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What makes us all equal despite our differences?

Human rights Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled, regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity, religion, or any other status.

Definition Human rights are the universal, inalienable rights that every individual possesses simply by being human. Derived from the idea of dignity, equality, and respect for every person. Examples: Right to life, right to education, right to freedom of speech, right to equality before the law.

Concepts of Human Rights Universality : Applies to all people everywhere. Inalienability : Cannot be taken away, except in specific situations and according to due process. Indivisibility : All rights (civil, political, economic, social, cultural) are equally important. Interdependence and Interrelatedness : The fulfillment of one right often depends on the fulfillment of others.

Evolution of human rights The origin of human rights to religious tradition. human right is indebted to the industrial revolution in Europe and subsequent growth of Business and trade – set of laws called Hammurabi’s code.

Development of Human rights Magna Carta of 1215 The Magna Carta is considered as the first charter of liberty. It was signed by the king John of England in 1215. The main theme of the Magna Carta was protection against the arbitrary acts of the king.

Social contract theory According to the theory, man entered into a social contract conferring equal rights to people in a society, putting an end to the natural order in which everyone did not have equal rights. According to the social contract theory a civil society came into existence, based on a social contract in which everyone is equal including the ruler.

English Bill of Rights of 1689 The English Bill of Rights is an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689 . The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech.

American Declaration of Independence By issuing the Declaration of Independence , adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 , the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence .

FRENCH Declaration of Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is one of the most important papers of the French Revolution. This paper explains a list of rights , such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers.

Russian revolution Establishment of a communist government. Also, factory control was given to workers, farmland was distributed among peasants, and a truce was made with Germany.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human rights are universal. includes civil and political rights , like the right to life, liberty, free speech and privacy.

International Covenants on Human rights. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) . They build on the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights .

CLASSIFICATIONS of Human Rights CIVIL RIGHTS – pertains to rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship POLITICAL RIGHTS – enables the people to participate in running or influencing the administration of the government ECONOMIC RIGHTS – pertains to access to resources- such as land, labor, physical, and financial capital- that are essential for the creation, legal appropriation, and market exchange of goods and services SOCIAL RIGHTS – relates to living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups CULTURAL RIGHTS – ensures the well-being of the individual and foster the preservation, enrichment and dynamic evolution of arts, manners and way of living of a group with principles of unity in diversity of expression

Importance of Human Rights Ensures dignity, equality, and freedom. Protects individuals from abuse and injustice. Promotes peace, democracy, and sustainable development.

Three Generations of Human Rights The concept of human rights has evolved over time and is often categorized into three generations to show this development.

1st Generation: Civil and Political Rights (18th–19th Century) Focus : Liberty and participation in political life Origin : Enlightenment period, French and American revolutions ✳️ Examples: Right to life Right to freedom of speech and expression Right to equality before the law Right to religion Right to vote and participate in governance Freedom from torture and arbitrary arrest ✅ These rights are negative rights — they require the state not to interfere .

2nd Generation: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (19th–20th Century) Focus : Equality and economic well-being Origin : Socialist traditions, post-Industrial Revolution ✳️ Examples: Right to education Right to work and fair wages Right to health care Right to social security Right to adequate standard of living Right to participate in cultural life ✅ These are positive rights — they require the state to take action and ensure access .

3rd Generation: Collective or Solidarity Rights (20th century onwards) Focus : Rights of communities and groups Origin : Post-colonial movements, globalization, environmental awareness ✳️ Examples: Right to development Right to peace Right to a clean environment Right to self-determination Rights of minorities and indigenous peoples ✅ These rights are collective in nature , often needing international cooperation .

What rights do you value the most and why?

Choose one human right that you personally value the most. Write a short paragraph (5–8 sentences) explaining: What the right is Why it is important to you personally How it impacts society A real-life example if possible ( student-centric, participative learning (Criteria 2.3.1 & 2.3.2))

IPR Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

What is IPR? IPR = Legal rights given to people for their creative work. It helps protect inventions, artistic works, logos, etc.

Types of IPR Patents Trademarks Copyrights

Patents Patent = A right given to inventors to stop others from using their invention. Inventions protected : New machines, tools, medicines, etc. Patentable : Must be new, useful, and not obvious. Non-patentable : Natural laws, ideas, discoveries. Patent Laws : Rules about how to get and use patents.

Trademarks Trademark = A symbol, word, or sign used to represent a product/company. Types : Logo, brand name, color, sound, etc. Purpose : To show origin and maintain quality. Rights : Protects the use of the mark. Registration : Legal process to get exclusive rights.

Copyrights Copyright = Protection for original works (books, music, films, etc.) Covers : The way ideas are expressed (not the idea itself). Law includes : Rights to reproduce Right to distribute Right to show in public Originality is important.

IPR in India Development : IPR laws exist to support inventors and creators. Laws : Indian Patent Act, Copyright Act, Trademark Act. IPR Abroad : Countries follow global agreements like: WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)

Importance of IPR Encourages innovation and creativity. Helps creators earn money. Prevents misuse or copying of work.

What are the conditions for an invention to be patentable? It must be new It should be useful It should not be obvious

Definition Training dissemination of information efforts aimed at building a universal culture of human rights by imparting knowledge and skills and moulding attitudes.

UNO ‘s declaration Everyone has the right to education (Article 26:2) Education should be free atleast in the elementary and in the fundamental stages Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

Human rights education aims to promote values, beliefs and attitudes that encourage all individuals to uphold their own rights and those of others. Human rights education itself is a fundamental human right and hence it is the responsibility of every society.

The Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) says. "every individual and every organ of society" to "strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms."

The responsibility to respect, defend and promote human rights is both individual and collective . Human rights education includes learning the skills of advocacy. It also provides a basis for resolution of conflicts and the promotion of social order. It can create a framework for analyzing and resolving social conflicts . It will help to teach the skills of negotiation, mediation and consensus.

THE OBJECTIVES AND ELEMENTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION Human Rights Education has the basic aim of enabling people to understand human rights, value human rights, and take responsibility for respecting, defending, and promoting human rights . The ultimate goal of human rights education is people working together to bring about human rights, justice, and dignity for all.

Essential elements of human rights education. i ) Learning about the inherent dignity of all people and their rights; ii) Learning about human rights principles, such as the universality, indivisibility, and interdependence of human rights; iii) Learning how human rights promote participation in decision making and the peaceful resolution of conflicts ; iv) Learning the history and continuing development of human rights;

v) Learning regional, national, international laws that reinforces human rights and how to use such laws to prevent human rights violations; vi) Learning about human rights violations such as torture, genocide, violence against women, children and other weaker sections of the society.

Human rights education should improve the skills for a) recognizing that human rights may be promoted and defended on an individual, collective, and institutional level; b) developing critical understanding of life situations; c) analyzing situations in moral terms; d) recognizing a personal and social stake in protecting human rights;

e) analyzing factors that cause human rights violations; f ) learning how to use global, regional, national, and local human rights instruments and mechanisms for the protection of human rights; g ) developing appropriate responses against injustice;

Administrators of Justice including law enforcement personnel, including police and security forces, prison officials, lawyers, judges, and prosecutors. Government and legislative officials including the members of the legislature, officials, elected and appointed members of the military. Professionals like educators, social workers, health professionals, journalists and media representatives. Associations and women's organizations, Community activists and civic leaders , minority groups, members of the business community and trade unionists, Religious leaders , children , youth, students at all levels of education, Refugees, displaced persons and migrant workers.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

What is the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)? It is a standalone entity of the Government of India with the mission of promoting and protecting human rights. It is a statutory body mentioned in the constitution of India Established in 1993 under the ‘Protection of Human Rights Act.’ This act was further amended in 2006.

What is the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)? Human Rights are an indispensable part of society and Human Rights in India are watched by NHRC. NHRC acts as a watchdog of human rights in the country. NHRC looks over the rights that are related to life, dignity, liberty and equality of the individual that is defined in Section 2(1) of the PHR Act. (Protection of Human Rights Act) They are guaranteed by the Constitution of India, embodied in the international covenants and are enforceable by the courts of India as well. NHRC was established in compliance with the Paris Principles of Human Rights, 1991 which were adopted for the promotion and protection of Human Rights and were endorsed by the United Nations at its General Assembly of 1993

What is the role of NHRC? The National Human Rights Commission or NHRC is a standalone entity of the Government of India with the mission of promoting and protecting human rights. The functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) as stated in Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 includes enquiry into complaints of violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant.

History In 1948, the UN adopted the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). In 1991, the Paris Principles were established by the National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs). In 1993, the UN adopted these Paris Principles at its General Assembly. In 1993, India enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act. This led to the formation of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The Protection of Human Rights Act also allowed state governments to establish the State Human Rights Commission.

NHRC Composition – Members of NHRC The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is composed of a Chairperson and eight other members. Those eight members are: Four full-time members. Four deemed members.

Composition of NHRC Chairman of NHRC Retired Chief Justice of India Member 1 One who is/has been a Judge of Supreme Court of India Member 2 One who is/has been a Chief Justice of a High Court Two Members Candidates with the knowledge or practical experience in the matters of Human Rights Deemed Members Deemed members are chairpersons of the below national commissions: National Commission for Minorities National Commission for Scheduled Castes National Commission for Scheduled Tribes National Commission for Women

Appointment of NHRC Members A Selection Committee will recommend the candidates to the President. The Selection Committee includes: Prime Minister (Chairman) Speaker of Lok Sabha Union Home Minister Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha Leaders of the Opposition in both Houses of the Parliament

Functions & Powers of NHRC The functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) as stated in Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993 includes enquiry into complaints of violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant. The Commission also studies treaties and international instruments on human rights and makes recommendations for their effective implementation to the Government. NHRC can investigate any complaints related to violations of Human Rights in India NHRC can interfere in any judicial process that involves any allegation of violation of Human Rights. It can visit any prison/institute under the control of the state governments to observe the living conditions of inmates. It can further make recommendations based on its observations to the authorities .

NHRC can review the provisions of the Constitution that safeguard Human Rights and can suggest necessary restorative measures. Research in the field of Human Rights is also promoted by the NHRC. Human Rights awareness and literacy through different media are promoted by NHRC in various sectors of society. NHRC has the power to recommend suitable steps that can prevent violation of Human Rights in India to both Central as well as State Governments. The President of India gets an annual report from NHRC which is laid before both the Houses of the Parliament.

Limitations The Recommendations made by the NHRC are not binding. Violation of Human rights by private parties cannot be considered under NHRC Jurisdiction. NHRC doesn’t have the power to penalise the authorities that don’t implement its recommended orders. 3 of the NHRC members are judges which give the functioning of the Commission a judicial touch. The other members that are recommended by the Selection Committee may not necessarily be Human Rights experts .

The NHRC does not consider the following cases : Cases that are older than one year. Cases that are anonymous, pseudonymous or vague. Frivolous cases. Cases pertaining to service matters. The NHRC has limited jurisdiction over cases related to armed forces. The NHRC faces other issues like excess cases/complaints, insufficient funds, bureaucratic functioning style, etc.

HUMAN RIGHTS III DC

An Introduction to Human Rights Human rights are based on the principle of respect for the individual. Their fundamental assumption is that each person is a moral and rational being who deserves to be treated with dignity. They are called human rights because they are universal. Whereas nations or specialized groups enjoy specific rights that apply only to them, human rights are the rights to which everyone is entitled—no matter who they are or where they live—simply because they are alive.

Three Generations of Human Rights The so-called “ Three Generations Theory of Human Rights ”—known for dividing human rights into three separate generations based on (1) civil and political rights; (2) economic, social and cultural rights; and ( 3 ) collective or solidarity rights.

Civil and political rights Right to Liberty and Security of the Person Right to Equal Protection Before the Law Right to Freedom of Assembly Right to be Free from Torture Right to Freedom of Expression Freedom from Discrimination Access to the Judicial System Participation in Political Life Freedom of Religion Access to Information

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Right to Work Right to Education The Right to Health Right to Social Security and Social Services Right to an Adequate Standard of Living Right to Social Integration Right to Participate in Cultural Activities Right to an Accessible Physical and Information Environment International Co-operation

Human Rights and United Nations https://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/brief-history/the-united-nations.html

Milestones “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” — Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) The Convention on the Rights of the Child (The CRC was adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990), 1. Non-discrimination (article 2), Best interests of the child (article 3), Right to life, survival and development (article 6), Views of the child (article 12)

Approaches First, it supports a child-centred approach in actions and decisions affecting children. Second, serving as a mediating principle, it can help to resolve confusion between different rights. Third, the ‘best interests’ principle provides a basis for evaluating the laws and practices of States Parties with regard to the protection provided to children. The ‘best interests’ principle has been invoked to argue that basic services for children and women must be protected at all times, including during wars or periods of structural adjustment and other economic reforms.

CEDAW and women’s human rights- The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CEDAW was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979 and entered into force in 1981. CEDAW requires States to work for women’s equality not only in public life, but also in private life and, in particular, the family. CEDAW has been ratified (formally approved) by 163 countries, and the CRC ( Convention on the Rights of the Child ) by 191 countries. These two treaties are the most widely endorsed human rights treaties in the history of the United Nations.

Why two are important? Women's rights and children's rights are interrelated: A significant percentage of infant deaths are attributable to the poor health and nutrition of the mother during pregnancy and in the immediate post-partum period.

Actions taken Special policy measures for girls’ education, with, in some cases, girls’ education and vocational training being linked to employment opportunities for women. Legal reform for guaranteeing a child’s right to a nationality and women’s right to inherit property, measures critical to the care and development of children, particularly in war-affected areas. The right to information on reproductive and sexual health issues, for both adolescent boys and girls.

Recognition of harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation as a violation of girls’ rights and not only as a health hazard. Recognition of sexual exploitation and gender-based violence against girls as violations of rights, leading to legal measures for punishing the perpetrators and for protecting vulnerable groups. In some places, new programmes of family support services provide incentives for education and employment. Child care facilities for protecting the best interests of the child and providing support to women’s economic participation. Collection and analysis of gender- and age-disaggregated information for monitoring the implementation of CRC and CEDAW.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZEFm4VX0tI The Rights and Fundamental Rights are sections of the Constitution of India that provides people with their rights. These Fundamental Rights are considered as basic human rights of all citizens, irrespective of their gender, caste, religion or creed. etc. These sections are the vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constitution of India. There are six fundamental rights in India. They are Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Right to Equality ensures equal rights for all the citizens. The Right to Equality prohibits inequality on the basis of caste, religion, place of birth, race, or gender. It also ensures equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or any of them. 1. Right to Equality

2. Right to Freedom Right to freedom provides us with various rights. These rights are freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly without arms, freedom of movement throughout the territory of our country, freedom of association, freedom to practice any profession, freedom to reside in any part of the country. However, these rights have their own restrictions.

3. Right against Exploitation Right against Exploitation condemns human trafficking, child labor , forced labor making it an offense punishable by law, and also prohibit any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it. Unless it is for the public purpose, like community services or NGO work.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees religious freedom and ensures secular states in India. The Constitutions says that the States should treat all religions equally and impartially and that no state has an official religion. It also guarantees all people the freedom of conscience and the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights Cultural and Educational Rights protects the rights of cultural, religious and linguistic minorities by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination. Educational rights ensure education for everyone irrespective of their caste, gender, religion, etc.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies Right to Constitutional Remedies ensures citizens to go to the supreme court of India to ask for enforcement or protection against violation of their fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies, and in case of any violation, award compensation as well to the affected individual.

ENVIRONMENT AND HR

Western Ghats The Western Ghats is an extensive region spanning over six States, 44 districts and 142 taluks . It is the home of many endangered plants and animals. Western Ghats host India’s richest wilderness in 13 national parks and several sanctuaries. Recognised by UNESCO as one of the world’s eight most important biodiversity hotspots, these forested hills are also sourcing to numerous rivers, including the Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery.

The Western Ghats acts as a huge water tank supplying water to six states. Now there are many leakages and there is a water shortage. All the rivers are running dry now. And wherever there is water, it is highly polluted. The Western Ghats needs high attention in the sustainability aspect of whole India and especially South India. Ministry of Environment and Forests of India set up in March 2010 an expert panel ( Gadgil commission) to find a strategy for conserving these Ghats.

Gadgil Committee Recommendations The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) designated the entire hill range as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA). The panel, in its report, has classified the 142 taluks in the Western Ghats boundary into Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) 1, 2 and 3. ESZ-1 being of high priority, almost all developmental activities (mining, thermal power plants etc ) were restricted in it. Gadgil report recommended that “no new dams based on large-scale storage be permitted in Ecologically Sensitive Zone 1. Since both the Athirappilly of Kerala and Gundia of Karnataka hydel project sites fall in Ecologically Sensitive Zone 1, these projects should not be accorded environmental clearance,” it said. Gadgil Committee report specifies that the present system of governance of the environment should be changed. It asked for a bottom to top approach (right from Gram sabhas ) rather than a top to bottom approach. It also asked for decentralization and more powers to local authorities. The commission recommended constitution of a Western Ghats Ecology Authority (WGEA), as a statutory authority under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, with the powers under Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Criticisms of Madhav Gadgil Report The major criticism faced by Gadgil Committee report was that it was more environment-friendly and not in tune with the ground realities. Recommendations were cited as impractical to implement. Gadgil report has asked for a complete eco-sensitive cover for the Western Ghats which hamper different states on energy and development fronts. There was a criticism against the constitution of a new body called WGEA. States insist that protection can be given under existing laws. Gadgil report doesn’t give a solution for revenue losses due to the implementation of its recommendations. Gadgil report is against dams in the Western Ghats, which is a crucial blow on the ailing power sector. Considering the growing energy needs of India, critics argue that this recommendation cannot be taken. And the most important: The Gadgil Committee report adversely affects the various mafia . When the Gadgil Committee report was first made public, there were a lot of protests against it from the sand mining and quarrying lobbies in Goa. Many mafias created fear among farmers in Kerala that the Gadgil report is against them, and that they will lose livelihood if its recommendations are implemented.

Kasturirangan committee on the Western Ghats As said earlier, the Kasturirangan committee was constituted to examine the WGEEP report. The committee is often called HLWG – it denotes the 10 member high-level working group (HLWG), headed by Kasturirangan .

Kasturirangan committee Report Recommendations Instead of the total area of Western Ghats, only 37% (i.e. 60,000 sq. km.) of the total area be brought under ESA under Kasturirangan report. A complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining in ESA. Distinguished between cultural (58% occupied in the Western Ghats by it like human settlements, agricultural fields and plantations) and natural landscape (90% of it should come under ESA according to the committee). Current mining areas in the ESA should be phased out within the next five years, or at the time of expiry of mining lease, whichever is earlier. No thermal power be allowed and hydropower projects are allowed only after detailed study. Red industries i.e. which are highly polluting be strictly banned in these areas. Kasturirangan report on the Western Ghats has made several pro-farmer recommendations, including the exclusion of inhabited regions and plantations from the purview of ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs). The Kasturirangan report had said 123 villages fall under the ESA purview.

Criticisms of Kasturirangan committee Report The Kasturirangan panel used remote sensing and aerial survey methods for zonal demarcation of land in the Western Ghats. The usage of such techniques, without examining the ground reality, has caused many errors in the report. The power is vested with the bureaucrats and forest officials and not with gram sabhas . Many fear that the farmers would get evicted if the Kasturirangan Committee report is implemented. Under this report, the mining and quarrying lobbies are expected to flourish. When these lobbies and tourism flourish, it will be disastrous for the environment. There will be a water shortage, there will be pollution. Finally, farmers will have to quit the area. They will not be able to do farming there. The use of “erroneous method” had caused inclusion of many villages under Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) though there were only rubber plantations and no forest land! Kasturirangan report included ecologically non-sensitive areas under ESA, and left out many ecologically sensitive areas!

Environment and human rights A safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment is integral to the full enjoyment of a wide range of human rights , including the rights to life, health, food, water and sanitation. Without a healthy environment , we are unable to fulfil our aspirations.

What is Human Rights? Human Rights refers to the concept of human beings as having universal natural rights, or status, regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing, such as ethnicity, nationality, and sex. The rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour , religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

Why do we need human rights? These rights give us , Power Enable us to speak up To challenge poor treatment from a public authority.

Meaning of Human rights…… Human Rights are defined as all those rights which are essential for the protection and maintenance of dignity of individuals and create conditions in which every human being can develop his personality to the fullest extent may be termed as human rights. Human rights become operative with the birth of an individual. Human rights, being the birth right, are inherent in all the individuals irrespective of their caste, religion, sex and nationality. Because of their immense significance to human beings ; human rights are also sometimes referred to as fundamental rights, basic rights, inherent rights, natural rights and birth rights.

The World conference On Human Rights held in 1993 in Vienna stated in the Declaration that all human rights derive from the dignity and worth inherent in the human person , and that the human person is the central subject of human rights and fundamental rights.

Set of standard that guarantee a life befitting a rational human being. are basic and minimum standards without which people can’t live in dignity. guarantees the development and wholeness of our being. are the “Foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world.”

Denial of Human Rights is not only an individual's personal tragedy, it also creates conditions of social and political unrest, violence and conflict within and between societies and nations. Human rights must be appropriate and adequate to the basic needs of the people. Being aware of our human rights come the responsibility in developing and protecting our dignity and that of others. Human rights provide a framework for action where people are empowered to change their lives and the society.

CHARACTERISTICS of Human Rights INHERENT - essential part or our lives, intrinsic. UNIVERSAL - people have human rights whoever they are and wherever they are. INDIVISIBLE - human rights must be enjoyed by everyone in its full range. INALIENABLE - can’t be taken away or transferred (but can be limited when the exercise of it is an affront to the rights of others.

Evolution of human rights The origin of human rights to religious tradition. human right is indebted to the industrial revolution in Europe and subsequent growth of Business and trade Period of Babylonian King Hammurabi – set of laws called Hammurabi’s code.

Natural rights theory Developed by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) John Locke (1632–1704) in England, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) in France, It is based on rights to life, liberty, and property.

Not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government. Universal and inalienable . Natural rights are closely related to the concept of natural law What are natural rights?

Natural law It is a theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior . Natural law maintains that these rules of right and wrong are inherent in people and are not created by society or court judges.

natural rights theory. The privileges of a person are conferred by nature and not by virtue of citizenship in a particular country or a membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. Hence the theory of Human Rights is named as natural rights theory. JJ Rousseau -people are bestowed with inalienable rights of Liberty, equality and fraternity.

Development of Human Rights Magna Carta of 1215 The Magna Carta is considered as the first charter of liberty. It was signed by the king John of England in 1215. The main theme of the Magna Carta was protection against the arbitrary acts of the king.