagery Mindfulness Meditation Yoga Repetitive Prayer

50. Benefits of relaxation Hypnosis: State of highly focused attention or concentration Uses of hypnosis: Treatment of phobias Smoking Obsession A weight loss tool A Confidence Booster Anesthesiology for Surgery

51. Advantages and disadvantages: Limitations