Moduke-2-Lesson-2-The-Chemical-Basis-of-life.pptx

Chemical

1. CITY COLLEGE OF EL SALVADOR El Salvador City, Misamis Oriental Email: [email protected] LESSON 2: CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY   1

2. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, students will learn to: 1. Identify the elements and compounds that compose the human body; 2 . Explain the various types of compounds in the human body and how they are classified; and 3. Discuss the functions of those compounds. 2

3. I. INTRODUCTION BIOCHEMISTRY It is the study of: 1. Compounds present in cells 2. Reactions among those compounds 3

4. I. INTRODUCTION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY It is the study of the structure and behavior of the molecules found in cells. 4

5. I. INTRODUCTION TWO MAJOR TYPES OF COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL 1. Organic compounds > With carbon and hydrogen 2. Inorganic compounds > Without carbon NOTE: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbonate compounds (like CaCO 3 ) are not organic but inorganic. 5

6. II. ESSENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN LIVING ORGANISMS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS 6

7. II. CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen NOTE: the ration between hydrogen & oxygen is 2:1. 7

8. II. CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTIONS 1. Chief energy source of cells 2. Backbone of other molecules in the body 8

9. II. CARBOHYDRATES SUBUNITS Simple sugars (monosaccharides) 9

10. II. CARBOHYDRATES MEANING The word “carbohydrate” means hydrate of carbon (carbon plus water). They are generally known as sugars or saccharides (Greek word) GENERAL FORMULA (CH 2 O) n Where: n = number of carbon units linked in the molecules. 10

11. II. CARBOHYDRATES HOW ARE THEY FORMED? They are formed through photosynthesis : CO 2 + H 2 O + sunlight ----> carbohydrate + O 2 11

12. II. CARBOHYDRATES WHAT HAPPENS IF THEY ARE IN EXCESS IN THE BODY? Excess carbohydrate are converted to: 1. Glycogen (stored in the liver as an energy reserve) 2. Triglycerides (fats) (stored in the adipose tissue as an energy) 12

13. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides > Composed of one unit only > Common examples: glucose , galactose , fructose, ribose & deoxyribose 13

14. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides 1. Glucose (hexose) > Other names: dextrose, blood sugar > Universal fuel for cells (particularly neurons, RBCs, liver, pancreas, pituitary glad, adrenal gland) 14

15. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides 2. Galactose (hexose) > Other name: milk sugar 15

16. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides 3. Fructose (hexose) > Other name: fruit sugar > The sweetest sugar (10 times sweeter than lactose) 16

17. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides NOTE: Galactose & fructose have to be first converted to glucose before they can be used by the cells! 17

18. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS A. Monosaccharides 4. Ribose & deoxyribose (pentoses) > Sugar component of nucleic acids > Can also serve as fuels for cells 18

19. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS B. Disaccharides (monosacch. + monosacch) > Double sugar > Common formula: C 12 H 22 O 11 > Common examples: maltose , lactose , & sucrose 19

20. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS B. Disaccharides (monosacch. + monosacch) 1. Maltose (glucose + glucose) > Other name: malt sugar > Common sources: fruit juices & grains > Major use: beer production (thru fermentation) 20

21. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS B. Disaccharides (monosacch. + monosacch) 2. Lactose (glucose + galactose) > Other name: milk sugar > Common source: milk > In the digestive tract, it is digested by hydrolysis into glucose & galactose NOTE: some infants lack lactase to digest lactose. This results in severe diarrhea and stomach pain. This condition is called lactose intolerance . 21

22. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS B. Disaccharides (monosacch. + monosacch) 3. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) > Other name: table sugar (white sugar) > Common source: sugar cane > In the digestive tract, it is digested by hydrolysis into glucose & fructose > Associated to diabetes mellitus 22

23. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS C. Polysaccharides (long carbohydrates) > There 2 major types: 1 . Storage polysaccharides: Starch Glycogen 2. Structural polysaccharides: Cellulose Chitin Peptidoglycan 23

24. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS C. Polysaccharides (long carbohydrates) > There 2 major types: 1 . Storage polysaccharides: Starch Glycogen 2. Structural polysaccharides: Cellulose Chitin Peptidoglycan 24

25. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS C. Polysaccharides (long carbohydrates) 1. Starch > Common sources: rice, corn, potatoes& tubers > Present only in plants but not in animals 2. Glycogen > Common sources: animals & fungi > Present only in animals but not in plants 25

26. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS C. Polysaccharides (long carbohydrates) 3. Cellulose > Common source: plants > Water-insoluble, can’t be digested by humans > Medical uses: 3.1. It prevents constipation. 3.2. It prevents hemorrhoids. 3.3. It reduces the risk of rectal cancer. 3.4. It reduces blood cholesterol. 26

27. II. CARBOHYDRATES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE NUMBER OF SIMPLE SUGAR UNITS C. Polysaccharides (long carbohydrates) 4. Chitin > Major components of the exoskeleton of insects & crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. 5. Peptidoglycan > Major component of bacterial cell walls 27

28. III. PROTEINS ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Sulfur (some) 5. Phosphorus (some) 28

29. III. PROTEINS FUNCTIONS 1. For support 2. For structure 3. For movement (ex. muscles) 4. For transport 5. For communications 6. For disease defense (antibodies) 29

30. III. PROTEINS PROTEIN-CONTAINING STRUCTURES IN ANIMALS 1. Hair 2. Nail 3. Hooves 4. Cartilage 5. Muscles 6. Hormones 7. Antibiotics 8. Blood proteins 9. Poisons (like venoms) 10. Enzymes 30

31. III. PROTEINS SUBUNITS 20 standard amino acids : 1. Alanine 2. Arginine 3. Asparagine 4. Aspartic acid 5. Cysteine 6. Glutamic acid 7. Glutamine 8. Glycine 9. Histidine 10. Isoleusine 11. Leucine 12. Lysine 13. Methionine 14. Phenylalanine 15. Proline 16. Serine 17. Threonine 18. Tryptophan 19. Tyrosine 20. Valine 31

32. III. PROTEINS SUBUNITS NOTE: Aside from the 20 standard amino acids, there are also non-standard amino acids (more than 150 in number) found in nature (particularly fungi & plants). 32

33. IV. LIPIDS DEFINITION These are compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents (benzene, ether, & chloroform). 33

34. IV. LIPIDS FUNCTIONS 1. For energy storage 2. To serve as hormones 34

35. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES 1. Fats 2. Oil 3 . Waxes 4 . Steroids 5. Fatty acids 35

36. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Fats (saturated fats) >Solid at room temperature > Medically bad > Common sources: animal sources Oils (unsaturated fats) > Liquid at room temperature > Medically good > Common sources: plant sources 36

37. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Waxes > Long fatty acid + alcohol 1. Myricyl palmitate (beeswax) * Mixture of several monoesters rather than being a monoester 2. Spermaceti wax (obtained from the head of sperm whale) * Once used as a fuel , in ointment , & in candles 3. Lanolin (protective coating for hair & skin) * Extracted from a sheep’s wool * Used in skin creams & ointment 4. Carnauba wax * Obtained from a palm tree (carnauba tree) * Used in automobile polish 5. Cerumen (earwax) Plant wax > Prevents severe water loss in plants > Gives resistance to disease-causing organisms. 37

38. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Steroids A. Cholesterol > Found in animal tissues > Functions - Precursor of bile - Precursor of vit. D (for teeth & bone growth) - Precursor of sex hormones - Prevents cell freezing > Can exist as HDL –C or LDL-C 38

39. IV. LIPIDS NOTE: 7-dehydroxycholesterol (a type of cholesterol) > Found in animal tissues and underneath the skin > Converted to vit. D 3 upon irradiation 39

40. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Steroids B. Sex hormones (androgens & estrogens) - estrogen , progesterone, and testosterone for pregnancy, puberty, menstruation, menopause, sex drive, sperm production and more. These hormones are produced in the ovaries (in females) and testes (in males). 40

41. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Steroids C. Synthetic steroids - Commonly abused by athletes to improve performance 41

42. IV. LIPIDS EXAMPLES Fatty acids > Can be: 1. Unsaturated FA – from plants 2. Saturated FA – from animals 42

43. V. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA) Monomers Nucleotides = phosphate, sugar, &nitrogenous bases (T:A, C:G)

44. V. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA)

45. V. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA) Difference Between DNA & RNA > DNA (double-stranded), RNA (single-stranded) > DNA with thymine, RNA with uracil

46. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WATER ACIDS BASES SALTS 46

47. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WATER > Medium for chemical reactions in the cell. > A polar compound (the oxygen has a slightly – charge while the hydrogen has a slightly + charge. Being polar, it is an effective solvent. > 50 to 90% of the weight of living organisms is water. 47

48. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WATER Functions 1. It acts as a solvent. 2. It is a medium for chemical reactions 3. It has a role in the breaking down of large compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (hydrolysis). 4. It is a component of animal blood and plant sap. 48

49. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACIDS > Compounds that release hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water > Taste sour > pH: less than 7 49

50. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Bases > Compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water > Taste bitter > pH: more than 7 50

51. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SALTS > Compounds that release ions other than hydroxide ions (OH - ) and hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water > When dissolved in water, they are called electrolytes because they can conduct electrical current. 51

52. VI. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS SALTS Electrolytes > They are present in the cells > They are essential for physiological functions. > Neurons and muscles function because of electrolyte activity between the extracellular and intracellular fluids. For instance, if there is deficiency of some electrolytes (ex. Ca 2+ , Na + , and K + ) in muscles, this can result in muscle weakness or prolonged muscle contraction. Moreover, electrolyte disturbance can also lead to cardiac and neurological complication (ex. hypokalemia). Electrolyte disturbance can be caused by dehydration (due to exercise), diaphoresis (sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication, and starvation. This can be remedied by oral rehydration. 52

53. ASSESSMENT 1. Discuss the difference between oil and fat. (10 pts.) 2. Explain the role of carbohydrates in the development of diabetes mellitus. (10 pts.) 3. Which is healthy for consumption, oil or fat? Support your answer. (10 pts.) 4. Discuss the importance of electrolytes in the human body. (10 pts.) 5. Is cholesterol totally harmful? Support your answer. 53

54. THANK YOU VERY MUCH! 54