Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis Techniques M.Pharm sample notes 1st Semester Pharmaceutics

Hi everyone In this PDF I will cover Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis technique notes For M.Pharm (pharmaceutics) department

If you need details notes than join our telegram group & Channel
SKD Pharma Education
Link- https://t.me/SKDPharmaEdu
YouTube channel- https://youtube.com/@skdpharmaeducation?si=4LXzafRduci-rfIN

Thanku 😊 😊

1. Introduction:
Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis Techniques
Also known as Electronic Spectroscopy & Colorimetric
Semester-1 (Unit-1)
UV-Visible Spectroseopy
Study of Electronic Transition in Molecule
Ultraviolet spectroscopy is concerned with the study of absorption of UV radiation
Range-UV spectroscopy (200-400 nm), UV visible spectroscopy (400-800 nm)
" In UV visible spectroscopy only the valence electrons absorb the energy thereby the
molecule undergoes transition from Ground state to Excited state
" The distinct type of electrons are involved in organic molecules these are as follows
Sigma (o), pi (n) and n electrons
UV-Visible
spectroscopy
Theory
Sample
Electric transition from (Ground state to Higher Energy state)
Electronic
Transition
1. G Electrons-Present in Saturated Bond k/a Sigma bond, Not excited by UV visible
Radiation
2. n Electrons-These electrons are present in Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Absorbance
3. n Electrons-These electrons present in Heteroatoms like N,0,H etc
UV-curue (Ab Vs )
Energy value order for transition
G-o*>n-g* > 1-*>n-*
Any molecule has either n, 1, 6 or combination of these electrons absorbing the characteristic
radiation and undergoes transition from Ground state to Higher Energy excited state.
Bonding (o, n) & non bonding orbital (n) ----Anti bonding orbital (a*, n*)
1. G-g*-Required highest amount of energy
2. n-o*-Lesser Energy than G-a
3. T7*-Less Energy Required (B-Bands, K-Bands), (Allowed Transition)
4. n-a*-Transition required Lowest Energy (R-Band),(Forbidden Transition)

2. Fourier-Transform IR Spectrometer
" It is a technique of Collecting infrared spectra. Instead of recording the amount of
energy absorbed
When the frequency of the infrared light is varied (monochromator)
The IR light is guided through an interferometer.
After passing the sample the measured signal is the interferogram.
Instrumentation
Sliding|
Mirror
Radiation Souree
Incandescent lamp
Nernst glower
Glober Source
High pressure Mercury arc
Interferometer
FTIR split one beam of light into two so that the path of the two beam are different
Consist of two perpendicular mirror and beam splitter
A moving mirror
Consists of three active components
A fixed mirror
A beam splitter
Fixed
Mirror-Made of metal
Mirror
Detector
Infrared
Light Source
Beam
Splitter
Sample
Point
Detector
Beam splitter can be constructed of a material such as Si or Ge deposited in a thin
coating onto an IR-transparent substance.
Pyroclectric detector: Deuterated triglycerides sulphate (DTGS)

3. " It is type of emission spectroscopy where atomic emission is measured using
Spectrophotometer
Principle
When metallic species is introduced into flame the metal salt burnt emitting certain
colored wavelength and this instrument is based on measurement of intensity of
Color
Light sample -Formation of droplets -Excitation of atom by thermal energy-Emission of
radiation of specific wavelength -lambda & Intensity of emitted radiation measured
Instrumentation
Burner
Flame
Burner
Slits
Mixing
chamber
Atomizer
Flame Emission spectroscopy
Sample
Type of Burner
Mirror
Mecker burner
Total consumption burner
Lundergraph burner
Lens Slit Filter
The flame should possess the ability to evaporate the liquid droplets from the sample solution
resulting in formation of solid residue
Nitrous oxide acetylene
Amplifier
Photo detector
Compressed
Air supply
Compressed
Fuel supply
LCD display
Maximise the amount of radiation used in analysis mirror used in behind burner to reflect the
radiation back to the entrance slit of Monochromator

4. AAS is method of Elemental analysis
Deals with absorption of specific wavelength of radiation by neutral atoms in ground state
Principle
Light sample Formation of droplets -Fine residue Formation of neutral atoms -Neutral
atoms absorb specific wavelengths of radiation from hollow cathode lamps -Measurement of
intensity of radiation absorbed by using photometric detectors.
Instrumentation
Atomic absorption Spectroscopy
Hollow cathode Lamp
Chopper
hollow
cathode
en
sample solution
Nebuliser
name
nebuliser
Atomiser
onchrmator
fael gas
recorder
Cathode is in the form of hollow cylinder made of the metal which has to be analysed
Anode is made to tungsten filament
detectue
They are sealed in a tube filled with inert gas like Neon or Argon
amplifier
A rotating wheel (Chopper)is interposed between the holow cathode lamp and
flame.
It is interposed to break the steady light coming from the lamp into pulsating light
which is used to measure the intensity of light absorbed by elements without
interference by radiation from the flame itself
The nebuliser forms a mist or aerosol of the sample the sample is mixed with fuel and
oxidant
Commonly used fuel oxidant mixtures are acetylene air and acetylene -nitrous oxide
In the atomiser the sample solution is vaporiser and the molecule are atomiser