Models of teaching

These are the models of teaching

1. MODELS OF TEACHING Concepts: Information Processing Model Behavioural Model Social Model Personal Model

2. What is Teaching Model? A model of teaching is a plan or pattern that can be used to shape curriculums (long-term courses of studies), to design instructional materials, and to guide instruction in the classroom and other settings based on Joyce and Weil (1980).

3. Concept of Teaching Models Aim of TM: To produce effective teaching. Figure 1.1: Glaser’s Teaching Model

4. MODELS OF TEACHING INFORMATION PROCESS BEHAVIOUR PERSONAL SOCIAL

5. Information Processing Model

6. What do OUR MEMORY HAVE? Sensory Memory Compartment Hold a large amount of information in a duration just enough for a small portion to be selected for longer storage. Short-term Memory Capacity is limited. Storage duration is brief (unless assisted with rehearsal) Long-term Memory A very large storage capacity (unlimited). Stored longer.

7. Information-Processing Model of Memory Figure 1.2: Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Model of Memory Storage (1971)

8. Information-Processing Model of Memory

9. Figure 1.3: Gagne’s Theory of Learning Process Gagne’s Information Processing Model

10. Gagne’s 8 stages of Learning Process PHASE ACTION RELATED Motivation Phase Expectancy Apprehension Phase Observation – Perception Selection Acquisition Phase Encoding – Prestoring Retention Phase Memory Retention Recall Phase Recall – searching Generalisation Phase Transfer Performance Phase Response Feedback Phase Reinforcement

11. Important Aspects in Gagne’s 8 Phases Learning readiness Motivation Perception Conceptualization Memorizing Forgetting Learning transfer

12. How it works? Process begins from extrinsic @ intrinsic motivation to perceive stimuli from environment. New information recorded in short-term memory. Information will be processed by relating stored information in long-term memory. New information is reinforced, retained & applied when required.

13. Expository Teaching Model Referred as explicit explanation in details of certain facts. A way of presentation of information @ learning contents to pupils directly. Presenting learning materials by explanation, narration or demonstration. Suitably use to teach certain concept and skill during the beginning of the lesson.

14. ..continue.. Principle and concept are explained verbally, as all the facts are written on the board, showed on the screen. Time saving: Enables teacher to finish all related concepts in a shorter period & pupils merely listen quietly. More to a lecturing method. (Less effective for primary schools).

15. Inquiry Teaching Model Scientific Inquiry Model: Used to study principles, phenomena & characteristics of scientific knowledge. Research process based on 5 stages: Identify the problem. Ascertain relevant information. Determine hypothesis. Testing hypothesis. Evaluate, interpret, infer & conclude.

16. Social Inquiry Model: Used to study topics related to social & humanity aspects. Based on activities such as observation, interview, @ questionnaire. Emphasizes on social interaction process. 6 steps: Formulation of problem by teacher. Formulation of hypothesis by pupils. Define hypothesis. Discuss & confirm validity of the hypothesis. Collect & analyse evidences for the hypothesis. Interpret & derive inference @ conclusion.

17. Juris -prudential Inquiry Model: Used to look for reality & accuracy in current issues (learning science is more useful than learning arts). Concerns with science & philosophy of human law. Based on activities, discussions and debates. Two types: Guided inquiry: Teacher guides pupils to carry out the whole discussion process. Open Inquiry: No guidelines given. Students have to do the discussion themselves.

18. Suchman’s Inquiry Model: Based on assumption that strategies used by scientists can be used as a teaching model especially in the study of science. Procedures: Teacher determines & indicates the problem. Teacher explains the inquiry process to solve the previous problem. Students are guided to form hypothesis, follows by the collection of relevant data. Students use collected data to test hypothesis, aim to formulate theorem, law, principle or theory. Discussion & making inferences. Teacher & students discuss together and analyse .

19. The Importance of Information Processing Model Students are prepared with better equipments and information for learning. Students are enforced with good mental exercises through different methods and approaches. Students are informed of the objectives and learning outcomes that should be achieved. Help students to remember the information for a longer period of time.

20. Behavioural Model

21. Direct Instruction Model Demonstration: A teaching technique involves the use of a teacher’s skill to demonstrate @ perform a certain activity in the class. Teacher has a strong control over what is learnt in the classroom, provides feedback, monitoring students, grading work and strict classroom rules & regulations. (Teacher-centered).

22. Mastery learning Refers to a theory & practice of using remedial teaching based on feedback of pupil’s performance to assist them to achieve the learning objectives. Procedures: Determine learning outcomes by planning explicit learning objective (based on students’ performance). Teach pupils with effective teaching method & technique (use of suitable learning materials to suit different learning styles) Evaluate learning result by diagnostic test & summative test (level of mastering & achievement) Carry out remedial activities for pupils who have not fully mastered certain skills & provide enrichment activities for pupils who have mastered the lesson.

23. Programmed Instruction Model Computer Assisted Instruction (CIA) The application of technology & computer system in teaching. Pupils follow designed learning materials in software without teacher’s help. Teacher has to facilitate the pupils to have interest in manipulating computer.

24. Personal Model

25. Personal Model Non-directive Teaching Model Developing Positive Self-concepts Project Model Research Project Handicraft Project Educational Visit

26. Non-directive Teaching Model Based on Carl Rogers’ work, he believes that positive human relationships enable people to grow. Therefore instruction should be based on concepts of human relations.

27. Phases in Non-directive Model

28. The Importance of Non-directive Teaching Model Teacher helps students to explore new ideas. Students have freedom to making decisions and choices. Teacher and students are partners in learning. Nurtures and moulds students to be the way they are. Encourages students to think and reflect their uncertain feelings and become better and be positive.

29. Developing Positive Self-concepts Appreciate the abilities and talents one possesses. Positive self-concepts evolves with the moral values that should be emphasised among students. Activities that help: Group/Individual Presentation, musical performances, stage performances.

30. The Importance of Positive Self-concepts Gain knowledge and experiences by enhancing their interests in learning through self-concepts. Teacher shows positive approaches and optimistic reinforcements. Boost their confidence. Provide opportunities for students to express their ideas and listen to other’s opinions.

31. Project Model Based on the belief that learning would be effective if pupils are interested and ready to carry out learning activities. Examples of Project Model: Research Project. Handicraft Project. Educational Visit.

32. 1. Research Project (Principles) Teacher determines suitable research topic in accordance to the pupils’ experience, ability and interest. Aims and procedures must be determined first and pupils are informed about this. Teacher prepares relevant materials (check list, questions to be answered, etc.) to facilitate pupils.

33. Continued… Research should be carried out safely & every pupil should actively involve in group activities. Teacher supervises and provides guidance to pupils. Teacher discusses the outcomes of research & evaluation should be conducted after research is completed.

34. 2. Handicraft Project (Principles) Planning of the project is based on pupils’ interest and ability. Prepare sufficient materials. Explain procedure precisely. Show examples of correct ways to do the project. Time period is required! Discussion is carried out to assess the work when it is done. Display good quality work to the other students.

35. 3. Educational Visit (Principles) Before the Visit: Identify the place of visit. Obtain permission. Arrange for transport. Conduct briefing session regarding safety, precautions, behaviours , aims of visit and regulations. Prepare sufficient equipments.

36. ….continued During the Visit: Divide pupils into several small groups. Every pupil should actively involve. Watch out for pupils’ safety. Give appropriate response to pupils’ inquiry. After the Visit: Hold discussion session with pupils regarding their observations. Plan follow-up activity (making model, draw plan or model, display things)

37. The Importance of Project Model Students able to relate their previous experiences to what they are studying. Able to understand objectives of the projects before and after lesson. Fun activities that attract students’ interests in learning more & apply what they have learnt. Moral values are applied. Theories, facts & hypotheses are brought into practices (I do, I remember & understand). Co-operations among students. Direct experiences & additional knowledge.

38. Social Model

39. Social Model Model of Group Teaching & Co-operative Learning Simulation Model Sociodrama Role play

40. SOCIAL MODEL Encourages assimilation and understanding of the learners Relies on the students’ personal and social values Uses group inquiry and problem-solving strategies

41. ROLE-PLAY Emphasize the social nature of learning stimulate students both socially and intellectually Role-playing is a teaching strategy that fits within the social family models -Joyce and Weil, 2000- Improves interpersonal skills and enhances communication

42. ROLE-PLAY FOUR STAGES 1. Preparation and explanation of the activity by the teacher 2. Student preparation of the activity 3. The role-playing 4. The discussion after the role-playing activities

43. SOCIODRAMA More like an acting activity Based on a story which reflects a certain situation involving conflicting issue, for example, Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat Script should be prepared earlier Next

44. ADVANTAGES Helps them to become aware of the typical ways they solve problems Increases both social and personal awareness Promote acceptance, cooperation in classroom Back

45. Informal learning group Basically temporary within a single class session

46. F ormal learning group Being formed to complete a specific tasks, such as to carry a project, performing a lab experiment, etc

47. Study Teams Long-term groups with a stable membership

48. ELEMENTS Positive Interdependence Face-to-face Interaction Individual & Group Accountability Interpersonal & Small-group Skills Group Processing

49. The Importance of Social Model Emphasize the worth of cooperative learning Incorporate the collective energy of the group Promote social skills including self-discipline, negotiation, democracy, etc.

50. Teaching Approaches

51. Inductive Approach

52. Example of Inductive Approach

53. Deductive Approach

54. Examples of Deductive Approach

55. Any questions? Presented by: Aileen Yohanieca