Modernity – Modernism – Postmodernity 5
characteristics of modernism. Is fragmentation not one of the main features of
Proust’s and Musil’s novels? Is carnivalization not omnipresent in the novels of
Dostoevsky, Céline and Joyce?
Why is Hassan’s analysis unconvincing? One reason is that Hassan tries to
i g ne postmodernity without (late) modernity, thus ignoring Frank Fechner’s
rule according to which modernity, modernism and postmodernity ought to
be related to one another; the other reason is his focus on stylistic analysis.
The latter tends to bracket out historical, social, political and philosophical
developments whose dynamic interrelatedness accounts for literary evolution
(cf. Section 4.1). This is why modernity and postmodernity will not be con-
structed here (in Section 1.3) purely chronologically as periods, as ideologies
or stylistic systems, but as problematics: as compounds of problems.
1.2 Key Concepts: Modernity, Modernism, Postmodernity,
Postmodernism, Posthistoire and Postindustrial Society
It hardly makes sense to enumerate all the meanings of these ambiguous and
hvvFi gew iezcwz tny-enr s baehwzs oyhwmenr ets y wnezcwxfyhcwWekweoeg rst step, it
seems useful to distinguish the concept of modernity from that of modernism,
especially since ‘modernity’ is frequently used as a synonym of ‘modernism’ or
of ‘modern times’.
While many philosophers and sociologists (Bauman, Giddens, Habermas,
Touraine) tend to treat ‘modernity’ and ‘modern times’ in the Enlightenment
sense as synonyms, literary and art critics tend to identify ‘modernity’ with ‘aes-
thetic modernism’. When the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman equates modernity
hnrenr eom ecxes oycw-ecttcyhwmehnencetcynéci swhna-er eoictnyenr eg rst point
of view: ‘All in all, postmodernity can be seen as restoring to the world what
modernity, presumptuously, had taken away; as a re-enchantment of the world
that modernity tried hard to dis-enchant.’
19
e0r we–oEhie9osE aei g nes ‘moder-
nity’ with Baudelaire as the ‘transient’ and ‘J eeting’ (i.e. the fashionable and
ephemeral), he adopts the second, the aesthetic point of view: ‘ “Modernity”,
wrote Baudelaire in his seminal essay “The painter of modern life” (published
in 1863), “is the transient, the J eeting, the contingent; it is the one half of art,
the other being the eternal and the immutable”.’
20
Hence Baudelaire’s Parisian modernity
21
does not refer to the expansion of
reason from 1600 onwards, but to artistic and literary forms which developed
in the second half of the nineteenth century and were considered by Walter
Benjamin, especially in his works on Baudelaire, as examples of modern art.
Adopting a somewhat schematic point of view, one could thus distinguish an
historical or philosophical concept of modernity, which refers to the age of
reason in the sense of ‘modern times’, from a predominantly aesthetic and
stylistic concept that refers to artistic forms in late modernity, i.e. in the second
half of the nineteenth century and beyond.