Memory - Definition-Types of Memory - factors influencing memory and Strategies for improving effective memorization

Memory - Definition-Types of Memory - factors influencing memory and Strategies for improving effective memorization

1. Memory Suresh Babu G Assistant Professor

2. Memory Memory is defined as the power of keep facts in the conscious mind and of being able to call them back at time. It refers to the process of remembering and association.

3. Definitions of Memory Drever – “Memory is that characteristic which underlines all learning, the essential feature of which is reflection. In narrow sense it is recall and recognition” Woodworth and Marquis – “Memory is mental power which consists in learning, retaining and remembering what has previously been learnt”. Ryburn : “The power that we have to store our experience, and to bring them into the field of consciousness sometime after the experiences have occurred, is termed as memory.

4. Elements of Memory Learning Retention Recall Recognition

5. Memorization Process Encoding Process Storage Process Retrieval Process

6. Types Of Memory

7. Types of Memory Short Term Memory : It is a type of memory which is temporary and short lived. It is also called as recent memory/working memory. The retention time is longer than immediate memory. It may be long as 30 second or more. For example : in order to understand a sentence, the beginning of the sentence needs to be head in mind while the rest is read.

8. Immediate Memory/Sensory Memory It is also a type of short term memory It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the orginal stimulus has ceased. Eg : We enter a cinema hall, see the seat number given in the ticket, after sitting we forget it. Types of Memory

9. Long Term Memory/Permanent Memory It is also referred as remote memory Here retention is of a permanent nature. Eg : Remembering our name, date of birth etc Types of Memory

10. Explicit Memory Explicit memory or Declarative memory is one of the two main types of long-term memory. It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences and concepts. It is divided into episodic memory, which stores specific personal experience and semantic memory, which stores factual information. Types of Memory

11. Episodic Memory : It is connected with episodes and events which may consist of personal events and experiences associated with ones life. Eg : Describe an accident Semantic memory : Helps to recollect the relationship between events or association of ideas. Eg : Bike and Helmet, Drinking and driving etc. Types of Memory

12. Procedural Memory : It is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or procedural knowledge. It is considered a from of implicit memory. It is helpful in learning skills and skills remain permanent always with the person until diseased. Priming : It is a non-conscious from of human memory concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects. Eg : Try to remember the following word in sequence – college, girlfriend, birthday etc. Types of Memory

13. Rote Memory : Here thinks are learned without understanding their meaning. For example, students mug up poems and definitions and reproduce at the time of exam Logical Memory : Materials are learned with insight, understanding and logical memory. Associative Memory : Here the individual associate newly learned thinks with so many related thinks existing in the memory and then establish multiple connections. Types of Memory

14. Factors Influencing Memory There are two factors that influence the memory: Nature of the material to be memorized – Meaningfulness of the material to be memorized and amount of the material to be memorized. Methods and techniques of memorizing

15. Over-learning – learn, recall it perfect, practice it again. Make the subject matter meaningful and organize it sequentially Follow the principle of association. Utilize as many senses, as possible. Self-recitation is helpful in the process of retention Use the principle of learning by doing Repetition and continuous practice How to Improve Memory

16. Healthy habits to improve memory Regular exercise Managing stress Good sleep habits Not smoking

17. Methods of Memorizing Recitation Method : The learner reads a content once or twice, then tries to recites and recall. It helps in self evaluation and the learner can write down the points that he is unable to recall Whole and Part Method : Memorizing from beginning to end at stretch or part by part. Like memorizing a poem.

18. Methods of Memorizing Spaced and Unspaced Method : It follows the principle of work and rest. After memorizing something for a period of time, some rest is provided, and continues the memorization again.

19. Learning and recall can be improved by training. Follow the techniques. When recalling free the mid from fear and anxiety Have confidence in self and maintain positive attitude. Don’t fight with memory in recalling. Give time. Interests and attention influence memorization. Development or Improvement of Memory

20. Development or Improvement of Memory Adopt proper methods of memorization. Follow the principle of association Eg . VIBGYOR = Color Grouping and Rhythm. Eg . Memorizing phone number and months Utilize many senses to learn Maintain external (environment) and internal factors (health) Proper rest, practice and repetition.

21. Learn from the general to the specific. Make it meaningful – create action, make picture vivid, turn abstract ideas into concrete or images. Study actively Visualize relationships Recite and repeat Reduce interference Over learn Be aware of attitudes Distribute learning Combine sense Use material as many way different ways as you can Group things in group of less then seven Use a mnemonic technique Development or Improvement of Memory

22. Specialized Techniques for Memorization Association – It is a technique for memorization in which the new information that needs to be memorized is associated (linked) to information that is not likely to forget. In this, the newly learned material is linked to knowledge which is fixed in memory by establishing multiple connection with music, image, any thing familiar with..

23. Mnemonic is the technique of assisting the memory by using a system of artificial aids such as rhymes, sentences, diagrams, numbers etc to helping the recall of name, dates, facts,acronms and figures. Eg : VIBGYOR Mnemonics Specialized Techniques for Memorization

24. Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques Acronym : It is a technique for remembering the names, phrases or steps by using the first letter of each word fro new, memorable word. Eg : VIBGYOR Acrostic : An unvented sentence where the first letter of each word is a cue (indication) to an idea we need to remember. Eg : My Dear Aunt Sally (mathematical order of operation: multiply and divide before you add and subtract ). Specialized Techniques for Memorization

25. Chunking – This is a technique generally used when remembering numbers. In it people can remember between 5 and 9 things at one time. Eg : In order to remember the phone number 9846100100 we separate it as 98 46 100 100 (into chunks) Word-length Mnemonic – It is a kind of memory aid used to remember numeral of a serious in order. In this the number of letters in each word corresponds to a digit Eg : Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques Specialized Techniques for Memorization

26. The Link Method The link method is one of the oldest methods of creating associations between the item to remember and an image.  The process works well in combination of keeping to a story (as set of events following a chronological order) The Peg System The peg system is one of the old favorites when you need to remember items on a chronological order, one after another. The idea would be to first create you own pegging framework, meaning link a number or letter of the alphabet to a word. Eg A- Apple Specialized Techniques for Memorization Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques

27. The Image – Name Technique This association technique works well when you have to remember the names of specific individuals.  It works on the principle to associate their name with a physical aspects of the individual.  You will obviously have to Google the person in question for a physical. Example:Let’s say the person to remember is George Marx.  Marx sounds similar to mark Specialized Techniques for Memorization Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques

28. The Journey Method The Journey Method combines the Link method and the Peg System.  It makes use of a familiar route you travel often.  Consider the route you travel everyday to class.. The journey methods will take landmarks and items like stop streets, circles and robot to associate your remember items.  The order in which the journey takes will automatically give a chronological advantage to this system Specialized Techniques for Memorization Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques

29. The Method of Loci It is the oldest known mnemonic strategy (“loci” is the plural of locus, which means location, or place). It’s based on the assumption that you can best remember places that you are familiar with, so if you can link something you need to remember with a place that you know very well. Kinds of Mnemonic Techniques

30. Other Techniques

31. Thanks