Methods of teaching and learning

M.Sc Nursing

1. Mr.Vikas Anil G hadge RJS College of Nursing Methods of teaching and learning

2. Introduction Teaching learning processes is mean whereby society trains its young ones in a selected environment as quickly as possible to adjust themselves to the world in which they live. Education is modification of behavior,teaching learning processes enhance education teaching is one of the instrument of education and it is special function is to impart understanding and skills. INTRODUTION

3. The three focal points in education are:- The teacher The child The subject

4. Definition Teaching is an art and science in which the content is structured and the processes used enable student learning .(Bevis,1989) Teaching is the stimulation, guidance ,direction and encouragement of learning .(Burton) Teaching

5. definite aim for every lesson ,it is a goal for teacher. activity or learning by doing. planning. interest or motivation. flexibility and cooperation. diagnostic and remedial teaching. creativity. Principles of teaching

6. Phases of teaching

7. Giving structured information Quality and pacing of instruction Teacher expectations. Teacher enthusiasm. Teacher clarity. Teacher feedback. Emotional climate. Teacher observational skills. Handling assignments. Characteristics of teaching

8. Definition Learning is “Any relatively permanent change or modification of behavior that result of practice or experience.”- murthy and others. It is an episode in which a motivated individual attempts to adopted his behavior so as to succeed in a situation which he perceives as requiring action to attain a goal”- pressy . Learning

9. Learning is unitary. Learning is individual. Learning is social. Learning is self active. Learning is creative. Learning is transferable. Learning is growth. Learning is adjustment. Learning is intelligent. Characteristic of learning

10. Conditioning Role learning Problem learning Skill learning Problem solving Types of learning

11. Learning experience and behavioral objective Motivation towards objective Individual differences Association of concept The learning preparation Factors influencing learning

12. Teaching is what teacher do Learning is while learning what student do Teaching means imparting knowledge or skills, while learning refers to acquiring new information. A teacher is someone who has accquired knowledge ,and is working to share that knowledge with learner. Relationship between teaching and learning

13. Lecture method Demonstration Discussion Seminar Symposium Micro teaching Laboratory method Problem based learning Workshop Project role play Computer assisted learning Methods of teaching

14. LECTURE METHOD

15. Definition Lecture is the teaching activity whereby the teachers present the content in a comprehensive manner by explaining the facts principals and relationship. Lecture method

16. Factors influencing lecture

17. Guideline for improvement in lecture

18. Apparent saving of time and resources. Presence of the teacher. Covers a large group of students. Gives a feeling of security. Lecture is a economical method of teaching as it require very lass resources. Advantages of lecture method

19. Keep the student in passive situations. Does not facilities learning how to solve problems. Offer hardly any possibilities of checking learning progress. Does not allow for individual pace of learning. Disadvantages of lecture method

20. DEMONSTRATION

21. Definition Demonstration can be defined as an accurate portrayal of a procedure, techniques or operation .(laird 1986). Demonstration is a method of teaching, by exhibition and combined to illustrate a procedure or experiments.- guallibert . Demonstration

22. The demonstrator should understand the entire procedure before attempting the procedure. All equipment needed should be assemble and pretested before demonstration. Knowledge about the procedure should be given to the student before starting procedure/demonstration. A positive approach should be used. Everybody should have a good view of demonstration. A decision period should always follow the demonstration. The student should be provided with opportunities for promote practice of the demonstration. Characteristics of demonstration

23. Before demonstration Formulate behavior objective. Perform a skill analysis and determine the sequence. Asses entry behavior of learner and determine prerequisites Role of the demonstrator

24. During the demonstration State the objective to learner. Motivate them by explaining why the skill at normal speed. Demonstrate the total skill at normal speed. Write the sequence step by step. Obtain feedback by questioning.

25. After demonstration Provide immediate supervised practice Provide verbal guidance. Make the environment psychologically safe. Discuss.

26. To demonstrate experiments or procedures and the use of experimental equipment in the laboratory, classroom and the ward. To review or revise procedure to meet special situation or to introduce a new procedure. To reach the patient a procedure or treatment which he must carry out in the home. To demonstrate a procedure at the beside or in the ward conference room. To demonstrate different approaches in establishing support with client. Uses of demonstration

27. The teacher is present. Give a feeling of security. Develops the quality of observation. Ensures closer contact problems. Demonstration trains the learner in the art of careful observation Advantages

28. Number of students is limited. Keeps the students in passive situation. Offers little possibility of checking the learning Facilitates acquisition of practical, intellectual and communication skills. Present reality, not substitutes. Enables logical step by presentation Process. Does not allow for individual paces of learning. Disadvantages

29. DISCUSSION

30. Meaning Discussion is an interchange of opinions and reactions, sharing of ideas and information regarding the solution of a problem or issue. Define : discussion may be defined as a problem solving activity which seeks consensus of the group regarding the solution of a problem rather than a decision by the majority. Discussion

31. T o promote cooperative decision making. To develop skill in problem and decision making. To develop communication and verbal skills. To develop knowledge. To promote group dynamics. To share information. Purpose of discussion

32. Effective learning Emphasis on student experience. Development of critical thinking. participation by everybody. Self expression. Peer learning is one of the most direct benefits resulting from the discussion method. Advantage of discussion method

33. Discussion is time consuming. Both student and teacher are to be well prepared for the session otherwise discussion may not be productive. Many dominate with personal feeling Chances of deviation from topic. Dominance by one person. Disadvantages

34. seminar

35. Definition Seminar is an instructional technique where the teacher take less of a leadership role as students meet under the teacher direction to discuss topic that are generally related to a particular subject. A seminar can be defined as an exchange of ideas of some particular area, guided discussion of concept. Seminar

36. Teacher is a leader 10-15 members are participations The topic is presented by the students in 15-2-0 min Duration is 1-2 hour Leader should keep the discussion within the limits of the problem discussed. Care should be taken to avoid stereotype. All the member take part in discussion in a informal way. The chairman should be skilled in encouraging the timid participations. A student secretary should record the problem which arise and the solution given. Requirements of seminar

37. Types of seminar

38. Stimulation of things. Tolerance of other view develops. Openness of ideas occur. Represent the norms of behavior. It has great instructional values. Natural way Advantages

39. Time consuming Cannot be applied to new students Timid students cannot improve If subject knowledge is poor, unnecessary discussion arises. The approach to problem extends to their professional and personal activates. Disadvantages of seminar

40. Selecting topic. Remaining in the background of the seminar Being prepare to help out in the initial stage of using method See that all have a share in discussion student ability to solve problems by rational thinking. Function of teacher in seminar

41. SYMPOSIUM

42. Definition The symposium can be defined as a method of group discussion in which two or more person under the direction of chairman present separate speeches which give answer to several aspects of one question. (Controversial issue are discussed) symposium

43. The symposium technique

44. The main purpose of symposium is to analysis problem from several different points of view. To relive the students from the boredoms monotonous lecture method. To make student active and alert as opposed to lecture method in which student are more or less Listeners. Purpose of symposium

45. Promotes collaborative cooperative learning and peer sharing. Facilities Comprehension and practical application of concept. Improves the capability of students to approach a problem through various facts. Improve articulation in discussion and communication It does not require any additional supplies such as handouts or audio visual Students can learn group problem solving technique. Advantages

46. Require extensive preparation and planning on the part of students. Time consuming. Require that student possess adequate knowledge for active discussion and comprehension. Inadequate opportunity for practice actively for all the students. Disadvantages

47. Micro teaching

48. Definition Micro teaching is a procedure which reducing the teaching situations to simpler and more controlled encounter achieved by limiting the practice teaching time and class size. Microteaching

49. No of students to be thought. Duration of lesson. Subject matter to be thought. Safe practice ground. Availability of teaching models. Feedback. Characteristics

50. 1 . Enforcement: feedback re-teaching makes teaching perfect,. 2. Practice and drill: teaching is a complex skill which needs constant drill and practice. 3 . Continuity : micro teaching is continuous process teaching feedback re teaching feedback till perfection is attained. 4 . Microscopic presentation: supervisor has an observational; schedule which he fills up while supervising and makes assessment at a rating scale. Five “r” of micro teaching Recording Reviewing Responding Refining Re-doing Basic principles of micro teaching

51. Micro teaching help student teacher to perfect their performance and improve it to superior level. Since micro teaching focus on a particular skill at a time student teacher can attain proficiency in teaching skills in a phased manner. Provision of immediate feedback makes micro teaching more interesting and reliable Science main role is played by the student teacher it is regarded as a student centered method. Beyond everything microteaching increases the self confidence of the student and teacher. Merits of micro teaching

52. Micro teaching is skill oriented rather than content oriented. Because of modeling there is a simply imitating a teaching skills by the student teachers. Micro teaching is highly time consuming. Micro teaching have very narrow space. Even though micro teaching can be successfully employed in classroom teaching situations more research is needed to ascertain its usefulness in other teaching situations . Demerits of micro teaching

53. Laboratory method

54. Meaning Laboratory procedure is considered as planned learning activity dealing with original or raw data in the solution of problems. Laboratory method

55. Preparation It require establishment of objective and plan of work. It motivates the student by presenting problem together with effective method for its solution. Teachers prepare plan with cooperation of the student considering objective not wasting time. Technique of laboratory method

56. Work period It refers to the period when demonstration experimentation or practice for a skill in nursing procedure. To ensure an effective work. There must be adequate supply of specimens and laboratory. There should be sufficient light ventilation .

57. Evaluation Group discussion Individual report finding Evaluation tool

58. Poor planning and lack of direction of teacher may result in student wasting time use of complicated approach and consumes time. Lack of budget in getting qualitative laboratory equipment create insecurity in teachers to operate them. Limitation of laboratory work

59. The student to master the subject. To participation of student To provide concrete and first hand knowledge To make provision for purposeful student activity To develop laboratory technique. To provide opportunity to work out experience guidance. Values of laboratory method

60. Problem based learning

61. Definition Is that which result from the process of working towards the understanding or resolution of the problem (barrows and tamblyn (1980) Problem based learning

62. The student is the focus of the educational program not the teacher the curriculum or the curriculum contents. The development of his or her learning capacities is emphasized Cooperation with others and the important of communication is emphasized. Working on the inters disciolpanary problems or project is part of any curriculum. Much attention ids paid to the development of any analytical and creative thinking skills The development of self direct learning ability and the integrated application of knowledge and skills within practice and encouraged. Principal of problem based learning

63. The problem method fosters active and cooperative learning the ability to think critically and clinical reasoning. It stimulates the students to use skills of inquiry and critical thinking peer teaching and peer evaluation It increase ability to apply knowledge in clinical situations It increases student responsibility for self directed peer learning. It helps in developing flexible knowledge that can be applied to different contexts. The learning method helps in developing lifelong learning skills It encourage student to work in teams and group thereby faciliting group dynamics. It promotes the development of an effective and efficient clinical reasoning processes and increase retention of data. Advantages

64. The BPL method involves faculty time in developing the problem situations and in learning to use the method. Student require orientation to perform the rolr of a learner in in pbl setting. It is very difficult and expensive to use as a teaching technique when the class size is large Evaluation is quite difficult and sometime may be subjective. Resource expensive. Measurement of learning outcome is difficult. Disadvantages

65. Workshop

66. Definition A workshop is a period of discussion or practical work on a particular subject in which a group of people share their knowledge or experience. Workshop

67. To develop the proficiency for planning and organizing. Teaching and learning activities. To develop the skills to perform a task independently. To determine and use of teaching strategies effectively. To train the person for using different approaches of teaching. Objective of workshop

68. Workshops are participative. Participants identify their interest and need and the learning situations are also based on them.. Large member can be accomonded . Workshop are flexible. Emphasis is placed on improving individual understanding and proficiency. Theory and practice can be combined. It develop the feeling cooperation and group work. The new practice and innovation are introduced to in-service teachers. Advantages of workshop

69. The workshop on education is seminar cum workshop on any theme. The workshop cannot be organized for large group. The in-service education teachers do not take interest to understand and use the new practice in their classroom. The effectiveness of a workshop technique depends on the follow up program. Some participants may find it more difficult to follow with the format. Workshop may be overused. Selection of resource person may be difficult. Disadvantages

70. PROJECT

71. Definition Project methods are one of the modern methods of teaching in which the students’ point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies. It is one of those methods which illustrate the use of problem solving attitude. P roject

72. Types of project

73. Stages of a project method

74. Definition A role play can be defined as “a dramatic approach in which individual students assume the role of others.” Role playing is a relatively new educational technique in which people spontaneously act out problem of human relation and analyze the enactment with the help of others role players and observers. Role play

75. Role playing is flexible. The role play should be stimulation to think and not an escape from the discipline of learning. There is no singer best method of selecting the character the group may do the assigning. Role play should never be rehearsed . Role play should be brief. Principles

76. Define the problem to be considered and the nursing situations in a meaning full manner all students in the class. Identify the character in the situations and ask for volunteers to play these roles. Ask the participants to try to place themselves in the position of the character. Caution the participants against the desire to express their own ideas and opinions. Never rehearse for the role playing. At any point during dramatization participants may hold a short conference to clarify the problems under study. At the end of the activity time should be given for a discussion. Setting up a role plays

77. Role play places undue emphasis on the dramatic aspects. It cannot be successfully till the group understand and accept is as a method of learning. Limitations of role play

78. Computer assisted learning

79. Meaning computer-assisted learning (CAL) Any use of computers to aid or support the education or training of people. CAL can test attainment at any point, provide faster or slower routes through the material for people of different aptitudes, and can maintain a progress record for the instructor.   Computer assisted learning

80. Dense storage of data in an organized form large textbook could be stored in a classified manner on a 9 cm disk. Quick asses to the data base in milli seconds Multimedia capability the new generation of multimedia computer add sound animations 3 dimensions and video to text. Ability to keep track of the learner performance, award marks and give instant feedback of evaluation. Computer as a tool learning

81. Choose a relevant topic. Develop cal sequence in the forms of frames. I frame or introductory frame gives directions to the learner L frame of learning frame presents the matter to be learnt T frame of the test the learner and gives appropriate feedback. Processes of computer assisted learning

82. Cal can be done at the individual convenience and pace. Highly visual content. Cal can additionally utilize multimedia capabilities. Cal can be designed to incorporate not only text images but also video to enhance student learning. Merits of CAL

83. Inherent limitations: cal could be very effective in developing cognitive domain alone especially problem solving skills and has a very limited applications to the other two domains. Content: all topics and subject are not suited for CAL. Program development: developing a cal module is tedious and time consuming processes. Cost effectiveness: it involves high cost to develop and utilize a program. Limitations of CAL method