Meseret PPT a presentation on garlic production.pptx

Garlic production based on different rates of BSPB

1. DAMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE DEPARTEMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATE OF NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR AND BORON (NPSB) FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT OF GARLIC (Allium Sativum L): A CASE OF SHOGO KEBELE, SEYYO DISTRICT, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA Meseret Zerihun May, 2025 Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia

2. Presentation outline Introduction Background of the study Statement of the Problem Objectives of the study Significance of the study Methodology Study Area Experimental Material Experimental Procedure Data Data Analysis 2

3. 1. Introduction Garlic ( Allium sativum L .) belongs to alliaceous family (Allen, 2009) which includes important vegetable crop such as onion ( Allium cepa ), leek ( Allium ameloprisum ) and shallots ( Allium asacloncum ). It is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 16) of obligated apomixes and propagated vegetative ( Figliuolo et al . , 2009; Ipek et al ., 2011; 2013). It is propagated asexually, but shows a high morphological diversity among cultivars. Having a wide area of adaptation and cultivation throughout the world; it is grown from temperate to sub-tropical areas (Mohammed et al. , 2012 ; Fritsch and Friesen, 2002). Like onion, garlic plants have thin tape shaped leaves about 30 cm long. Roots reach up to 50 cm depth or little more. Heads or bulbs are white skinned, divided into sections called cloves. Each head could have from 6 to 12 cloves, which are covered with a white or reddish papery layer or “skin” (Hector, et al ., 2012). 1.1. Background of the Study 3

4. Cont … The average annual world production of garlic is about 24,836,920 tones on 1,465,772 ha of land with the productivity of 16.9 t/ha. According to FAO (2012), China is the top garlic producer in the world and contributes about 80.8% of the total production, followed by India 4.6%. However, in terms of productivity, Uzbekistan is the first in the world followed by Egypt and China with the productivity of 24.8, 24.3 and 23.4 t/ha respectively. In Ethiopia, the demand of garlic increasing and thus its production is increasing from year to year. The area under garlic cultivation is also increasing. The current annual production is estimated to be 222,548 tones on 21,258 ha of land with the productivity of 10.5 t/ha (CSA, 2013). 4

5. Cont … However, productivity and quality of garlic produced in the country is very low compared to the world average as mentioned above. In Ethiopia, garlic is one of the main vegetable crops cultivated for both consumption and medicinal purposes. However, in many parts of the country, garlic crop yields are low due to a number of constraints, among which lack of balanced nutrient supply, diseases, and moisture stress are the major ones (FAO, 2012; Potgieter , 2013). In many garlic producing areas, lack of available nutrients is frequently the limiting factor next to soil water, because the uptake and liberation of nutrients from soil organic matter depends upon availability of water (FAO, 2013). The other production constraints of garlic include lack of improved varieties resistant to major diseases and insects ( Getachew and Asfaw , 2014). 5

6. Cont … In many garlic-producing areas, low availability of nutrients is the major factor limiting garlic production next to soil moisture stress, which constrains liberation of nitrogen, phosphorus and Sulphur from soil organic matter and their uptake by plant roots (FAO, 2014). The study of Yayeh (2015) indicated high marginal rate of return on garlic from application of NPS blended fertilizer at the rate of 140:92:17 N: P2O5: S kg/ha. This highlights the importance of developing an alternative means to meet the demand of nutrient in garlic plants by using balanced fertilizer that contains S and others in addition to the commonly used N and P fertilizers. The little study has been done on response of garlic to the rates of NPS blended fertilizer in the country in general and in study area in particular. Therefore, the current study will be initiated with general objective of investigating the effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rate on growth, yield and yield attributes of garlic in Shogo kebele , Seyyo district, Oromia, Ethiopia. 6

7. 1.2 Statement of the Problem In Ethiopia in general and Seyyo district in particular, garlic productivity and output are extremely low when compared to the global average, despite the crop's high value, crucial nature, enormous production potential, and strong market demand ( DzARC , 2006). There are several reasons for Ethiopia's low productivity and output of garlic. The most significant of these include poor agronomic practices, dwindling soil fertility, inadequate disease and insect pest control, and a lack of better cultivars ( DzARC , 2006; Yayeh , 2015 ). The district's main difficult issues include disease and insect pests, the use of old agricultural methods, and a lack of enhanced variety ( Habtamu , 2019, unpublished). Farmers in the study region are forced to utilize their own or buy local varieties from the local market since there isn't an improved variety with the necessary quality in sufficient number . The main factors limiting garlic productivity and production that led to lower crop yields are the lack of improved varieties, the use of unbalanced fertilizer (urea and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers ( Yayeh , 2015). 7

8. Cont … A study conducted in Central Ethiopia revealed that the best way to achieve strong development and the largest bulb output of garlic was to apply 92 kilogram N ha-1, 40 kg P ha-1, and 30 kg S ha-1 ( Geleta , 2014). Yayeh (2015) found that applying NPS mixed fertilizer at a rate of 140:92:17 N: P2O5: S kg ha-1 had a good marginal rate of return on garlic in Yilmana Densa District of the Amhara Region. This emphasizes how crucial it is to create a different way to satisfy the nutrient needs of garlic plants by using balanced fertilizer that includes S and other nutrients in addition to the widely used N and P fertilizers. On the one hand, area-specific fertilizer recommendations are necessary because of the varied soil backgrounds and fertility levels . Despite the importance of garlic as a high-value crop, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the optimal use of blended NPSB fertilizer to maximize its growth and yield. Therefore, this study will address the mentioned study gap. 8

9. What is the effect of different rates of NPSB blended fertilizer on the growth parameters of garlic plants? What is effect of NPSB blended fertilize rates on the yield of garlic plants? How different rates of NPSB blended fertilizer influences the yield components of garlic? 1.3 Research Questions 9

10. 1.4 Objectives General Objective : To investigate the impact of different rates of Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulphur and Boron (NPSB) blended fertilizer on the growth, yield, and yield components of garlic in Shogo Kebele , Seyyo district, Oromia, Ethiopia Specific Objectives: To determine the effect of different rates of NPSB blended fertilizer on the growth parameters of garlic plants. To assess the effect of NPSB blended fertilize rates on the yield of garlic plants. To determine the influence of different rates of NPSB blended fertilizer on the yield components of garlic. 10

11. 1.5 Significance of the Study This will have a crucial importance in: Increased Resource Efficiency Increased output and Quality Sustainable Agricultural methods Balanced Nutrient Availability Decreased Nutrient Runoff Higher Profitability Lower Input Costs Scientific knowledge Knowledge Transfer Bench mark for further studies 11

12. 2.1 Study Area The study will be conducted Shogo kebele , Seyyo district, Kellem Wollega zone, Oromia Regional State  demonstration site in  2017 EC   under  off season irrigation system. Shogo is one of the farmers’ kebele of Seyyo district. The district's principal town, Dambi Dollo, is located in the Kellem Wollega zonal administrative area and is around 652 kilometers from Addis Ababa . According to the 2007 national census, there were 116,631 people living in this district, with 58,268 men and 58,363 women. No one lived in an urban area. Protestants made up the majority of the population (56.1%), followed by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians (25.72%), Muslims (10.83%), and Catholics (5.84%) 2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES 12

13. 2.2 Experimental Material Locally grown garlic will be used. The newly introduced blended NPSB (19% N: 38%P 2 O 5 : 7%S: 4%B) fertilizer by Ethiopian Ministry Agriculture will be used as a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and Boron. 13

14. 2.3 Treatments and Experimental Design The treatments will consist of five rates of NPSB fertilizer (50kgha -1 ,100kgha -1 ,120kgha -1 ,150kgha -1 , and 200kg ha -1 ). The experiment will be laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Thus, there will 5 treatments which will account for 15 experimental plots. The spacing between rows will be 30 cm and the spacing between plants will be 10 cm. Raised plot will be prepared with a size of 1.5 m by 1.8 m in width and length, respectively. Each plot will consist 5 rows with 10 plants per row; net plot will have 25 plants, excluding border plants in all sides. Spaces of one meter between plots and 1.5 m between blocks will be maintained for cultural operations and treatments are randomized by lottery method. 14

15. 2.4 Experimental Procedures and Agronomic Practices Land Preparation and Planting The experimental field will be ploughed three times and well harrowed. Soil clods will be broken by human labor and experimental plots will be laid out on fine seedbed. Medium-sized cloves from bulbs stored for about 5 months with dry tops attached will be prepared for planting. At planting time, cloves will be separated from the bulbs, sorted and graded according to size category. Large to medium size (2.5 to 1.5 g) cloves ( Bewuket , 2017) will be used for planting. The cloves will be planted to a depth of 3 - 4 cm by sticking them into raised bed by hand. 15

16. 2. Fertilizer Application NPSB fertilizer will be applied in three splits 1/4 at planting 1/2 six weeks after plant emergence (active stage of vegetative growth) and the other ¼ twelve weeks after plants have emerged (just at the start of bulging). 3 . Other Cultural Practices Weed control will be done by hoeing and shallow earthing up. The fungicide Teel (tilt) will be applied to prevent infection. Other crop management practices will be done as required after plant emergence . Harvesting will be done when 70% of the leaves will have senesced. The harvested bulbs will be wind rowed in the field and sun-dried for ten days, folding the leaves over the bulbs to protect them from sunburn. After a week of drying, tops and roots will be trimmed. Yields obtained from the three central rows from each plot will be weighed and recorded after curing the bulbs in the sun. 16

17. 2.5 Data 1. Phenological Parameters Days to 50% emergence: refers to the time required in days for the shoot to emerge from the cloves above the soil surface. It will be determined by counting when about 50% of the plants will have emerged. Days to 90% maturity: refers to average number of days taken to attain physiological maturity for harvesting, and will be recorded when about 75% of the plants will have soft necks and the leaves have senesced or become yellow and started falling. 17

18. 2. Growth Parameters Plant height (cm): refers to the height from the base to the apex of the plant. It will be determined by measuring the height of 5 randomly selected plants using a ruler from the central three rows and taking the average value . Number of leaves per plant : This will be determined by counting the leaves of 5 randomly taken plants, and calculating the average from three central rows. Leaf length: the average length of the longest leaf, at physiological maturity will be measured in cm from the 5 randomly taken plants in the three central rows . 3. Yield components and yield Bulb diameter (cm): bulb diameter will be measured from randomly taken five bulbs at the widest point in the middle portion of the bulb using graduated caliper in cm Bulb length (cm): bulb length will be measured form the bulbs which the bulb diameter will be measured as indicated above. Cont … 18

19. Mean bulb weight: the average mature bulb weight (g) per plant after curing, which will be obtained from 5 plants harvested from the middle rows . Clove width (cm) : Clove width will be measured at the widest point in the middle portion of the clove using graduated caliper in cm. Average clove width (cm) : The average clove number per bulb will be determined by dividing the total number of cloves by the total number of bulbs from the three central rows. Clove weight: This refers to average clove weight and will be determined by taking the weight of cloves obtained from the 5 plants harvested from the middle rows for determining mean bulb weight at maturity and dividing the total weight by the total number of cloves. Cont … 19

20. Cont … Total fresh bulb yield : This refers to the total fresh bulb yield (kg) all plants in the three central rows (sum of marketable and unmarketable bulbs) after curing under shade in ambient condition. It will be determined by weighing using a sensitive balance. 20

21. 2.6 Data Analysis The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model will be used to analyse the data of the study. Its fixed model is given as: Where: the overall mean, the treatment effect; the experimental random error that is independently and identically distributed. The hypothesis to be tested are:   21

22. Cont … The ANOVA table for CRD is given as: The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between treatments is rejected if the F value exceeds at confidence level.   Sources of Variation DF Sums of Squares (SS) Mean Square (MS) F Treatments Error   Total   Sources of Variation DF Sums of Squares (SS) Mean Square (MS) F Treatments Error   Total   22

23. THANK YOU! 23